Memory & Cognition最新文献_第4页

Sustaining corrected beliefs in false news headlines over time: The roles of correction format and recognizing corrections. 在虚假新闻标题中保持正确的信念：更正格式和识别更正的作用。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01760-7

Christopher N Wahlheim, Paige L Kemp, Robert W Wiley, Andrew M Engelhardt

{"title":"Sustaining corrected beliefs in false news headlines over time: The roles of correction format and recognizing corrections.","authors":"Christopher N Wahlheim, Paige L Kemp, Robert W Wiley, Andrew M Engelhardt","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01760-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01760-7","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to false information on social media can erode the accuracy of beliefs and memory. These effects can be mitigated by issuing fact-checked corrections. Mounting evidence suggests that corrections improve belief accuracy the most when consumers recognize that a statement was earlier corrected. Two experiments examined this relationship further by testing whether correction formats vary in how they promote encoding and recognition of corrections as well as belief accuracy. To assess baseline beliefs, participants first rated the veracity of true and false headlines from the internet. Participants then read three types of corrections that all included veracity labels. Corrections showed only false headlines from the prior phase, only true headlines that contradicted false headlines from the prior phase, or false and true headlines, in that order. Finally, participants rerated the veracity of the original headlines and rated their recognition that headlines were corrected, both immediately after the correction phase and again after 1 week (Experiment 1) or month (Experiment 2). Corrections improved belief accuracy by lowering veracity ratings for false headlines, especially for corrections with false and true information. Highly confident recognition of corrected headlines was associated with durable improvements in rbelief accuracy, whereas less confident recognition was associated with less improvement and sometimes impairment. Corrections with false and true information led to the most high-confidence recognition of corrections. Collectively, these findings suggest that modifying correction formats to promote encoding and recognition of corrections can lead to sustained improvements and belief accuracy over time that counteract regression to false beliefs.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reward value shapes the time course of self-bias. 奖励价值决定了自我偏见的时间过程。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01763-4

Parnian Jalalian, Marius Golubickis, Yadvi Sharma, Rinki Kanakraj, Esther S Selvaraj, C Neil Macrae

{"title":"Reward value shapes the time course of self-bias.","authors":"Parnian Jalalian, Marius Golubickis, Yadvi Sharma, Rinki Kanakraj, Esther S Selvaraj, C Neil Macrae","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01763-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01763-4","url":null,"abstract":"Personal possession wields a potent influence on decision-making, such that objects owned-by-self are categorized more speedily than comparable items belonging to other people. The temporal characteristics of this self-prioritization effect, however, are little understood. Notably, it is uncertain whether the duration of self-bias is sensitive to the characteristics of owned objects, particularly when the items have implications for the self-concept. Accordingly, using an object-classification task, here we explored the extent to which a theoretically important stimulus-related factor-reward value-influences the time course of self-bias. Across three experiments, participants classified high- and low-value items (i.e., stones [Exp. 1], cryptocurrencies [Exp. 2 & 3]) that allegedly belonged to self and a friend. A consistent pattern of effects was observed, indicating that reward value moderated both the extent and persistence of self-prioritization. Specifically, although self-prioritization emerged for both high- and low-value items, this facilitatory effect was larger and more enduring for the former (vs. latter) stimuli. These findings highlight the dynamic character of decisional bias, with implications for theoretical accounts of self-function.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Expecting the unexpected: Examining the interplay between real-world knowledge and contextual cues during language comprehension. 期待意想不到的：在语言理解过程中考察现实世界知识和语境线索之间的相互作用。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01689-x

Chengjie Jiang, Ruth Filik

{"title":"Expecting the unexpected: Examining the interplay between real-world knowledge and contextual cues during language comprehension.","authors":"Chengjie Jiang, Ruth Filik","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01689-x","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-025-01689-x","url":null,"abstract":"Communication frequently involves discussions about real-world implausible events. Since most prior research used specific contextual cues to indicate a strong bias towards real-world knowledge violations, it remains unclear how real-world and contextual knowledge interact when the context is relatively unconstraining (e.g., dream scenarios), where both plausible and implausible information is supported. We investigated this issue using sentence completion (Experiment 1) and self-paced reading tasks (Experiment 2). Results of Experiment 1 showed that comprehenders were guided by the dream context to expect less plausible information in a general way, but their expectations were still largely constrained by real-world knowledge. Results of Experiment 2 showed that although comprehension in such contexts was initially guided by real-world knowledge, plausible information became more difficult to comprehend than implausible information (e.g., \"putting meat and vegetables in the refrigeratorplausible/wardrobeimplausible\") at the final regions of the target sentence. Our study is the first to show that context is powerful enough to guide comprehenders towards expecting world knowledge violations even without explicit constraints indicating this bias, which is mainly driven by increased comprehension difficulties for plausible contents rather than decreased difficulties for implausible ones. Importantly, our findings raise new questions about how comprehenders switch from an old situation model to a new one. They also indicate necessary extensions for language comprehension models, highlighting that information unrelated to both real-world and contextual knowledge in any direct way (i.e., information with extremely low cloze probability) can still be ultimately preferred in certain contexts.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1888-1908"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12401755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thinking in opposites improves hypothesis testing performance in Wason's rule-discovery task. 在沃森的规则发现任务中，对立思维提高了假设检验的性能。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01691-3

Erika Branchini, Ivana Bianchi, Roberto Burro

引用次数: 0

Multi-tasking costs in triple-task performance despite dual-task preparation. 在双任务准备的情况下，三任务表现中的多任务成本。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01674-w

Maximilian Stefani, Marian Sauter, Wolfgang Mack

{"title":"Multi-tasking costs in triple-task performance despite dual-task preparation.","authors":"Maximilian Stefani, Marian Sauter, Wolfgang Mack","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01674-w","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01674-w","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores multi-tasking by examining the effects of transitioning from dual-task to triple-task scenarios. Our research extends beyond conventional dual-task paradigms to investigate the impact of triple-task performance on two participant groups: those unprepared in single, dual, or triple tasks (N = 14) and those previously prepared in single and dual tasks (N = 13). The study consisted of a preparation phase with nine sessions and an assessment phase with eight sessions. In the assessment phase, both groups performed single, dual, and triple tasks of varying complexity (simple, medium, and complex). Despite the initial advantage observed in the prepared group, this advantage diminished throughout the sessions. Notably, both groups adopted distinct strategies for processing within the triple task, revealing the influence of task coordination on response times as the task set combinations expanded. The study demonstrates that preparation in the form of pre-training can facilitate applying skills acquired from specific tasks to others, with the formation of specific task pair sets playing a pivotal role in processing and coordination. Despite extensive preparation, the persistence of multi-tasking costs challenges traditional assumptions about eliminating such costs through practice. In conclusion, our research contributes to the current understanding of multi-tasking by highlighting the need for further exploration into inter(sub)task coordination and prioritization in multiple-task scenarios. The study underscores the complexities inherent in managing triple tasks and individuals' potential strategies. The findings suggest that ongoing refinement of cognitive models from dual tasks is necessary to accommodate multi-tasking behaviors in more complex environments.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1637-1655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12401753/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of cross-language co-activation of cognates on bilingual performance on the reading span task. 认知物的跨语言共同激活对阅读跨度任务中双语表现的影响。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01687-z

Diana Uribe, Ana I Schwartz

{"title":"The impact of cross-language co-activation of cognates on bilingual performance on the reading span task.","authors":"Diana Uribe, Ana I Schwartz","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01687-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-025-01687-z","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that cross-language activation of cognates significantly increases working memory capacity for bilingual readers. Highly proficient, Spanish-English bilinguals completed the reading span task (RST) in which participants made sentence plausibility judgments while simultaneously holding target words in memory for later recall. Across three experiments the cognate status of either the constituent sentence words or follow-up targets was manipulated. Contrary to our predictions, the presence of cognates in the stimulus set did not have a uniform benefit on performance. Instead, the pattern of performance across experiments indicates that the presence of cognates caused a shift in resource allocation across the two subtasks of the RST. Specifically, when the cognate manipulation was in the target words, sentence plausibility judgments were more accurate in the cognate condition. When the cognate manipulation was in the sentences, target word recall was superior while sentence plausibility judgment accuracy was worse in the cognate condition. The ease of facilitated lexical access of cognate words may have induced this reallocation of resources to the alternative task. These findings have critical implications for the valid use of the RST as a measure of working memory capacity for comprehension in bilingual populations as well as our understanding of the working memory demands of bilingual sentence comprehension and how these are modulated by cross-language lexical activation dynamics.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1849-1864"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12319114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reducing cheap talk? How monetary incentives affect the accuracy of metamemory judgments. 减少废话？金钱激励如何影响元记忆判断的准确性。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01679-5

Arndt Bröder, Sofia Navarro-Báez, Monika Undorf

{"title":"Reducing cheap talk? How monetary incentives affect the accuracy of metamemory judgments.","authors":"Arndt Bröder, Sofia Navarro-Báez, Monika Undorf","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01679-5","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01679-5","url":null,"abstract":"The accuracy of metacognitive judgments is rarely incentivized in experiments; hence, it depends on the participants' willingness to invest cognitive resources and respond truthfully. According to arguments promoted in economic research that performance cannot reach its full potential without proper motivation, metacognitive abilities might therefore have been underestimated. In two experiments (N = 128 and N = 129), we explored the impact of incentives on the accuracy of judgments of learning (JOLs), memory performance, and cue use in free recall of word lists. We introduced a payoff scheme with 5 cents maximum per judgment to promote the accuracy of predicting recall success while simultaneously discouraging strategic responding in the memory test. Incentivizing JOLs had no effect on memory performance. Metacognitive accuracy in terms of resolution (Kruskal's Gamma) was slightly improved in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. On the more negative side, the incentives boosted JOLs indiscriminately, producing substantial overconfidence. A deeper analysis including cues like word concreteness, imagery, arousal, frequency, subjective relevance, and font size showed the usual and simultaneous cue effects on JOLs. However, cue effects were largely unaffected in size by incentivizing JOLs. In summary, incentives for accuracy do not improve the resolution of JOLs to an extent that outweighs the large inflation of overconfidence. Based on the current results, one cannot recommend the future use of incentivized studies in the field of metamemory.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1725-1737"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12401760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Continuous goal representations: Distance in representational space affects goal switching. 连续目标表征：表征空间中的距离影响目标转换。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01675-9

Ulrike Senftleben, Simon Frisch, Maja Dshemuchadse, Stefan Scherbaum, Caroline Surrey

{"title":"Continuous goal representations: Distance in representational space affects goal switching.","authors":"Ulrike Senftleben, Simon Frisch, Maja Dshemuchadse, Stefan Scherbaum, Caroline Surrey","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01675-9","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-024-01675-9","url":null,"abstract":"Theorists across all fields of psychology consider goals crucial for human action control. Still, the question of how precisely goals are represented in the cognitive system is rarely addressed. Here, we explore the idea that goals are represented as distributed patterns of activation that coexist within continuous mental spaces. In doing so, we discuss and extend popular models of cognitive control and goal-directed behavior, which implicitly convey an image of goals as discrete representational units. To differentiate empirically between discrete and continuous formats of goal representation, we employed a set-shifting paradigm in which participants switched between color goals that varied systematically in their distance in representational space. Across three experiments, we found that previous goals biased behavior during goal switches and that the extent of this bias decreased gradually with the previous goal's distance in color space from color information in the current trial. These graded effects of goal distance on performance are difficult to reconcile with the assumption that goals are discrete representational entities. Instead, they suggest that goals are represented as distributed, partly overlapping patterns of activation within continuous mental spaces. Moreover, the monotonous effects of distance in representational space on performance observed across all conditions in all experiments imply that the spreading of goal activation in representational space follows a monotonous (e.g., bell-shaped) distribution and not a nonmonotonous (e.g., Mexican-hat shaped) one. Our findings ask for a stronger consideration of the continuity of goal representations in models and investigations of goal-directed behavior.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1656-1676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12402036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of sample size information and within- and between-category similarity on study choices in self-regulated learning. 样本大小信息和类别内、类别间相似性对自主学习学习选择的影响。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01682-4

Linzhu Han, Weiye Xie, Peijuan Li, Carol A Seger, Zhiya Liu

{"title":"Effects of sample size information and within- and between-category similarity on study choices in self-regulated learning.","authors":"Linzhu Han, Weiye Xie, Peijuan Li, Carol A Seger, Zhiya Liu","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01682-4","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-025-01682-4","url":null,"abstract":"Category learning is usually better supported by interleaved training (alternating between exemplars from different categories) than by blocked training (studying all exemplars within a category sequentially), yet when asked to choose between the two strategies most people endorse blocking as superior. We used a prototype category-learning task to examine the effects of between- and within-category similarity and knowledge of the number of stimuli to be studied on study sequencing choices during self-regulated learning. Across three experiments (including a complete replication), participants who viewed the number of stimuli in each category showed more interleaving in comparison with those who did not, indicating that participants adjusted their strategy based on the projected length of the study phase. Participants informed about the number of stimuli also showed greater interleaving when within-category similarity was high and greater blocking when within-category similarity was low; this difference was not found when participants were not told the number of stimuli to be studied. Between-category similarity did not affect degree of blocking versus interleaving. Overall, interleaving decreased over training and blocking increased. Most participants endorsed hybrid strategies in which blocking was combined with at least some interleaving on a metacognitive questionnaire, but when forced to choose between exclusive blocking and exclusive interleaving, the majority endorsed blocking. These results indicate that participants are sensitive to category structure and expectations about task length when choosing stimuli to study during self-regulated learning, and adjust their strategy across the time course of study.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1767-1784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tip-of-the-pen states in Mandarin handwriting: The effect of brief non-target language exposure. 中文书写的笔尖状态：短暂非目标语接触的影响。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01684-2

Weihao Lin, Tingting Yang, Guorui Zheng, Yueran Yang, Yongqi Su, Ruiming Wang

{"title":"Tip-of-the-pen states in Mandarin handwriting: The effect of brief non-target language exposure.","authors":"Weihao Lin, Tingting Yang, Guorui Zheng, Yueran Yang, Yongqi Su, Ruiming Wang","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01684-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13421-025-01684-2","url":null,"abstract":"The tip-of-the-pen (TOP) is a phenomenon in which individuals fail to completely retrieve the orthographic information of a known character, and mainly occurs in Mandarin (a non-alphabetic language in which the orthography is largely independent of the phonology). The present study examined whether and how long-term language experience and brief exposure to non-target language affected TOP rates in Mandarin handwriting. In Experiment 1, high and low proficiency Mandarin-English bilinguals completed a Mandarin character dictation task before and after watching a short English movie. The results revealed similar increases in TOP rates for both groups following the English movie. In Experiment 2, Cantonese-Mandarin bidialectals and native Mandarin speakers completed a protocol similar to Experiment 1, but the movie was replaced with a Cantonese movie. Notably, TOP rates significantly increased for bidialectals after the Cantonese movie, but the rates of incorrect responses increased for native speakers. These findings suggest that brief exposure to non-target language exerted a non-item-specific, global interference effect in written production, and also imply that the underlying mechanisms may be modulated by non-target language familiarity.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1803-1819"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0