{"title":"From Masculinisation to Feminisation of Metropolitan Areas: The Changing Impact of Internal Migration on Regional Sex Ratios in Japan","authors":"Masaki Kotsubo, Tomoki Nakaya","doi":"10.1002/psp.70108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Western countries, more women live in urban or high-population-density areas than men, reflecting selective rural-to-urban migration by sex. In contrast, the sex ratio of the Tokyo metropolitan area, which includes the capital in Japan, is relatively high compared to other areas within the country, suggesting male-dominant migration towards that area. However, there were contradictory patterns of recent migration, such as selective migration of women to metropolitan areas and a larger net in-migration of women to metropolitan areas than men. This can be interpreted to mean that the role of internal migration changed from increasing the sex ratio of metropolitan areas through ‘masculinisation’ to decreasing it through ‘feminisation.’ This study investigates the changes in migration patterns and their impact on the regional sex ratio in Japan using macro-level data. It first shows the distinctive feature of high sex ratios of inter-prefectural migrants and migration rates from 1958 to the present. The sex ratio increased until approximately 1990 and decreased thereafter. Subsequently, gender differences in education and employment were summarised as factors related to migration patterns by sex. These differences have gradually become smaller. Finally, this study quantifies the impact of inter-prefectural migration on prefectural sex ratios using four decennial censuses from 1990 to 2020. The results indicated that the impact of migration changed from ‘masculinisation’ to ‘feminisation’ of the Tokyo metropolitan area and vice versa in the case of nonmetropolitan areas in about 2010. This suggests that the migration patterns in Japan have gradually resembled those of Western countries over the past three decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/psp.70108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Freedom and Cradle: The Impact of Flexible Work on Chinese Women's Fertility Intention","authors":"Zhihua Wang, Zengzeng Fan","doi":"10.1002/psp.70111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70111","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The phenomenon of low fertility rate in China is closely related to the work-family conflict faced by women. In recent years, flexible work has gradually been regarded as an important measure to balance women's work-family relationships and solve the current situation of low fertility rates. Employing China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) data from 2014 to 2018, this study utilizes the instrumental variable to test the relationship between flexible work and fertility intention empirically. We find that the higher the flexible work hours, the stronger the fertility intention of women of childbearing age. After excluding the influence of fertility policies, addressing endogeneity issues, and conducting robustness tests in different ways, this conclusion is still supported. Mechanism analysis indicates that flexible work is beneficial in alleviating women's work-family conflicts, improving individual job satisfaction and life happiness, and thereby promoting an increase in fertility willingness. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the impact of flexible work on fertility intention mainly affects groups engaged in the tertiary industry, state-owned enterprises, full-time employment, middle- and high-income earners, married, and those with fertility experience. Further analysis reveals that the family's flexible work hours are beneficial in increasing women's willingness to have children, and flexible work also has a positive impact on actual fertility behavior.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanny D. Afable, Yana Vierboom, Megan Evans, Júlia Mikolai, Hill Kulu, Mikko Myrskylä
{"title":"Health Decline and Residential Transitions Among Older Adults in Europe","authors":"Sanny D. Afable, Yana Vierboom, Megan Evans, Júlia Mikolai, Hill Kulu, Mikko Myrskylä","doi":"10.1002/psp.70116","DOIUrl":"10.1002/psp.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Residential mobility is a possible strategy to cope with health challenges in later life. However, little research has examined whether and how health decline triggers residential mobility and whether this relationship differs between parents and childless individuals. Using data on parents and non-parents aged 50+ from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we perform multinomial logistic regression to examine how recent and previous health events (defined as a decline in acute health, functional limitation, frailty and self-rated health) influence the 2-year probability of transitions between care arrangements. We find that recent and previous health declines are not triggering moves towards intergenerational co-residence, but acute health events, functional limitation and worsened frailty are associated with transitions to home-based care for parents and non-parents alike. Additionally, previous health declines have a stronger influence on most residential transitions compared to recent health declines across parental status, suggesting that it takes time for health decline to induce residential mobility. Our findings demonstrate the importance of viewing late-life residential mobility from a relational framework and highlight home-based care as a key strategy for responding to health challenges in later life.</p>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/psp.70116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does Later Longer Fewer Campaign Promote Intergenerational Mobility in China?","authors":"Chong Zhuo, Guixin Wang","doi":"10.1002/psp.70112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the 1970s China implemented Later Longer Fewer Campaign (LLFC), it's earliest and most widespread family planning policy. This paper systematically examines LLFC's impact on intergenerational mobility using cohort difference-in-differences (DID) and event study. The analysis draws on data from 342 local gazetteers, the 2011–2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and the 2015 National 1% Population Sample Survey. Following the LLFC's implementation, the average number of years of education among the next generation in affected areas increased by 5.08%, and the likelihood of children from primary-educated families completing tertiary education increased by 4.28%. In addition to improved education outcomes, the LLFC led to higher annual incomes and a significantly greater probability of individuals becoming technicians and managers. Two main mechanisms explain the LLFC's effect on intergenerational mobility: upbringing awareness transition and increased returns on human capital, with the former playing a more prominent role. The success of incentive-based family planning policies demonstrates that such approaches can generate substantial upward intergenerational mobility spillover effects.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Educational Spaces and Student Mobility: Transiting the Peripheries of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area","authors":"Andreu Termes, Joan Checa","doi":"10.1002/psp.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents a quantitative case study of student mobility in post-compulsory secondary education—including both academic and vocational tracks—within the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (BMA) between 2019 and 2022. The study investigates the relationship between the territorial distribution of school places, student home-to-school mobility, and the configuration of educational spaces. The theoretical framework combines two main approaches: critical geography and structuralism, drawing respectively on the works of Doreen Massey and Pierre Bourdieu. Using quantitative techniques and a comprehensive census database of over 200,000 students, our findings suggest that educational spaces in the BMA are articulated around three key variables: school provision (public, private), educational tracks (academic, vocational), and educational spaces (central Barcelona, elite suburbs, working-class enclaves). Our analysis—employing, among other techniques, Cramér's V to assess the strength of associations between variables—underscores the socially embedded nature of mobility, which is deeply intertwined with forms of economic and cultural capital. This is reflected in the stark contrast between the mobility patterns of middle- and upper-class students—who display high levels of mobility, particularly through centralisation towards Barcelona and suburban trajectories—and those of working-class students, whose mobility is more limited and primarily confined to inter-peripheral movements. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and political implications of these findings, particularly in relation to territorial justice and educational equity—considering, for example, the effects of school choice policies and neighbourhood-based inequalities. We argue that these insights may be applicable to other Southern European metropolitan contexts with comparable educational systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manuel T. Valdés, Cristina Suero, Fabrizio Bernardi
{"title":"Spatial Variation in the Educational Gradient of First Motherhood in Spain: Occurrence and Timing","authors":"Manuel T. Valdés, Cristina Suero, Fabrizio Bernardi","doi":"10.1002/psp.70106","DOIUrl":"10.1002/psp.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several studies have analyzed the relationship between educational attainment and fertility across countries, identifying significant differences. However, these works often overlook intra-country variation, which may play an important role in moderating that relationship. This study examines the heterogeneity in the educational gradient of fertility across Spain, a context characterized by lowest-low and latest-late fertility. Using data from the 2011 Spanish census, we reconstruct the reproductive history of 656,248 women aged 25–50, of whom 403,140 had become mothers. This large sample allows to analyze the educational gradient in first motherhood across Spanish provinces. To do so, we apply mixture cure models, which enable us to differentiate between the occurrence and the timing of the transition. The results reveal substantial regional variability in the educational gradient for both dimensions, although the association between the gradients in occurrence and timing is weak across space. We further find that cross-province variation in the educational gradient in the timing of the transition is largely driven by the heterogeneous behavior of non-university educated women, a pattern not observed for occurrence. Finally, we identify a negative association between the educational gradient and the province's GDP per capita, particularly strong for the timing of the transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/psp.70106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Can Spatial Diffusion Process Explain Family Changes? A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Nonmarital Births Over 50 Years in Belgium (1968–2017)","authors":"Yoann Doignon, Adrita Banerjee","doi":"10.1002/psp.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the decades, many European countries have experienced significant changes in the family, characterised by declining marriage rates, increasing cohabitation, delayed childbearing and persistently low fertility. The <i>Second Demographic Transition</i> (SDT) has been a key framework for understanding these shifts, with alternative theories focusing on economic, cultural, and gender-related factors. Despite extensive research, the geographical dimension of these changes remains underexplored, in particular a detailed spatio-temporal analysis of the determinants of their spatial dynamics from their onset. This study fills this gap by examining the spatial dynamics of nonmarital births in Belgium over the last 50 years at the municipal level and by tracing the evolution of key explanatory variables. Using spatial modelling, we find a significant spatial diffusion effect, i.e. that nonmarital birth rates in a municipality are influenced by rates in neighbouring municipalities from previous periods. This finding highlights the importance of geographical proximity as a key determinant of family change, alongside socioeconomic factors. In addition, the study identifies the factors driving these spatial dynamics, quantifies their relative impact, and systematically ranks them across time. It suggests that different theoretical frameworks are relevant to explain the different stages of the diffusion process. Our findings emphasize the need to integrate multiple theoretical perspectives to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the family changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/psp.70102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Citizenship by Choice, Not Necessity: Political and Emotional Drivers of Naturalisation Intentions Among Migrants From High Income Countries","authors":"Nils Witte, Floris Peters","doi":"10.1002/psp.70105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70105","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the growing body of research on immigrant naturalisation, migrants from high income countries have received scant attention in their own right because of their relatively low baseline citizenship acquisition rates. Established theories predominantly explain why they would not naturalise, yet in absolute terms, many do. To better understand those exceptional cases, this article focuses specially on determinants of naturalisation of migrants from high income countries, relying on a unique probability-based survey of German emigrants augmented with country-level information from GLOBALCIT and the V-Dem project (<i>N</i> = 1876). In line with the notion that their original citizenship provides substantial mobility rights, including the opportunity to return to a stable, wealthy country, dual citizenship toleration is a strong predictor of their naturalisation intentions. Because the instrumental value of an additional citizenship is so low for migrants from high income countries, subjective aspects like emotional attachment to the host country and emotional detachment from the origin country matter as well. Finally, interest in host country politics and elements of participatory democracy in host countries are also associated with naturalisation intentions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/psp.70105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frans van Poppel, Peter Ekamper, Lenny Stoeldraijer
{"title":"Regional Differences in the Chance to Become a Centenarian in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Dutch Birth Cohorts","authors":"Frans van Poppel, Peter Ekamper, Lenny Stoeldraijer","doi":"10.1002/psp.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Various areas around the world have been identified as areas with significantly higher proportions of centenarians than elsewhere. These so-called ‘blue zones’ are assumed only to be found in geographically and/or historically isolated regions with more traditional lifestyles. Our objective is to find out whether areas with exceptional high numbers of centenarians can be found in the Netherlands. We use a long historical perspective analysing Dutch birth cohorts 1812–1923. We compiled a unique database of all centenarians (7074 men and 29,144 women), who died between 1912 and 2023 or were still alive in 2024. We examine long-term national trends using the extreme longevity index (ELI). We use spatial clustering techniques to examine regional differences. We assess to what extent place of birth is indicative of the places where centenarians have spent their life. We investigate the relationship between ELI and municipal characteristics using spatial autoregressive models. From around birth cohort 1875 onwards ELI strongly increased up to 164 (male) and 813 (female) centenarians per 100,000 births for birth cohorts 1890–1923. High ELI clusters are found in the rural more isolated southwest and northeast, but also in the urbanised west of the country. At the municipal level both the proportion of Catholics and infant mortality were negatively related with ELI. The proportion of workers in agriculture was positively related with ELI. The effects became stronger over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/psp.70101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘I Wish I Had a House Like This’ Reimaging Home: Former-Refugee Experiences of Housing, Resettlement and Well-Being in Australia: A Photovoice Study","authors":"Sheenagh McShane, Karen Block, Rebecca Bentley","doi":"10.1002/psp.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The relationship between refugee housing and well-being extends beyond basic shelter, encompassing social, cultural and spatial dimensions. This study explores how housing is experienced and understood by former-refugees not merely as a physical structure but as a site of meaning, identity and belonging. Drawing on Massey's relational theory of space and a multidimensional understanding of belonging, this research examines the housing aspirations of refugees through the photovoice component of a larger qualitative study on refugee housing and health in Victoria. Twenty-one participants used photography to capture aspects of their lived experiences of housing and neighbourhoods that may have been difficult to articulate through conventional methods. A thematic analysis of workshop discussions revealed that housing aspirations extend beyond affordability and homeownership to include safety, connection, cultural fit and access to green space and local amenities. Where these aspirations were unmet, participants reported feelings of insecurity and frustration, negatively affecting their well-being and sense of belonging. Participants' photographs and narratives revealed not only barriers to integration but also the everyday practices through which they created connections and reshaped their housing environments as relational spaces of care, connection and community.</p>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/psp.70104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}