Memory & Cognition最新文献_第2页

Upright and inverted unfamiliar face-matching tasks - everything correlates everywhere all at once. 直立和倒立不熟悉的面部匹配任务——所有的东西都同时联系在一起。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01725-w

Jeremy J Tree, Alex L Jones, Robin S S Kramer

{"title":"Upright and inverted unfamiliar face-matching tasks - everything correlates everywhere all at once.","authors":"Jeremy J Tree, Alex L Jones, Robin S S Kramer","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01725-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01725-w","url":null,"abstract":"In a key study, Megreya and Burton (Memory & Cognition, 34, 865-876, 2006) argued that identity-matching tasks using unfamiliar faces may not effectively measure general 'real-world' face-processing ability - that is they are \"not faces\". They observed a high correlation in performance between upright and inverted unfamiliar face matching, a pattern not seen with familiar faces, which they interpreted as indicating unfamiliar face matching is qualitatively different and largely driven by image-specific factors. However, the authors cautioned that this limitation likely applies only to unfamiliar face-matching tasks for identity rather than other types of face judgements (e.g., emotion). The present study replicates and extends these findings by considering within-subject performance for upright/inverted unfamiliar face matching across various paradigms (sequential/simultaneous presentation or sorting) and face-judgement types (identity or emotion), whilst considering different types of measures (accuracy and reaction time). Our results illustrated high correlations for upright/inverted conditions were universally observed within tasks for both accuracy and reaction times. Subsequent factor analyses indicated that upright and inverted conditions loaded together into task-specific latent variables. These results concur with the conclusions of Megreya and Burton (2006) and extend to both identity and emotion matching tasks - that is such tasks exhibit low construct validity for testing hypotheses about much general 'everyday' face processing. We propose that researchers should carefully consider alignment between their test materials and the theoretical 'constructs' they aim to measure, ensuring more accurate and meaningful interpretations of their results.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anticipatory prediction in older readers. 老年读者的预期性预测。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01712-1

Roslyn Wong, Aaron Veldre

{"title":"Anticipatory prediction in older readers.","authors":"Roslyn Wong, Aaron Veldre","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01712-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01712-1","url":null,"abstract":"It is well-established that skilled, young-adult readers rely on predictive processing during online language comprehension; however, fewer studies have investigated whether this extends to healthy, older adults (60 + years). The aim of the present research was to assess whether older readers make use of lexical prediction by investigating whether they demonstrate processing costs for incorrect predictions in a controlled experimental design. The eye movements of a sample of older adults (60-86 years) were recorded as they read strongly and weakly constraining sentences containing a predictable word or an unpredictable alternative that was either semantically related or unrelated. To determine whether predictive processing depends on the stimuli presentation format, a second experiment presented the same materials in a self-paced reading task in which each word of a sentence appears one at a time at the readers' own pace. Older adults showed processing benefits for expected input on eye-movement measures of reading. They also showed processing costs for unexpected input across both methodologies, but only when semantically unrelated to the best completion. Taken together, the results suggest that the use of predictive processes remains relatively preserved with age. The implications of these findings for understanding whether prediction is a fundamental component of online language comprehension are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The rise and fall of memories: Temporal dynamics of visual working memory. 记忆的兴衰：视觉工作记忆的时间动态。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01718-9

Andre Sahakian, Surya Gayet, Chris L E Paffen, Stefan Van der Stigchel

{"title":"The rise and fall of memories: Temporal dynamics of visual working memory.","authors":"Andre Sahakian, Surya Gayet, Chris L E Paffen, Stefan Van der Stigchel","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01718-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01718-9","url":null,"abstract":"Visual working memory (VWM) is a cognitive system, which temporarily stores task-relevant visual information to enable interactions with the environment. In everyday VWM use, we typically decide how long we look to encode information, and how long we wait before acting on the memory. In contrast, VWM is typically studied in unnaturally rigid paradigms that keep presentation times and delays fixed. Here, we ask how visual memories build up over self-paced viewing times, and how they decay over self-paced delays, in a task that naturally engages VWM. We employed a copying task in which participants were tasked to recreate an \"example\" arrangement of items in an adjacent empty \"workspace\". We tracked their unconstrained viewing and copying behavior at the level of individual items' viewing times and the time to successful placements (i.e., delay). Our results show that performance monotonically increased for viewing times up to 1 s (per item), and plateaued afterwards. Interestingly, while views exceeding 1 s did not strongly improve performance for short (2-s) delays, views beyond 1-s did improve performance for longer delays. In contrast, this pattern was not observed in Experiments 2A and 2B, where viewing and delay times were experimentally manipulated (i.e., in more typical, rigid paradigms). These findings showcase the importance of considering aspects of naturalistic behavior, like decision-making, when studying VWM. We suggest that in everyday situations, short glances are sufficient for immediate use from VWM, but long views are required for effective delayed use.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144057719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What norming reveals about idioms: Making the case for a presuppositional account. 规范对习语的启示：为预设叙述提供理由。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01719-8

Nicholas Griffen, Ira Noveck

{"title":"What norming reveals about idioms: Making the case for a presuppositional account.","authors":"Nicholas Griffen, Ira Noveck","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01719-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01719-8","url":null,"abstract":"While early accounts of idiomatic expressions proposed that they are compositional or else directly retrievable from memory, the multi-determined view posited that idiom comprehension depends on observable characteristics, such as meaningfulness, familiarity, literal plausibility, global decomposability, and final word predictability. This led researchers to periodically undertake norming tasks in which participants rate idioms on these dimensions. The current study extends this tradition while investigating 36 American English idioms, expressed as She/he verbed x noun (e.g., He fanned the flames). Study 1 introduced a new control (Nonsense idioms), which encourages the exploitation of a scale's lower end, while recruiting sub-samples of participants online for each of the five aforementioned dimensions. Our findings, which primarily concern correlations among dimensions, very largely confirm the prior findings. Study 2 introduced a novel norming dimension that we call presupposition strength. This asks participants to provide a likelihood score about background information that is not conventionally associated with each idiom. The 36 idioms were presented through a vignette (e.g., Tom fanned the flames at the meeting) after which we collected scores to a presuppositional probe question (e.g., How likely is it that there was tension before the meeting?). Participants' mean scores for an individual idiom's presupposition strength were compared to two yoked controls, a paraphrase (from dictionary definitions) and a nonsense idiom. Presuppositional strength for idiomatic expressions led to significantly superior scores, pointing to the importance of this feature to these figures. Intriguingly, correlations between presupposition strength and (Study 1's) meaningfulness and familiarity were statistically significant.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evidence of temporal and emotional alignment between song cues and their evoked autobiographical memories. 歌曲线索与其唤起的自传体记忆之间的时间和情感一致性的证据。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01717-w

Pelin Tanberg, Ryan C Yeung, Myra A Fernandes

{"title":"Evidence of temporal and emotional alignment between song cues and their evoked autobiographical memories.","authors":"Pelin Tanberg, Ryan C Yeung, Myra A Fernandes","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01717-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01717-w","url":null,"abstract":"Hearing music can evoke vivid memories from one's past. Here, we examined how musical versus verbal features of pop songs influenced retrieval of autobiographical memories (AMs) and explored mechanisms of action. We first compared the quantity and quality of AMs evoked by musical cues (popular songs) versus matched nonmusical cues (spoken lyrics). On each trial, participants (N = 84) listened to an auditory cue, which was either musical (a song clip) or spoken (a computer-generated neutral voice reading the lyrics from the song clip). While listening, participants indicated via button press whether the cue evoked an AM - if so, they described the AM in text, then rated the AM's properties (e.g., age of the memory, feelings of reliving, cue familiarity). We found that song cues were significantly more likely to evoke AMs (M = 49%) than spoken cues (M = 33%), even when controlling for cue familiarity. Song cues also elicited significantly greater feelings of reliving the evoked AM, compared to spoken cues, though this effect disappeared after controlling for cue familiarity. Critically, we found evidence of temporal and emotional alignment between cues and their evoked AMs: older cues (e.g., songs released in 2017 vs. 2020) evoked older AMs, and more positive cues (e.g., songs of higher valence, as derived from Spotify audio features) evoked AMs with more positive content (as derived from sentiment analysis). Findings suggest that song cues enhance AM accessibility by setting the temporal and emotional contexts for retrieval.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Further unpacking age-related differences in mind wandering: The roles of emotional valence and meta-awareness. 进一步揭示走神的年龄相关差异：情绪效价和元意识的作用。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01713-0

Matthew S Welhaf, Madeline R Valdez, Jonathan B Banks, Julie M Bugg

{"title":"Further unpacking age-related differences in mind wandering: The roles of emotional valence and meta-awareness.","authors":"Matthew S Welhaf, Madeline R Valdez, Jonathan B Banks, Julie M Bugg","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01713-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01713-0","url":null,"abstract":"Age-related differences in mind wandering are robust. However, previous work examining such differences rarely considered the specific content of participants' mind wandering. We sought to replicate prior work showing that older adults' reduced frequency of mind wandering is specific to negative and neutral thoughts, and extend this work by examining the role of perceived stress in this pattern. We also tested if older and younger adults differed in the meta-awareness of their emotionally valenced mind wandering. Older and younger adults completed a sustained attention task with periodic thought probes and were instructed to self-catch any instances of mind wandering they had during the task. Consistent with prior work, older adults reported less mind wandering overall. Critically, using thought probes, we replicated the specific pattern of an age-related reduction in negative and neutral mind-wandering reports, but similar rates of positive mind-wandering between age groups. Further, the age-related difference in negative mind wandering was still evident after accounting for participants' level of perceived stress. There were also age-related differences in participants' self-caught mind wandering. While older adults had fewer self-caught episodes overall, the age difference was largest for neutral reports and smallest for negative reports. Age-related differences in the processing of, and preference for, certain emotional information appear to be evident in participants' off-task thinking. Our findings highlight that age-related differences in mind wandering might not be consistent across different contents and that future work should consider mind-wandering content, such as emotional valence, when testing for age-related differences.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of animacy on the agent preference: Self-paced reading evidence from Basque. 动画对代理偏好的影响：来自巴斯克语的自定节奏阅读证据。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01698-w

Aitor Egurtzegi, Sebastian Sauppe, Arrate Isasi-Isasmendi, Gillen Martinez de la Hidalga, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Matthias Schlesewsky, Itziar Laka, Martin Meyer, Balthasar Bickel, Caroline Andrews

{"title":"The effect of animacy on the agent preference: Self-paced reading evidence from Basque.","authors":"Aitor Egurtzegi, Sebastian Sauppe, Arrate Isasi-Isasmendi, Gillen Martinez de la Hidalga, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Matthias Schlesewsky, Itziar Laka, Martin Meyer, Balthasar Bickel, Caroline Andrews","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01698-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01698-w","url":null,"abstract":"Language processing shows a tendency to prefer agents over other roles. For instance, when initial unmarked noun phrases (NPs) are ambiguous between agent and patient roles, there is a preference to interpret them as agents, with ensuing reanalysis effects if the NP later turns out to be a patient. Intriguingly, this preference also applies in languages where initial, unmarked (caseless) NPs would tend to be patients because agents are often dropped or marked by a distinct case, the ergative. However, an unresolved question is to what extent the agent preference can be modulated by animacy in a language with agent-dropping and ergative case. To address this, we performed a self-paced reading study exploiting a case-marking syncretism in Basque, which makes some NPs ambiguous between agent and patient readings despite otherwise consistent ergative marking of agents. We looked at the role of an animate vs. inanimate initial NP in transitive sentences, modeling self-paced reading times in a hierarchical Bayesian regression framework. When the role of the initial NP was disambiguated by the verb, we found no reanalysis effect. By contrast, when the role of the initial NP was disambiguated by a second, unambiguous NP, we found a slowdown after human patients compared to human agents, but not after inanimate patients, in the words following the disambiguating region. This suggests that the agent preference can be attenuated when initial NPs are inanimate.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bilingual irony processing during natural reading: A within-participant look at L1 versus L2 effects using eye-movement measures. 自然阅读过程中的双语反讽加工：用眼动测量在参与者内部观察L1与L2效应。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01722-z

Vegas Hodgins, Mehrgol Tiv, Chaimaa El Mouslih, Karla Tarín, Naima Mansuri, Antonio Iniesta, Debra Titone

{"title":"Bilingual irony processing during natural reading: A within-participant look at L1 versus L2 effects using eye-movement measures.","authors":"Vegas Hodgins, Mehrgol Tiv, Chaimaa El Mouslih, Karla Tarín, Naima Mansuri, Antonio Iniesta, Debra Titone","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01722-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01722-z","url":null,"abstract":"Ironic utterances (i.e., when people intend the opposite of what they say) are often more difficult to understand than literal utterances during natural reading (reviewed in Olkoniemi & Kaakinen, Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75, 99-106, 2021). Moreover, ironic compliments (\"Good job!\" spoken upon a failure) tend to be even more challenging compared to ironic criticisms (\"Terrible job!\" spoken upon a success) (Pexman & Olineck, Discourse Processes, 33, 199-217, 2002). Relevant here, understanding irony is thought to require mentalizing capacity, which may be impacted by bilingual language experience (Tiv et al., Memory & Cognition, 51, 253-272, 2023) and differ for first and second language reading (L1 and L2, respectively). In this study, bilingual adults read sentences containing ironic compliments, criticisms, and matched literal statements in both their L1 and their L2 (blocked and counterbalanced), enabling a rigorous within-participant evaluation of L1 versus L2 irony processing. Linear mixed-effects modelling demonstrated the increased difficulty of ironic compliments during reading but indicated no group-level, within-participant L1 versus L2 irony differences. However, a significant effect of bilingual language experience emerged, in that individual differences in how readers distribute use of their L1 and L2 (i.e., language entropy) patterned with faster go-past times for ironic sentences during L1 reading. These findings cohere with the idea that bilingual language experience may relate to mentalizing processes that underlie irony resolution (e.g., Tiv et al., Memory & Cognition, 51, 253-272, 2023).","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Illusory feelings of prediction during déjà entendu: An auditory analog to illusory feelings of prediction during déjà vu. 幻听：幻听过程中幻听的模拟。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01716-x

Katherine L McNeely-White, Anne M Cleary

{"title":"Illusory feelings of prediction during déjà entendu: An auditory analog to illusory feelings of prediction during déjà vu.","authors":"Katherine L McNeely-White, Anne M Cleary","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01716-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01716-x","url":null,"abstract":"Déjà vu-the strange, inexplicable sensation that a current situation has been experienced before-is often accompanied by an illusory feeling of knowing regarding what is about to happen next. Studies have shown that when déjà vu occurs during virtual tours of scenes, an illusory sense of being able to predict the direction of the next turn frequently accompanies it. The present study examined whether a similar illusory sense of prediction might also accompany the auditory analog of déjà vu known as déjà entendu. Participants heard simple piano pieces, some of which had been experimentally familiarized through previous exposure to some of their features (e.g., isolated rhythm). Upon stopping each piano piece, participants made a familiarity judgment, a déjà entendu judgment, a feeling-of-prediction judgment, a prediction regarding the likely characteristics of the next note, and finally, an identification attempt. In Experiment 1, the prediction judgments were about the contour of the proceeding note (will ascend vs. descend in pitch). In Experiment 2, prediction judgments were about the location of the next note (left vs. right speaker), which was randomly predetermined and therefore unpredictable. Déjà entendu reports were significantly more likely to be accompanied by a feeling of prediction for the proceeding note's contour or location. However, these feelings were illusory, as participants did not show above-chance prediction accuracy in Experiment 1 concerning song contour, and predicting the proceeding note's location was not possible in Experiment 2.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Presentation format influences the strength of causal illusions. 呈现形式影响因果幻觉的强度。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-025-01714-z

Ainoa Barreiro, Anadaniela Del Carpio, Javier Rodríguez-Ferreiro, Itxaso Barberia

{"title":"Presentation format influences the strength of causal illusions.","authors":"Ainoa Barreiro, Anadaniela Del Carpio, Javier Rodríguez-Ferreiro, Itxaso Barberia","doi":"10.3758/s13421-025-01714-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01714-z","url":null,"abstract":"Causal illusions refer to the erroneous perception of causal connections between noncontingent variables. Previous research has demonstrated that the format in which contingency information is displayed can impact causal judgments. On this basis, we examined the effect of graphical displays on the strength of causal illusions and reasoning strategies across three experiments. Study 1 revealed that frequency trees and contingency tables involving icons lead to weaker causal illusions than trial-by-trial presentations or contingency tables with numbers. An assessment of the participants' open responses in Study 2 indicated that stronger causal illusions were associated with reports of less sophisticated reasoning strategies. In Study 3, we directly compared frequency trees and contingency table visualizations. In addition to corroborating previous observations, we found that advanced strategies were more likely when the information was presented in frequency trees. Overall, our findings suggest that the efficacy of frequency trees in reducing causal illusions may be due to their ability to make sophisticated strategies more accessible.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0