Memory & Cognition最新文献

Limited cue integration in metacognitive control decisions. 元认知控制决策中的有限线索整合。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01889-z

Luisa M Schulz, Arndt Bröder, Hannah Leitgeb, Monika Undorf

{"title":"Limited cue integration in metacognitive control decisions.","authors":"Luisa M Schulz, Arndt Bröder, Hannah Leitgeb, Monika Undorf","doi":"10.3758/s13421-026-01889-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-026-01889-z","url":null,"abstract":"Metacognitive judgments and decisions involve uncertainty and rely on probabilistic cues. Prior research shows that people integrate multiple cues when making judgments of learning (JOLs). The present study examined whether metacognitive control decisions are influenced by multiple cues as well. In each of two experiments, participants studied 60 words varying on two cues (Experiment 1: concreteness, emotionality; Experiment 2: font format, word frequency). In Experiment 1, all participants made restudy choices to maximize later recall, whereas in Experiment 2, half made restudy choices, and the other half provided JOLs. Participants who made restudy choices restudied their selected items, and all participants completed a recall test at the end of the experiment. At the group level, both cues influenced restudy choices in Experiment 1, but only one cue did so in Experiment 2. Individual-level analyses of Experiment 2 revealed that most participants used both cues, yet the direction of cue use differed across participants: Some participants more often selected items with cue values associated with lower JOLs, whereas others more often selected items with cue values associated with higher JOLs. Overall, effect sizes for cue effects on restudy choices were smaller than those for JOLs. These findings suggest that multiple cues guided metacognitive control decisions, but that cue integration and cue use were weaker and varied more across individuals than in metacognitive judgments. This pattern indicates that the alignment between monitoring and control is reduced by other factors influencing restudy choices.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Role of sparse episodic information in the progressive construction of event time about unknown narratives. 稀疏情景信息在未知叙事事件时间递进构建中的作用。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-08 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01891-5

Federica Procida, Matteo Frisoni, Annalisa Tosoni, Giorgia Committeri, Carlo Sestieri

{"title":"Role of sparse episodic information in the progressive construction of event time about unknown narratives.","authors":"Federica Procida, Matteo Frisoni, Annalisa Tosoni, Giorgia Committeri, Carlo Sestieri","doi":"10.3758/s13421-026-01891-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-026-01891-5","url":null,"abstract":"Narrative time is essential for understanding and remembering stories. Reconstructive memory theory posits that retrieving past events is not a mere reactivation of the original memory trace but involves a reorganization process informed by a combination of stored memories, general knowledge, and interpretative elements. Recent studies have shown that humans are remarkably accurate in judging the time-of-occurrence of fragments from a previously encoded narrative, but also that expectations and assumptions can compromise their performance. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the ability to infer the time-of-occurrence of videoclips extracted from a previously unencoded movie to elucidate the gradual integration of episodic and semantic information during the construction of narrative time. Across four experiments performed by different groups of human participants, we progressively manipulated the amount of available episodic information for the time-estimation task. Compared with the high precision observed for a known (i.e., previously encoded) movie, a robust decrease in performance was observed in the absence of prior encoding, irrespective of task repetitions. Exposing participants to additional episodic information (movie fragments) between task repetitions produced a gradual enhancement in task performance, especially when episodic cues were presented in chronological order. These results suggest that the temporal information provided by episodic cues can be exploited to gradually form a temporal scaffolding of the narrative, filling in the gaps between encoded pieces of information. This temporal representation, in turn, enables the dating of movie fragments, almost as if the movie had been encoded in its entirety.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Active dependency formation and ambiguity resolution in real-time sentence processing. 实时句子处理中的主动依存关系形成与歧义消解。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01893-3

Hiroki Fujita, Masaya Yoshida

引用次数: 0

Larry Jacoby's research on aging and memory: Review and commentary. 拉里·雅各比对衰老与记忆的研究：回顾与评论。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-05-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01888-0

Fergus I M Craik

引用次数: 0

Context reinstatement increases true and false recognition of associated words: Evidence from the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion. 语境还原增加了对相关词的真假识别：来自迪斯/罗迪格-麦克德莫特（DRM）错觉的证据

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01892-4

Asia Bayoud, Benton H Pierce, David A Gallo

{"title":"Context reinstatement increases true and false recognition of associated words: Evidence from the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion.","authors":"Asia Bayoud, Benton H Pierce, David A Gallo","doi":"10.3758/s13421-026-01892-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-026-01892-4","url":null,"abstract":"Reinstating context from encoding to retrieval increases true recognition (e.g., testing object memory on reinstated versus switched background scenes), but context reinstatement also increases false recognition of similar objects (a \"context reinstatement illusion\"; see Doss et al., Psychological Science, 29, 914-925, 2018). Here we report three experiments extending these context reinstatement effects to semantically associated words (i.e., the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory task), thereby demonstrating that the context illusion generalizes beyond the object pictures used in prior work. We found robust context reinstatement effects on both true and false recognition, even though participants were told that the encoding and retrieval context would not always match (Experiments 1 and 3). Moreover, context reinstatement boosted claims of \"recollecting\" details, thereby boosting the typical DRM illusion. By contrast, when we gave a stronger warning to avoid context as misleading (Experiment 2), context reinstatement effects on both true and false recognition were smaller and unreliable, suggesting that strategic attempts to minimize this illusion during retrieval came at the cost of context reinstatement's benefit to true recognition. Overall, our demonstration of a context reinstatement illusion using the DRM task provides another example of how context reinstatement can increase both true and false recognition. These results also provide new evidence that item-context conceptual associations can drive these misleading effects of context reinstatement during memory retrieval.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Item-specific control of word reading as evidenced by a novel proportion wordness effect. 单词阅读的特定项目控制：一种新颖的比例词效。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01876-4

Eldad Keha, Julie M Bugg

{"title":"Item-specific control of word reading as evidenced by a novel proportion wordness effect.","authors":"Eldad Keha, Julie M Bugg","doi":"10.3758/s13421-026-01876-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-026-01876-4","url":null,"abstract":"Jacoby and colleagues demonstrated that control processes can adapt at the level of individual stimuli, giving rise to the item-specific proportion congruence (ISPC) effect, whereby items that frequently appear as incongruent produce a smaller Stroop effect. Prior research has focused exclusively on informational conflict (competition between word meaning and ink color), leaving open whether item-specific control mechanisms also affect task conflict (competition between the task sets of word reading and color naming). Across two experiments, we addressed this question. In Experiment 1, using an ISPC manipulation, we replicated the classic reduction of informational conflict for mostly incongruent items but found no evidence of item-specific control of task conflict. In Experiment 2, we introduced a novel item-specific proportion wordness (ISPW) manipulation to vary the likelihood of task conflict at the item level, by presenting items mostly with neutral words or neutral nonwords. Results revealed robust item-specific effects on task conflict and informational conflict, with reductions in both types of conflict for items that were mostly neutral words. These findings clarify the scope of item-specific control: while manipulations of reactive informational control selectively influence informational conflict, manipulations of reactive task control can regulate not only task conflict but additionally informational conflict. Our results refine and extend Jacoby et al.'s original insight, providing initial evidence for item-specific control of word reading, and demonstrating the operation of item-specific control at multiple levels of conflict via an ISPW manipulation that modulated the likelihood of word reading.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

People are sensitive to environmental predictability when engaging cognitive control. 在进行认知控制时，人们对环境的可预测性很敏感。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01887-1

Kaichi Yanaoka, Hiroyuki Tsubomi, Félice van 't Wout, Christopher Jarrold, Satoru Saito, John Nicholas Towse

{"title":"People are sensitive to environmental predictability when engaging cognitive control.","authors":"Kaichi Yanaoka, Hiroyuki Tsubomi, Félice van 't Wout, Christopher Jarrold, Satoru Saito, John Nicholas Towse","doi":"10.3758/s13421-026-01887-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-026-01887-1","url":null,"abstract":"People flexibly engage either proactive or reactive control to achieve goals in dynamic environments. However, it remains unclear how specific environmental factors determine when proactive control is most effectively used. Across two experiments, this study investigated how environmental predictability influences proactive control. We employed a self-paced task-switching paradigm in which adult participants triggered the target when they felt ready to respond to it and manipulated how reliably contextual cue information predicted the task rule. In Experiment 1, a fully predictable environment (100% cue reliability) led to longer preparation times, reflecting spontaneous proactive preparation, faster responses, and reduced switch costs compared with an unpredictable environment (50% reliability), indicating adaptive engagement of proactive control based on cue reliability. Experiment 2 further examined the relations between cue reliability and proactive control by comparing a more reliable condition (85% reliable cues) to a less reliable condition (65% reliable cues). Findings revealed that participants spent more time preparing under 85% reliability and showed larger performance differences between \"matched\" (cue accurately predicting the task) and \"unmatched\" trials. These results reinforce the view that adults can detect subtle differences in cue reliability and adjust their proactive control accordingly. Finally, an integration of the findings from Experiments 1 and 2 suggests that two thresholds of cue reliability govern both the decision to engage and the effectiveness of cognitive control when adults modulate their proactive control based on environmental predictability.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Implicit imagery tasks facilitate learning in declarative memory: Congruence between imagery modality and verb type enhances recognition. 内隐意象任务促进陈述性记忆的学习：意象情态和动词类型的一致性增强了认知。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-21 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01867-5

Jérémy Villatte, Christel Bidet-Ildei, Lucie Angel, Badiâa Bouazzaoui, Michel Isingrini, Lucette Toussaint

{"title":"Implicit imagery tasks facilitate learning in declarative memory: Congruence between imagery modality and verb type enhances recognition.","authors":"Jérémy Villatte, Christel Bidet-Ildei, Lucie Angel, Badiâa Bouazzaoui, Michel Isingrini, Lucette Toussaint","doi":"10.3758/s13421-026-01867-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-026-01867-5","url":null,"abstract":"Explicit mental imagery (i.e., voluntary and conscious) can enhance learning in declarative memory. In the present work, we assessed whether implicit imagery tasks also enhances memory, and whether specific imagery modalities (motor, visual) selectively benefit the learning of related material. Seventy-two young adults completed a recognition task in which they learned action and non-action verbs presented after an implicit motor imagery task (i.e., hand mental rotation) or an implicit visual imagery task (i.e., number mental rotation). Results from both frequentist and Bayesian generalized mixed-effects models revealed a significant interaction between verb type and imagery modality. Congruent imagery modality (i.e., motor for action verbs, visual for non-action verbs) enhanced subsequent recognition compared to incongruent modality (i.e., motor for non-action verbs, visual for action verbs). These findings provide novel evidence that the effectiveness of mental imagery for learning is influenced by the congruence between imagery modality and the sensorimotor features of the learned items. They also suggest that mental imagery does not need to be fully voluntary or fully conscious to improve learning.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of emotional scenes and attentional bias on visual working memory: Insights from a 3-back task. 情绪场景和注意偏差对视觉工作记忆的影响：来自3-back任务的见解。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01882-6

Albandri S Alotaibi

{"title":"The influence of emotional scenes and attentional bias on visual working memory: Insights from a 3-back task.","authors":"Albandri S Alotaibi","doi":"10.3758/s13421-026-01882-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-026-01882-6","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated the effects of emotional valence-specifically, negative, positive, and neutral affective content-on visual working memory performance under conditions of sustained cognitive demand. Participants (N = 127), all university students from Saudi Arabia, completed a culturally adapted version of the 3-back task in which images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were categorized by emotional valence and presented in homogeneous blocks. The primary aim was to examine whether emotional content modulates core aspects of working memory, including accuracy, reaction time, perceptual sensitivity (d'), and decision bias (criterion c), particularly when continuous updating is required. Results indicated a significant advantage for negative stimuli in terms of accuracy, with participants demonstrating higher performance in this condition relative to both neutral and positive blocks. Conversely, reaction times were fastest in the positive condition, though no evidence of a speed-accuracy trade-off was observed. Sensitivity, as indexed by d', remained statistically equivalent across conditions; however, criterion c analyses revealed a more conservative response tendency in the positive condition. Age was negatively correlated with accuracy in the negative condition, suggesting early-emerging shifts in emotion-cognition dynamics. These findings are discussed in relation to cultural context and signal detection theory, with implications for models of affective modulation in visual working memory.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147718432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating effects of divided attention at test on memory accessibility and precision in a continuous report paradigm. 研究连续报告范式下分散注意力对记忆可及性和准确性的影响。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-17 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-026-01868-4

Nursima Ünver, Eren Günseli

{"title":"Investigating effects of divided attention at test on memory accessibility and precision in a continuous report paradigm.","authors":"Nursima Ünver, Eren Günseli","doi":"10.3758/s13421-026-01868-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-026-01868-4","url":null,"abstract":"Previously reported tests for effects of dividing attention during long-term memory (LTM) retrieval have yielded inconclusive findings. This may be due to most prior work relying on categorical recall or recognition measures, which lack sufficient precision to detect subtle effects. Here, we provide the first test of divided attention effects on LTM retrieval using a continuous report paradigm, allowing retrieval errors to be measured with greater precision. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 44) encoded object-orientation associations and later retrieved object orientations under either full or divided attention while performing a visual search task. On each trial, error was computed as the difference between the reported and studied orientations of the tested object. Dividing attention during retrieval resulted in increased errors. To characterize the nature of these errors, we analyzed error distributions using both a standard mixture model (SMM) and the Target Confusability Competition (TCC) model. The SMM showed that divided attention reduced memory accessibility, while the precision of retrieved memories remained unaffected. The TCC model provided better fits and similarly indicated reduced memory strength under divided attention. Experiment 1 included an additional working memory load due to withholding the divided attention task response throughout the main retrieval task; Experiment 2 (N = 44) replicated the main findings while eliminating this load by having participants respond to the secondary task before the retrieval response. Together, these findings show that continuous report measures reveal costs of divided attention on LTM retrieval that primarily reflect reduced retrieval success or strength rather than reduced representational precision.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147718418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0