Memory & Cognition最新文献

Manipulating belief partially remedies the metamemory expectancy illusion in schema-based source monitoring. 操纵信念在一定程度上弥补了基于模式的源监控中的元记忆期望错觉。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01757-2

Marie Luisa Schaper, Ute J Bayen

{"title":"Manipulating belief partially remedies the metamemory expectancy illusion in schema-based source monitoring.","authors":"Marie Luisa Schaper, Ute J Bayen","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01757-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01757-2","url":null,"abstract":"Metamemory illusions (i.e., false predictions of memory) are thought to arise from false a priori beliefs or from experiences made during study, such as processing fluency. The aim of the current research was to isolate the contribution of belief to metamemory by testing whether a correction of false beliefs can remedy a metamemory illusion. The authors focus on schema-based source monitoring, in which people show a metamemory expectancy illusion (e.g., Schaper et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45(3), 470-496, 2019a). At study, people predict better source memory for items from expected sources (e.g., toothbrush in a bathroom), whereas actual source memory is better for items from unexpected sources (e.g., shampoo in a kitchen) or unaffected by expectations. In two source-monitoring experiments (N = 120/121), the authors tested whether the expectancy illusion could be remedied by correcting a priori belief. Participants studied items from expected and unexpected sources and made item-wise metamemory predictions about source memory. In both experiments, a manipulation to correct belief attenuated the expectancy illusion compared to a control group, but not to full remedy. Experiment 2 further revealed two distinct theoretical mechanisms underlying the partial persistence of the metamemory illusion: A partial inferential deficit, indicated by some participants failing to correct their belief, and a partial utilization deficit, indicated by participants failing to adequately use a corrected belief in metamemory judgments. The authors discuss competing influences of beliefs and experiences in metamemory judgment formation.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantifying uncert-AI-nty: Testing the accuracy of LLMs' confidence judgments. 量化不确定性：检验法学硕士置信度判断的准确性。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01755-4

Trent N Cash, Daniel M Oppenheimer, Sara Christie, Mira Devgan

{"title":"Quantifying uncert-AI-nty: Testing the accuracy of LLMs' confidence judgments.","authors":"Trent N Cash, Daniel M Oppenheimer, Sara Christie, Mira Devgan","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01755-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01755-4","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of Large Language Model (LLM) chatbots, such as ChatGPT and Gemini, has revolutionized how we access information. These LLMs can answer a wide array of questions on nearly any topic. When humans answer questions, especially difficult or uncertain questions, they often accompany their responses with metacognitive confidence judgments indicating their belief in their accuracy. LLMs are certainly capable of providing confidence judgments, but it is currently unclear how accurate these confidence judgments are. To fill this gap in the literature, the present studies investigate the capability of LLMs to quantify uncertainty through confidence judgments. We compare the absolute and relative accuracy of confidence judgments made by four LLMs (ChatGPT, Bard/Gemini, Sonnet, Haiku) and human participants in both domains of aleatory uncertainty-NFL predictions (Study 1; n = 502) and Oscar predictions (Study 2; n = 109)-and domains of epistemic uncertainty-Pictionary performance (Study 3; n = 164), Trivia questions (Study 4; n = 110), and questions about life at a university (Study 5; n = 110). We find several commonalities between LLMs and humans, such as achieving similar levels of absolute and relative metacognitive accuracy (although LLMs tend to be slightly more accurate on both dimensions). Like humans, we also find that LLMs tend to be overconfident. However, we find that, unlike humans, LLMs-especially ChatGPT and Gemini-often fail to adjust their confidence judgments based on past performance, highlighting a key metacognitive limitation.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No congruency sequence effect across Simon and Eriksen tasks with aligned temporal processing dynamics: Evidence for domain-specific over domain-general cognitive control. 在Simon和Eriksen任务中没有一致性序列效应，具有一致的时间处理动态：领域特定认知控制优于领域一般认知控制的证据。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01758-1

Daniel Bratzke, Ruben Ellinghaus, Ian Mackenzie, Victor Mittelstädt

引用次数: 0

Ocular measures of controlled processing: Examining the use of proactive cognitive control in the AX-CPT. 控制性加工的眼部测量：在AX-CPT中检查主动认知控制的使用。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01744-7

Jason F Reimer, Kevin P Rosales, Anthony Sierra, Kyle Mobly, Andrew Rivera

{"title":"Ocular measures of controlled processing: Examining the use of proactive cognitive control in the AX-CPT.","authors":"Jason F Reimer, Kevin P Rosales, Anthony Sierra, Kyle Mobly, Andrew Rivera","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01744-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01744-7","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing the use of proactive cognitive control is essential for understanding how thoughts and actions are regulated. The present study aimed to determine whether proactive control can be measured through patterns of eye movements during the cue-probe delay in a spatially modified AX-CPT. Across two experiments, we found that gaze activity at screen locations where cues and probes appeared predicted both the extent of proactive control adopted by participants and their ability to override a prepotent response tendency. However, the specific cognitive processes underlying the engagement of proactive control varied depending on task demands. Specifically, when the cue-probe delay was relatively short (Experiment 1), proactive control was characterized by rapid shifts in visual attention to support cognitive demands associated with frequent changes in the location of probe stimuli. In contrast, when the cue-probe delay was extended (Experiment 2), proactive control aligned with traditional conceptualizations, relying more on increased cue maintenance. Together, these results demonstrate that eye-movement patterns may serve as the foundation for ocular-based measures of proactive control, enabling further investigation into factors influencing its engagement and potential individual differences in its use. Implications that the results have for theories of controlled processing and inhibitory control are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study-test overlap rather than multisensory integration benefits memory. 学习-测试重叠比多感觉整合更有利于记忆。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01759-0

Diane Pecher, Brandon Keytel, René Zeelenberg

引用次数: 0

Inference generation in older adults: Comparing pictorial and textual comprehension in the context of cognitive decline. 老年人的推理生成：认知衰退背景下图片和文本理解的比较。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01736-7

Ekaterina Varkentin, Irina R Brich, Ulrike Sünkel, Anna-Katharina von Thaler, Gerhard W Eschweiler, Markus Huff

{"title":"Inference generation in older adults: Comparing pictorial and textual comprehension in the context of cognitive decline.","authors":"Ekaterina Varkentin, Irina R Brich, Ulrike Sünkel, Anna-Katharina von Thaler, Gerhard W Eschweiler, Markus Huff","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01736-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01736-7","url":null,"abstract":"Narrative comprehension, a cognitive skill essential for social participation, relies on a range of abilities, including memory and inference-making. While aging-related cognitive changes are well-documented, research on narrative comprehension in aging populations yields mixed findings, underscoring the importance of this study. This preregistered study examines how age, education, and presentation format (i.e., the narrative's codality: pictorial vs. textual) influence inference generation in older adults (N = 143, ages 62-86 years). Participants were presented with pictorial and textual stories consisting of three panels, with the second panel replaced with a blank panel. Their task was to comprehend the stories and determine whether the inferences provided for the missing event were correct or incorrect. Results reveal that pictorial narratives were better comprehended than textual ones; however, this advantage attenuates with increasing age. Contrary to expectations, narrative comprehension was largely resilient to age-related declines, as neither age nor education significantly impaired performance. Exploratory analyses tested the influence of protective (e.g., physical and mental activity, companionship) and risk factors (e.g., depression, anxiety, chronic pain, stress, and poor sleep) but found no significant impact on comprehension. Notably, narrative comprehension correlated with memory performance but not with other cognitive abilities, underscoring its specificity within the broader cognitive domain. These findings highlight the stability of narrative comprehension across media and aging, while also suggesting a narrowing pictorial advantage with age. Implications for existing cognitive theories and future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating age-related differences in semantic control mechanisms involved in creative cognition. 研究创造性认知中语义控制机制的年龄相关差异。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01753-6

Tanvi Patel, Sarah E MacPherson, Paul Hoffman

{"title":"Investigating age-related differences in semantic control mechanisms involved in creative cognition.","authors":"Tanvi Patel, Sarah E MacPherson, Paul Hoffman","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01753-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01753-6","url":null,"abstract":"Creative thinking is a complex, higher-order ability that draws on multiple cognitive systems. However, the contribution of specific semantic control processes to creativity remains unclear. The current study had two goals: First, we investigated how individual differences in semantic knowledge and control contribute to divergent and convergent styles of creative thinking, beyond the involvement of domain-general executive functions. Second, we explored whether there were age-related differences in semantic and executive abilities, and if these differences influenced the ability to think creatively. Specifically, we examined the role of the two components of semantic control: controlled retrieval and semantic selection. In our study, 63 younger adults and 64 older adults completed semantic, executive, and creative thinking measures. Younger adults demonstrated better executive functioning, while older adults exhibited superior semantic knowledge, controlled retrieval, and convergent thinking abilities. Crucially, there were no age differences across several divergent thinking metrics: automated originality scoring, human ratings, or uniqueness. Regression analyses indicated that semantic knowledge and updating executive ability influenced convergent thinking abilities across both age groups. In contrast, semantic control abilities were predictive of divergent thinking skills, but only in the younger group. Our results emphasize the key role of the semantic system in creative thought, and, critically, indicate that divergent and convergent thinking may rely on different aspects of semantic cognition. Moreover, the recruitment of these abilities varies across the lifespan, in line with increased knowledge reserves and declines in executive control seen in older adults.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of learning strategies on offloading decisions in response recall. 学习策略对反应回忆中卸载决策的影响。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01750-9

Jenna R Donet, Philip H Marshall, Michael J Serra

{"title":"The effect of learning strategies on offloading decisions in response recall.","authors":"Jenna R Donet, Philip H Marshall, Michael J Serra","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01750-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01750-9","url":null,"abstract":"The decision-making processes involved in relying on an external source (cognitive offloading) for memory retrieval tasks have been discussed in numerous publications. The nature of original learning strategies could be an important contributing factor to the decision to offload but is unexamined. In this study we used a paired-associate learning task to investigate the influences of mnemonic (associative) and rote learning strategies on the likelihood of opting out, either by offloading or omitting a response. Further, we investigated the ways that certain outcome variables (specifically, the number of opt-out responses and amount of time spent studying) may in fact influence the relationship between learning strategy and decisions to persist in effortful search. We also investigated the degree to which any effects of learning strategy are specific to either offloading or omission decisions. Overall, we found a mnemonic learning effect of decreased frequency of general opt-out decisions relative to the rote group. Further, we found that mnemonic learning led to longer internal search times prior to opt-out responses, suggesting additional, intentional search processes such as trying to retrieve the original mnemonic, to help recover the response word. A partial mediation of the learning strategy effect on omission latency by performance factors suggested the learning strategy effect affects omission latency independently. Finally, relative to the rote learning strategy, the mnemonic strategy led to fewer instances of offloading, and longer decision latencies for omission responses.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unraveling the influence of task designs and intrinsic motivation in effort-based decision-making. 任务设计和内在动机在基于努力的决策中的影响。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01745-6

Alyssa Randez, Sébastien Hélie

{"title":"Unraveling the influence of task designs and intrinsic motivation in effort-based decision-making.","authors":"Alyssa Randez, Sébastien Hélie","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01745-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01745-6","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive effort-based decision-making typically focuses on how much effort a person chooses to invest in a given action. Past experiments follow the assumption that monetary means and cognitive demands influence effort investment. However, motivation can influence behaviors beyond these factors, leaving open the question as to how individual tasks can motivate effort. Using two experiments, this study investigated how different elements of task designs can contribute to preferences that are related to the costs of performing an action and the rewards of monetary incentives. The results of this study suggest that preferences for an option can be influenced by various task-related factors such as the cognitive components required to complete a task (e.g., motor- or memory-related), how demanding the options are relative to each other (as determined by the number of elements to be manipulated in the task), and how much reward is available after task completion. In some cases, task designs could explain decision-making tendencies better than monetary reward or demand levels. These findings have significant implications for understanding how intrinsic motivation affects preferences based on the requirements of a task that can be unrelated to ability.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144585327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How note-taking and note-using affects the benefit of interleaving over blocking. 记笔记和使用笔记是如何影响交错的好处的。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01751-8

Jeri L Little, Josephine C M Fealy, Koki Kobayashi, Sarah Roth

{"title":"How note-taking and note-using affects the benefit of interleaving over blocking.","authors":"Jeri L Little, Josephine C M Fealy, Koki Kobayashi, Sarah Roth","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01751-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01751-8","url":null,"abstract":"Interleaving items from different categories is often better for learning than blocking items by category, but research on the interleaving effect has neglected situations in which people can take notes. In addition to the practical reasons for examining note-taking, notes also provide insight into participants' thought processes during learning. In two experiments, participants studied paintings by different artists, with paintings by half of those artists blocked by artist and paintings by the other half interleaved with paintings by other artists. We manipulated whether participants took notes. Then, participants classified new paintings by the studied artists (in Experiment 1, all note-takers used their notes on the test; in Experiment 2, half of the note-takers used their notes on the test and half did not). Across both experiments, we found an interaction between sequence and note-taking conditions. In the no-notes condition, interleaving was more effective than blocking for classifying new paintings. However, this benefit was significantly reduced when participants took notes but could not use them on the test and eliminated when they could take notes and use them on the test. Additionally, participants' notes tended to contain object and style characteristics, and the presence of critical style characteristics in participants' notes predicted their performance. This research sheds light on thought processes in category learning and may have implications for educational contexts.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0