Applied Cognitive Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Voluntary Forgetting of (Presumably) Untrustworthy News: The Case of List-Method Directed Forgetting","authors":"Magdalena Abel,&nbsp;Karl-Heinz T. Bäuml","doi":"10.1002/acp.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research on list-method directed forgetting (LMDF) shows that previously encountered material can be voluntarily forgotten. Here, we examined LMDF of news contents. Experiment 1 found that a first set of news headlines from a supposedly untrustworthy source could be voluntarily forgotten, which benefited memory for a second set of news headlines from a supposedly trustworthy source. Experiment 2 used fictitious news reports as study materials and also found intact voluntary forgetting for Set 1 as well as a benefit for Set 2. Moreover, Experiment 2 clarified that the results were not affected by whether the news source for Set 1 was characterized as trustworthy or untrustworthy. News contents can be voluntarily forgotten, but whether this curtails the spread of untrustworthy information may depend on an individual's goals and motivation. Future work is needed to better understand how voluntary forgetting operates in applied settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144292967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Imagining Someone Else Experience a Negative Autobiographical Memory on Phenomenological Experience","authors":"Ceren Dönerkayalı,&nbsp;Simay Ikier","doi":"10.1002/acp.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated whether the phenomenological experience of a negative autobiographical memory changes when the self is presumably distanced from it. In session 1, participants described and phenomenologically rated an important negative event. One week later, in session 2, they imagined and described the event as if either a similar or a dissimilar friend experienced it. Afterward, they once more rated the original event that they described in session 1. Results showed increased observer perspective and decreased vividness, accessibility, and reliving of the original event after imagining that a friend experienced it. Importantly, when the negative event was imagined as experienced by a friend, preoccupation with overwhelming emotions related to the event, the event's emotional intensity, and its centrality to identity and life story also decreased. When the imagined friend was dissimilar, the emotional valence of the memory became more positive, and the emotional distance to the memory increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.70084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Optimism in Individuals' Future Thinking About the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Sezin Öner,&nbsp;Karl Szpunar,&nbsp;Lynn Ann Watson,&nbsp;Scott Cole","doi":"10.1002/acp.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spatial optimism is the tendency to underestimate the severity of environmental threats in local relative to global contexts. We investigated whether spatial optimism was evident in people's beliefs about the estimated duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants from 15 countries provided estimates of (i) when the pandemic would be brought under control and (ii) infection rates for their country and globally. Overall, individuals estimated that the pandemic would end sooner and with a lower infection rate in their own country relative to the rest of the world. This spatial optimism bias was moderated by the severity of COVID-19 at the country level, such that the bias was greatest in countries with lower levels of pandemic severity. Findings parallel those observed for environmental threats and provide evidence for a spatial optimism bias in a distinct domain of collective thought. Implications for public-health messaging are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.70080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is It Time to Leave the Shopping Mall Behind? Measurement Flaws, Plausibility, and External Validity of False Memory Research","authors":"Zsofia A. Szojka,&nbsp;Stephanie Block,&nbsp;David La Rooy","doi":"10.1002/acp.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70083","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;This commentary discusses the recently published article by Andrews and Brewin (&lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;) that reanalyzed data collected by Murphy et al. (&lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;) to replicate the well-known “lost in the mall” study first published by Loftus and Pickrell (&lt;span&gt;1995&lt;/span&gt;). We begin by outlining initial and more recent findings that brought the “lost in the mall” paradigm to the forefront of false memory research before considering the thought-provoking results of the reanalysis by Andrews and Brewin (&lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). We then highlight some of the implications of the reanalysis for child sexual abuse investigations, and more broadly, for the reliability and validity of psychological research that relies on researchers' coding and interpretation of information provided by participants about the content of their memories. We ask whether the definition and measurement of false memories within laboratory experiments can be meaningfully applied to real-life debates concerning justice for alleged victims and perpetrators of sexual abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the 1970s Elizabeth Loftus and her team conducted a series of highly influential experiments demonstrating that misleading information received after a personal experience can lead people to make mistakes when they later try to describe what happened (Loftus and Palmer &lt;span&gt;1974&lt;/span&gt;; Loftus &lt;span&gt;1975&lt;/span&gt;). After establishing the impact of misinformation on memory for personal experiences, an innovative research paradigm was designed to demonstrate that memories of &lt;i&gt;entire events that never occurred&lt;/i&gt; could be implanted in people's minds with relative ease. Loftus and Pickrell (&lt;span&gt;1995&lt;/span&gt;) misled 24 adult participants to believe that their family members provided descriptions of four true past events, but unbeknownst to the participants, one of the supposed true events, being “lost in the mall”, was made up by the researchers. After participants were told that they had been lost in the mall many years earlier they were then asked to recall what they could remember in writing and verbally and rate the clarity of their memories. The results showed that a quarter of the participants were successfully induced to claim that they remembered the false event, although their average clarity ratings for the false memory were substantially lower than scores assigned to true events. (1) The “lost in the mall” study resulted in a “veritable explosion of cognitive research on the topic of false memory” (Pezdek and Lam &lt;span&gt;2007&lt;/span&gt;), (2), and led to the establishment of a new view of human memory as being particularly fragile and easily manipulated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, while most memory researchers accept that false memory implantation is possible, the proportion of people who can be induced to develop false memories has been the subject of fierce debate (Wade et al. &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;). Scrutiny of false memory implantation experiments identified two main challenges concerning the definition of f","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.70083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol Intoxication, Sexual Misperception, and Sexual Assault Perpetration: The Role of Sexual Drive–Related Alcohol Expectancies","authors":"Elizabeth C. Neilson,&nbsp;Jesse John,&nbsp;Jordan Gootee,&nbsp;Lauren Smith,&nbsp;Kellsey Launius,&nbsp;Elizabeth Farren","doi":"10.1002/acp.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sexual misperception—inaccurate perception of a partner's sexual interest and intent—is a potential link through which alcohol intoxication affects perpetration of sexual assault. Alcohol intoxication induces cognitive deficits that influence in-the-moment perceptions, such as sexual misperception and decision-making. Further, expectancies about alcohol's effects on behavior may be activated by alcohol-related cues and influence sexual misperception and behavior. Cisgender men who regularly consume alcohol (<i>N</i> = 96) completed a measure of alcohol expectancies related to sexual drive and were randomized to a beverage condition (alcohol [BrAC = 0.10%] vs. control). Participants completed a sexual assault behavioral analog and reported their perceptions of a hypothetical woman's sexual interest. Participants then reported their intentions to engage in sexual assault. Among intoxicated participants, sexual drive alcohol expectancies were positively associated with sexual misperception, which predicted sexual assault intentions. Sexual assault prevention programming may benefit from cognitive strategies to address alcohol and sexuality-related beliefs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drawing Participants Attention to Their Own Biases Reduces Formation of False Memories for Fake News","authors":"Ciara M. Greene,&nbsp;Gillian Murphy","doi":"10.1002/acp.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>People can easily form false memories for events described in “fake news” stories. This is more likely if the content of the stories is consistent with the individual's political or social identity. Here, we test a novel intervention to reduce this effect by demonstrating participants' own bias to them. Participants (<i>n</i> = 1026) were asked to indicate their political affiliation (Democrat or Republican) and then randomly assigned to the intervention or to a control condition. They were then exposed to true and false news items on the topic of U.S. politics. Participants in the intervention condition reported fewer false memories overall, and fewer ideologically congruent memories in particular. The effect was somewhat stronger among those who experienced their own bias during the intervention but was effective even among those who did not. We conclude that this simple and easily scalable intervention can markedly reduce cognitive biases in response to misinformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.70079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Emotional Salience and Scene Duration Exposure on Susceptibility to Misinformation","authors":"Datin Shah,&nbsp;Lauren Cooper","doi":"10.1002/acp.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accuracy in eyewitness testimony is shaped by factors affecting attention to event details. While research has explored attention's role in memory accuracy, less is known about its effect on the recollection accuracy for emotional events. This study investigates how emotional arousal and scene presentation duration influence susceptibility to misinformation. Participants viewed high-arousing negative, low-arousing negative, and neutral scenes, with either short or long presentation times. Participants then answered questions about the event, which included misleading information, and completed a forced-choice recognition test. Results showed a misinformation effect under both long and short presentation durations for the negative emotional images, but the effect disappeared for the neutral scene presented for a short duration. These findings suggest that negative emotional content is more susceptible to misinformation under limited viewing conditions, potentially highlighting the need for caution when relying on eyewitness accounts of briefly experienced emotional events.</p>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.70082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monolinguals Benefit More From Executive Function Training Than Multilinguals: Evidence From Switzerland","authors":"Ebru Ger,&nbsp;Svenja Cibien,&nbsp;Claudia M. Roebers","doi":"10.1002/acp.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study addressed potential differential effects of EF training as a function of language background. Training monolingual children with EF-fostering challenges and feedback may support them more than multilinguals, who face comparable challenges when switching languages. We assessed monolingual (<i>n</i> = 110) and multilingual (<i>n</i> = 91) 6-year-olds from Switzerland (<i>N</i>_total = 201, 101 female) for inhibition and shifting pre- and post-training using the Hearts and Flowers task. Children were assigned to one of three conditions: training on an EF task with feedback (<i>n</i> = 68), without feedback (<i>n</i> = 68), or on a control learning task (<i>n</i> = 65) for 12 sessions over 6–8 weeks. Results showed no differences between monolingual and multilingual children at T1. At T2, however, monolinguals outperformed multilinguals in inhibition with feedback and in shifting without feedback. Overall, monolinguals showed greater improvement than multilinguals. These results suggest monolingual children may benefit more from EF training, highlighting the need for tailored programs for monolingual and multilingual children.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaction Time as an Actual and a Perceived Cue to Deception Under Cognitive Load","authors":"Evan Brennan,&nbsp;Keith A. Hutchison","doi":"10.1002/acp.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The predictive validity of reaction time as an actual (objective) and a perceived cue to deception was tested in two experiments differing in question presentation methodology. Participants were video recorded while giving truthful and dishonest verbal responses to autobiographical questions under high and low cognitive load, and coders later viewed the recordings to detect their responses. We hypothesized that lie reaction times (RTs) would be significantly longer than truthful RTs and that longer RTs would be associated with differential lie and truth detection accuracy. We did not make any predictions regarding cognitive load, considering the current literature has produced mixed results. Our hypotheses were supported by the data. Results of our load manipulation differed between Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, leaving us questioning its validity. We provide many suggestions for future research regarding experimental methodologies measuring deception and cognitive load.</p>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed Practice and Interleaved Practice: Undergraduate Students' Strategies, Experiences, and Beliefs","authors":"Steven C. Pan,&nbsp;Eduardo González-Cabañes,&nbsp;Andy Z. J. Teo,&nbsp;Inez Zung,&nbsp;Faria Sana,&nbsp;James E. Cooke","doi":"10.1002/acp.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Do undergraduate students know and use <i>distributed practice</i>, the strategy of spacing apart learning opportunities over time, and <i>interleaved practice</i>, the strategy of alternating between topics during learning? What beliefs do students hold about how learning should be scheduled, and how are common learning activities—such as using flashcards and completing problem sets—actually scheduled? To explore these questions, we surveyed students at two major universities in North America and Southeast Asia, respectively. We found that distributed practice is unfamiliar to many students, whereas interleaved practice is virtually unknown. Both strategies are often underutilized and perceived with mixed effectiveness. Instructors, meanwhile, reportedly use various scheduling approaches in lectures and assignments. Additionally, distributed practice was associated with better academic performance. These findings, which showed relative consistency across culturally diverse samples, underscore significant gaps in student awareness and adoption of distributed and interleaved practice, highlighting the need to improve their integration into educational settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48281,"journal":{"name":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.70071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}