Memory & Cognition最新文献_第2页

Understanding, fast and shallow: Individual differences in memory performance associated with cognitive load predict the illusion of explanatory depth. 理解，快而浅：与认知负荷相关的记忆表现个体差异预示着解释深度的错觉。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01616-6

Christian Gaviria, Javier Corredor

{"title":"Understanding, fast and shallow: Individual differences in memory performance associated with cognitive load predict the illusion of explanatory depth.","authors":"Christian Gaviria, Javier Corredor","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01616-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01616-6","url":null,"abstract":"People are often overconfident about their ability to explain how everyday phenomena and artifacts work (devices, natural processes, historical events, etc.). However, the metacognitive mechanisms involved in this bias have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to establish whether the ability to perform deliberate and analytic processes moderates the effect of informational cues such as the social desirability of knowledge on the Illusion of Explanatory Depth (IOED). To this purpose, the participants' cognitive load was manipulated as they provided initial estimates of causal understanding of national historical events in the standard IOED paradigm. The results showed that neither the social desirability of specific causal knowledge nor the cognitive load manipulations had direct effects on the IOED. However, subsequent exploratory analyses indicated that high cognitive load was related to lower performance on concurrent memory tasks, which in turn was associated with a higher IOED magnitude. Higher analytical processing was also related to lower IOED. Implications for both dual-process models of metacognition and the design of task environments that help to reduce this bias are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modelling metaphorical meaning: A systematic test of the predication algorithm. 隐喻意义建模：对 "谓词算法 "的系统测试。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01629-1

Hamad Al-Azary, J Nick Reid, Paula Lauren, Albert N Katz

{"title":"Modelling metaphorical meaning: A systematic test of the predication algorithm.","authors":"Hamad Al-Azary, J Nick Reid, Paula Lauren, Albert N Katz","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01629-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01629-1","url":null,"abstract":"Metaphors, such as lawyers are sharks, are seemingly incomprehensible when reversed (i.e. sharks are lawyers). For this reason, Kintsch (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(2), 257-266, 2000) argued that computational models of metaphor processing need to account for the non-reversibility of metaphors, and demonstrated success with his computational model, the \"predication algorithm,\" in simulating metaphor comprehension in a way that is consistent with human cognition. Predication is an ostensibly directional algorithm because its equation is asymmetric such that semantic properties of the vehicle (e.g., sharks) are added to the topic (e.g., lawyers) rather than vice versa. Although predication has been accepted as a viable algorithm for simulating metaphor processing, one of its core assumptions - that the semantic processing of metaphor is directional - has not been systematically tested, nor has it been systematically tested against multiple rival algorithms in simulating metaphor comprehension. To that end, we tested the predication algorithm's performance and that of a set of rival algorithms in simulating metaphor comprehension and distinguishing between canonical (e.g., lawyers are sharks) and reversed (e.g., sharks are lawyers) metaphors. Our findings indicate (1) the predication algorithm is comparable to simpler, rival algorithms in simulating metaphor comprehension, and (2) despite the beliefs about the directionality of the predication algorithm, it produces surprisingly similar simulations for canonical metaphors and their topic-vehicle reversals. These findings argue against predication, at least as implemented in Kintsch's (2000) algorithm, as a viable model of metaphor processing. Implications for computational and psycholinguistic approaches to metaphor are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Writing direction influences the spatial representations of past- and future-tense forms: Evidence from eye tracking. 书写方向影响过去式和将来式的空间表征：来自眼动跟踪的证据。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01633-5

Anna Chrabaszcz, Anna Laurinavichyute, Nina Ladinskaya, Liubov Baladzhaeva, Anat Prior, Andriy Myachykov, Olga Dragoy

{"title":"Writing direction influences the spatial representations of past- and future-tense forms: Evidence from eye tracking.","authors":"Anna Chrabaszcz, Anna Laurinavichyute, Nina Ladinskaya, Liubov Baladzhaeva, Anat Prior, Andriy Myachykov, Olga Dragoy","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01633-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01633-5","url":null,"abstract":"The present study tests the hypothesis that the directionality of reading habits (left-to-right or right-to-left) impacts individuals' representation of nonspatial events. Using the blank screen paradigm, we examine whether eye movements reflect culture-specific spatial biases in processing temporal information, specifically, grammatical tense in Russian and Hebrew. Sixty-two native speakers of Russian (a language with a left-to-right reading and writing system) and 62 native speakers of Hebrew (a language with a right-to-left reading and writing system) listened to verbs in the past or future tense while their spontaneous gaze positions were recorded. Following the verb, a visual spatial probe appeared in one of the five locations of the screen, and participants responded manually to indicate its position. While participants' response latencies to the spatial probe revealed no significant effects, their gaze positions along the horizontal axis for past- and future-tensed verbs aligned with the reading and writing direction in their language. These results provide novel evidence that eye movements during auditory processing of grammatical tense are influenced by culturally specific reading and writing conventions, shifting leftward or rightward on the horizontal plane depending on the stimuli's time reference (past or future) and the participants' language (Russian or Hebrew). This spatial bias indicates a common underlying cognitive mechanism that uses spatial dimensions to represent temporal constructs.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Different delayed consequences of attaining a plateau phase in practicing a simple (finger-tapping sequence learning) and a complex (Tower of Hanoi puzzle) task. 在练习简单任务（手指敲击序列学习）和复杂任务（河内塔拼图）时，达到高原阶段的延迟后果不同。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01622-8

Iris Lowenscuss-Erlich, Avi Karni, Carmit Gal, Eli Vakil

{"title":"Different delayed consequences of attaining a plateau phase in practicing a simple (finger-tapping sequence learning) and a complex (Tower of Hanoi puzzle) task.","authors":"Iris Lowenscuss-Erlich, Avi Karni, Carmit Gal, Eli Vakil","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01622-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01622-8","url":null,"abstract":"In practicing a new task, the initial performance gains, across consecutive trials, decrease; in the following phase, performance tends to plateau. However, after a long delay additional performance improvements may emerge (delayed/ \"offline\" gains). It has been suggested that the attainment of the plateau phase is a necessary condition for the triggering of skill consolidation processes that lead to the expression of delayed gains. Here we compared the effect of a long-delay (24-48 h) interval following each of the two within-session phases, on performance in a simple motor task, the finger-tapping sequence learning (FTSL), and in a conceptually complex task, the Tower of Hanoi puzzle (TOHP). In Experiment 1 we determined the amount of practice leading to the plateau phase within a single practice session (long practice), in each task. Experiment 2 consisted of three consecutive sessions with long-delay intervals in between; in the first session, participants underwent a short practice without attaining the plateau phase, but in the next two sessions, participants received long practice, attaining the plateau phase. In the FTSL, short practice resulted in no delayed gains after the long delay, but after 24-48 h following long practice, task performance was further improved. In contrast, no delayed gains evolved in the TOHP during the 24- to 48-h delay following long practice. We propose that the attainment of a plateau phase can indicate either the attainment of a comprehensive task solution routine (achievable for simple tasks) or a preservation of work-in-progress task solution routine (complex tasks); performance after a long post-practice interval can differentiate these two states.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Easy-fix attentional focus manipulation boosts the intuitive and deliberate use of base-rate information. 简易的注意力集中操纵可提高对基率信息的直觉和有意使用。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01625-5

Esther Boissin, Serge Caparos, John Abi Hana, Cyann Bernard, Wim De Neys

{"title":"Easy-fix attentional focus manipulation boosts the intuitive and deliberate use of base-rate information.","authors":"Esther Boissin, Serge Caparos, John Abi Hana, Cyann Bernard, Wim De Neys","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01625-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01625-5","url":null,"abstract":"In addressing human reasoning biases, \"easy-fix\" attentional focus interventions have shown that we can prompt reasoners to align responses with logico-mathematical principles. The current study aimed to test the impact of such interventions on both intuitive and deliberate responses on base-rate items. Using a two-response paradigm, participants provided initial intuitive responses under time constraints and cognitive load, followed by deliberate responses. During the intervention, we used attentional focus manipulations with base-rate items that aimed to redirect participants' attention toward the \"logical\" base-rate cue (i.e., the logical intervention) or toward the \"heuristic\" descriptive cue (i.e., the heuristic intervention). The results indicate that the logical intervention led to improved alignment with logico-mathematical principles in both intuitive and deliberate responses, albeit with a modest effect size. Conversely, the heuristic intervention had no discernible impact on accuracy. This indicates that our attentional focus manipulation is more effective at getting reasoners to respect rather than to override base-rates.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142120940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reducing age differences in the retrieval of verbatim and gist representations: Encoding manipulations. 缩小逐字和要点表征检索中的年龄差异：编码操作。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01620-w

Marlène Abadie, Christelle Guette

{"title":"Reducing age differences in the retrieval of verbatim and gist representations: Encoding manipulations.","authors":"Marlène Abadie, Christelle Guette","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01620-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01620-w","url":null,"abstract":"Aging causes changes in episodic memory. While the ability to remember the general idea or gist of past episodes is relatively preserved from the effects of aging, the ability to remember the verbatim details of these episodes declines. The aim of the present study was to examine whether age-related differences in the quality of episodic representations could be reduced by manipulations of information encoding. Two experiments were conducted with younger adults (NExp.1 = 32, NExp.2 = 31, 18-27 years old) and older adults (NExp.1 = 31, NExp.2 = 30, 54-81 years old) in which either the retrieval of gist representations of studied items was facilitated by presenting items that could be grouped within the same category (Exp. 1) or the retrieval of verbatim details of studied items was facilitated by presenting the same items repeatedly (Exp. 2). Both manipulations proved effective in increasing retrieval of either gist or verbatim representations in a recognition task in younger and older adults. Increasing gist retrieval improved correct recognition performance for both younger and older adults but also led the latter to make more recognition errors. Increasing verbatim retrieval improved correct recognition performance for both younger and older adults, and the gain was greater for older adults. These findings support the notion that age-related changes in episodic memory can be explained by changes in the specificity of representations and suggest that simple encoding manipulations could improve episodic memory in older adults.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A shared temporal window of integration across cognitive control and reinforcement learning paradigms: A correlational study. 认知控制和强化学习范式的共同整合时间窗口：相关研究

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01626-4

Nicola Vasta, Shengjie Xu, Tom Verguts, Senne Braem

{"title":"A shared temporal window of integration across cognitive control and reinforcement learning paradigms: A correlational study.","authors":"Nicola Vasta, Shengjie Xu, Tom Verguts, Senne Braem","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01626-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01626-4","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive control refers to the ability to override prepotent response tendencies to achieve goal-directed behavior. On the other hand, reinforcement learning refers to the learning of actions through feedback and reward. Although cognitive control and reinforcement learning are often viewed as opposing forces in driving behavior, recent theories have emphasized possible similarities in their underling processes. With this study, we aimed to investigate whether a similar time window of integration could be observed during the learning of control on the one hand, and the learning rate in reinforcement learning paradigms on the other. To this end, we performed a correlational analysis on a large public dataset (n = 522) including data from two reinforcement learning tasks, i.e., a probabilistic selection task and a probabilistic Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), and data from a classic conflict task (i.e., the Stroop task). Results showed expected correlations between the time scale of control indices and learning rate in the probabilistic WCST. Moreover, the learning-rate parameters of the two reinforcement learning tasks did not correlate with each other. Together, these findings suggest a reliance on a shared learning mechanism between these two traditionally distinct domains, while at the same time emphasizing that value updating processes can still be very task-specific. We speculate that updating processes in the Stroop and WCST may be more related because both tasks require task-specific updating of stimulus features (e.g., color, word meaning, pattern, shape), as opposed to stimulus identity.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142093985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drawing as a means to characterize memory and cognition. 将绘画作为描述记忆和认知的一种手段。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01618-4

Wilma A Bainbridge, Rebecca Chamberlain, Jeffrey Wammes, Judith E Fan

{"title":"Drawing as a means to characterize memory and cognition.","authors":"Wilma A Bainbridge, Rebecca Chamberlain, Jeffrey Wammes, Judith E Fan","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01618-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01618-4","url":null,"abstract":"As psychological research embraces more naturalistic questions and large-scale analytic methods, drawing has emerged as an exciting tool for studying cognition. Drawing provides rich information about how we view the world, ranging from largely veridical perceptual representations to abstracted meta-cognitive representations. Drawing also requires the integration of multiple processes (e.g., vision, memory, motor learning), and experience with drawing can have an impact on such processes. As a result, drawing presents several interesting cognitive questions, while also providing a way to gain insight into a multitude of others. This Special Issue features 25 cutting-edge studies utilizing drawing to reveal discoveries transversing fields in psychology. These diverse studies investigate drawing across children, young adults, older adults, and special populations such as individuals with blindness, anterograde amnesia, apraxia, and semantic dementia. These studies detail new discoveries about the mechanisms underlying memory, attention, mathematical reasoning, and other cognitive processes. They employ a range of methods including psychophysical experiments, deep learning, and neuroimaging. Finally, many of these studies cover topics about the impact of drawing as a process on other cognitive processes, including how drawing expertise impacts other processes like visual memory or spatial abilities. Overall, this collection of studies paves the way for an exciting future of drawing as a commonplace tool used by psychologists to understand complex phenomena.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How varying cue duration influences item-method directed forgetting: A novel selective retrieval interpretation. 不同线索持续时间如何影响项目法定向遗忘？一种新的选择性检索解释。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01617-5

Pelin Tanberg, Myra A Fernandes, Colin M MacLeod, William E Hockley

{"title":"How varying cue duration influences item-method directed forgetting: A novel selective retrieval interpretation.","authors":"Pelin Tanberg, Myra A Fernandes, Colin M MacLeod, William E Hockley","doi":"10.3758/s13421-024-01617-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-024-01617-5","url":null,"abstract":"A series of four experiments tested the assumptions of the most prominent and longstanding account of item-method directed forgetting: the selective rehearsal account. In the item-method directed forgetting paradigm, each presented item is followed by its own instructional cue during the study phase - either to-be-forgotten (F) or to-be-remembered (R). On a subsequent test, memory is poorer for F items than for R items. To clarify the mechanism underlying memory performance, we manipulated the time available for rehearsal, examining instructional cue durations of 1 s, 5 s, and 10 s. Experiments 1a and 1b, where the order of cue durations was randomized, showed no effect of cue duration on item recognition of unrelated single words, for either R or F items. Experiment 2, using unrelated word pairs, again showed no effect of randomized cue duration, this time on associative recognition. Experiments 3 and 4 blocked cue duration and showed equivalent increases in recognition of both R and F single words and word pairs with increasing cue duration. We suggest that any post-cue rehearsal is carried out only when cue duration is predictable, and that such limited rehearsal is equally likely for F items and R items. The consistently better memory for R items than for F items across cue duration depends on selective retrieval involving (1) a rapid retrieval check engaged for R items only and (2) a rapid removal process implemented for F items only.","PeriodicalId":48398,"journal":{"name":"Memory & Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-level construal mindset promotes categorizing information based on thematic associate relations. 高层次的构思思维促进根据主题关联关系对信息进行分类。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Memory & Cognition Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01624-6

Kai Shi, Jiansheng Li

引用次数: 0