{"title":"Flow State in Live Music Performance: A Qualitative Study on Musicians’ Stage Experiences","authors":"Uğur Özalp, Sergen Kaya","doi":"10.1177/03057356261455259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261455259","url":null,"abstract":"This exploratory qualitative study examines how 32 professional musicians in Turkey described flow during live performance, and the conditions they perceived as facilitating or constraining it. Using a qualitative descriptive design with a phenomenological orientation and maximum-variation sampling, we conducted semi-structured interviews immediately after live sets to obtain performance-proximal accounts rather than implementing real-time experience sampling method (ESM) prompts. Reflexive thematic analysis of the interviews generated five themes: (1) definitions of flow (intense focus, altered time perception, unity with the music, present-centredness, well-being), (2) moments when flow tended to arise (improvisation, emotional or high-energy passages, stage entry), (3) external conditions (audience interaction, group energy, sound/technical reliability, unexpected events), (4) internal conditions (genre affinity, challenge–skill fit, music-theoretical orientation), and (5) perceived effects on performance (technical fluency, automaticity, effortlessness, expressiveness, creativity). Participants’ accounts highlight how flow in Turkish live-music venues is shaped by situated interactions with audiences, ensembles, and stage infrastructures, including genre-specific technical demands (e.g., bağlama performance). Overall, the study provides context-bound, experience-near insight into on-stage flow in contemporary Turkish popular music settings.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"237 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148538888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lina K Hejjawi, Charlene Ryan, Karin S Hendricks, Tawnya D Smith
{"title":"The role of social media feedback in performance preparation, self-esteem, and anxiety","authors":"Lina K Hejjawi, Charlene Ryan, Karin S Hendricks, Tawnya D Smith","doi":"10.1177/03057356261437000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261437000","url":null,"abstract":"Online social networking is a common mode of communication; however, the research literature is divided as to its impact upon well-being. As musicians increasingly engage in online performances, we were interested in exploring responses and feelings stemming from social media (SM) feedback related to shared performance encounters. Six university students enrolled in music classes as novice musicians posted pre-performance clips on SM before an in-person public performance. Qualitative data sources included questionnaires, interviews, SM activities, and SM friend and follower responses. Using the PERMA model as a framework, we coded and analyzed data to provide insights into the SM networking experiences, music performance anxiety (MPA), and self-esteem (SE) of participants. Results indicated positive impacts of SM networking on participants’ well-being, SE, and MPA. Interactions with friends and followers on SM emerged as beneficial and were perceived to contribute to successful performance preparation. The findings indicate that using SM mindfully can be beneficial for novice music students, while intentional use of social platforms may effectively enhance their self-efficacy beliefs. Recommendations are made for educators in engaging SM as part of their students’ performance preparation.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148355594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abstract Titles, Classical Music: The Impact of Music Training Experience on the Perception of Titles Across Musical Works From Different Time Periods","authors":"Xinqi Yu, Keying Zhu, Qianqian Wang, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1177/03057356261449120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261449120","url":null,"abstract":"Titles play a crucial role in shaping perception in visual art, but their influence in auditory art remains underexplored. This study used two experiments to investigate how music training and the presence of music influence the perception of music titles. Experiment 1 asked participants to judge titles without accompanying music clips. The results showed that music majors showed a strong preference for concrete titles, likely due to their psychological proximity to music concepts, while this effect was absent in the no musical training group. Experiment 2 introduced music clips (classical and modern) to explore how music types affect title perception. The results revealed that abstract titles were favored for classical music, which was perceived as temporally distant, whereas concrete titles were preferred for modern music, which was perceived as closer and more tangible. These findings provide preliminary evidence that psychological distance, as proposed by Construal Level Theory (CLT), interacts with musical expertise and music style to shape title perception, offering new insights into the interpretation of auditory art.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148335830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juho Leppänen, Alessandro Ansani, Santeri Salmirinne, Sara-Alexandra Uusitalo, Geoff Luck
{"title":"Age Against the Machine: How Artist Maturation Counters the Decline of Acousticness in Popular Music","authors":"Juho Leppänen, Alessandro Ansani, Santeri Salmirinne, Sara-Alexandra Uusitalo, Geoff Luck","doi":"10.1177/03057356261451421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261451421","url":null,"abstract":"Music artists play a crucial role in shaping both regional and global sonic trends. While technological and cultural shifts are often credited with driving musical change, less is known about how an artist’s age influences stylistic evolution. Here, we examine how acousticness, that is, the extent to which a track features acoustic instrumentation, varies across an artist’s career. Using data from Spotify’s API, we analyse 45,478 tracks from 190 artists with a Generalised Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) to assess the relationship between acousticness and artist age, controlling for release year and genre. Results reveal a consistent positive association between artist age and acousticness, with artists tending to produce more acoustic music as they age, irrespective of their genre. However, the release year shows a strong negative effect, with newer music increasingly characterised by fewer acoustic features, likely reflecting broader industry trends such as digital production and evolving listener preferences. Our findings suggest a dynamic interplay between individual artistic development and external cultural forces, where ageing artists gravitate towards more organic sounds, even as popular music trends continue to favour synthetic production.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148321821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diego Calderón-Garrido, Josep Gustems-Carnicer, Salvador Oriola-Requena
{"title":"Exploring Musical Rewards in Music Teacher Education: A Comparative Study","authors":"Diego Calderón-Garrido, Josep Gustems-Carnicer, Salvador Oriola-Requena","doi":"10.1177/03057356261445032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261445032","url":null,"abstract":"Musical experience offers psychological, social, and emotional benefits, which depend on individual variability in response to music. These benefits are known as musical rewards. This article examines the musical rewards experienced by future music educators across different educational levels (primary, secondary, and conservatory) during their undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ) was administered to a sample of 164 future teachers. The results indicate that students score highly on musical rewards, particularly in music seeking and emotional evocation. Furthermore, differences between groups and genders were identified on certain BMRQ scales. The article concludes that understanding these rewards can contribute to improving the training of music educators at various educational levels and provides some teaching guidelines to enhance the development of these competencies.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148289764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Bishop, Anna Niemand, Sara D’Amario, Werner Goebl
{"title":"Moving together, feeling together: Body coordination, pupil size, and musical togetherness in classical duo performance","authors":"Laura Bishop, Anna Niemand, Sara D’Amario, Werner Goebl","doi":"10.1177/03057356261436796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261436796","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the relationships between bodily expression, bodily coordination, mental effort, and self-reported experiences of musical togetherness. Singer-pianist duos performed pieces of classical repertoire before and after rehearsing together. Video, head motion, respiration, and pupillometry data were collected. Afterwards, the performers watched a video of their post-rehearsal performance and made continuous ratings of how together they felt. They also provided written descriptions of the cues that informed their togetherness judgements. Our analyses showed stronger head coordination between partners and larger pupil diameter during high-togetherness phrases than during low-togetherness phrases for one of the pieces. Inhalation synchrony and quantity of head motion did not differ between high- and low-togetherness phrases. Pupil size was greater during pre-rehearsal performances than during post-rehearsal performances, suggesting that demands on attention might have reduced after players had jointly constructed a shared interpretation and grown more accustomed to performing together. A thematic analysis of written responses showed that performers’ concept of togetherness related to coherence in musical parameters, moving and breathing together, and sensations of feeling together, shared musical emotion, and effortlessness. We discuss these findings in relation to the musical togetherness model.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temporal Dynamics of Intraparietal Sulcus Activation in Response to Tonal Uncertainty: An fMRI Study of the Diminished Seventh Chord","authors":"Chen-Gia Tsai, Ling-Yao Chien, Joshua Oon Soo Goh","doi":"10.1177/03057356261442576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261442576","url":null,"abstract":"Tonality and harmony in music provide a structured framework to explore the neural mechanisms underlying uncertainty. The diminished seventh (dim7) chord, characterized by its multiple potential resolutions, serves as an ideal stimulus for examining the neural correlates of tonal uncertainty. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated neural activity elicited by the dim7 chord in listeners with refined music listening skills, focusing on three harmonic progressions: CHANGE, modulating to a distantly related tonality; RETURN, resolving to the original tonality; and PERSIST, sustaining tonal ambiguity through repeated dim7 chords. A finite impulse response model was used to analyze responses in regions associated with uncertainty processing. The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) uniquely exhibited distinct temporal activation patterns across the three conditions. In CHANGE, IPS activity initially decreased, likely reflecting reduced confidence in the outdated tonal model’s predictions, followed by an increase as sensory evidence for a new tonality accumulated. In RETURN, IPS activity showed limited fluctuation. In PERSIST, a progressive increase in IPS activity may reflect heightened cognitive demands for maintaining and evaluating multiple tonalities. These findings deepen our understanding of predictive coding by highlighting the nuanced role of the IPS in processing uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of self-selected background music on sustained attention: Examining the roles of arousal and task engagement","authors":"Ryutaro Oe, Tsukasa Kimura, Kazumitsu Shinohara","doi":"10.1177/03057356261436409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261436409","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of background music (BGM) on vigilance task performance remains controversial. While previous research has focused on arousal as a mediating variable, recent studies suggest that task engagement also influences the effects of BGM on vigilance performance. This study investigated the impact of self-selected BGM on arousal, task engagement, and task performance during a vigilance task. A total of 36 participants completed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) and questionnaires assessing energetic and tense arousal as well as four dimensions of task engagement (emotional, behavioral, state, and cognitive). Results indicated that, compared to silence, self-selected BGM significantly increased participants’ energetic arousal and task engagement, while decreasing response time variability. Furthermore, exploratory hierarchical Bayesian modeling analyses revealed that the effect of BGM on the false alarm rate was well explained by a model in which task engagement mediates the relationship between the presence of BGM and the false alarm rate. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the multifaceted nature of task engagement in future research examining the effects of BGM on cognitive performance, particularly in sustained attention tasks.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Listening to the spectrum: Exploring music preferences and associations in autism spectrum disorder compared with neurotypical communities on Reddit","authors":"Sharon Varghese, Emily Carlson, Vinoo Alluri","doi":"10.1177/03057356261429810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261429810","url":null,"abstract":"Existing research lacks insight into music associations and preferences among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in real-world settings. This study analyzes 701 Reddit posts from r/Autism and r/Aspergers, comparing them with neurotypical (NT) discussions in r/Music and r/LetsTalkMusic. Using topic modeling and thematic analysis, 12 NT topics and 15 ASD topics were identified. NT individuals focused on themes like the cultural and social impact of music and economic and industry trends, while autistic individuals emphasized therapeutic use of music, diverse music preferences, and music as an identity. Genre analysis showed both groups preferred rock in the intense category, but autistic individuals had a higher representation of metal, likely for sensory load regulation. In the valence-arousal (VA) space, NT individuals preferred rock in high-arousal quadrants, whereas autistic individuals had a broader emotional range, balancing pop and rock. Lyric theme analysis revealed that while both groups resonated with emotional turmoil and conflict, autistic individuals showed a stronger preference for love and connection. These findings highlight the need for personalized music-based interventions, leveraging diverse genres and themes to cater to the unique preferences and therapeutic needs of autistic individuals.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"390 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-term impacts of health education on university music students: A retrospective qualitative case study","authors":"Clorinda Panebianco","doi":"10.1177/03057356261429836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356261429836","url":null,"abstract":"The high prevalence of physical and mental health problems among music students is well documented. To address playing-related health risks, many tertiary institutions include health education programmes in their core curricula; however, the long-term impact of these programmes remains unexplored. This study investigated the retrospective reflections of 10 fourth-year music students regarding a health education course they completed during their first year. The study aimed to explore the course’s perceived impact in fostering learning and behaviour change. The findings reveal that the course greatly enhanced students’ awareness and knowledge of health promotion and injury prevention. Participants reported substantial positive changes in health-related and practice-related behaviours, indicating transformative learning. These findings corroborate existing literature on the benefits of health-promotion programmes for music students, underscoring the essential role such courses play in music students’ education, providing valuable evidence for the long-term efficacy of musicians’ occupational health education.","PeriodicalId":47977,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Music","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}