Case Studies on Transport Policy最新文献_第3页

Safety measures for passenger ferry services: A case study of Tioman Island, Malaysia 客轮服务的安全措施：以马来西亚刁曼岛为例

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101453

Adel Gohari , Kasypi Mokhtar , Muhammad Azizol Azmi , Noor Apandi Osnin , Suzanna Razali Chan , Olakunle Oloruntobi , Lai Fatt Chuah , Che Mohd Hafizuddeen Che Mahadi , Razi Hasan , Siti Marsila Mhd Ruslan , Teh Sabariah binti Abd Manan

{"title":"Safety measures for passenger ferry services: A case study of Tioman Island, Malaysia","authors":"Adel Gohari , Kasypi Mokhtar , Muhammad Azizol Azmi , Noor Apandi Osnin , Suzanna Razali Chan , Olakunle Oloruntobi , Lai Fatt Chuah , Che Mohd Hafizuddeen Che Mahadi , Razi Hasan , Siti Marsila Mhd Ruslan , Teh Sabariah binti Abd Manan","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency’s (MMEA) perspective on the significance of safety measures for passenger ferry services in Tioman Island is the focus of thisstudy. The MMEA is responsible for enforcing maritime legislation and organizing Search and Rescue (SAR) operations in the Malaysia Maritime Zone. The originality of this study lies in its application of a perceptive measurement-individual attribute technique to identify key safety measures and dimensions for passenger ferry services. The study examines six safety measures elements: safety and rescue equipment, ship structure, shipping documentation, navigation and communication equipment, safety instruction for passenger, and ability of ferry employees to respond to emergencies. Data collection was conducted using simple random sampling techniques, with responses from 130 MMEA personnel. Descriptive analysis was then performed to determine the perceived importance of 25 safety measure items. The findings indicate that firefighting facilities, with a mean score of 4.91, were considered the most important safety item, while medical equipment, with a mean score of 4.16, was ranked the least important. These results provide ferry operators with a deeper understanding of critical safety features, enabling them to prioritize safety, reduce incidents, and protect the marine environment. This study contributes to underrepresented research on passenger ferry safety and has the potential to improve safety management in other modes of transportation. The safety evaluation criteria and dimensions can serve as safety performance indicators, improving both safety assessment and safety management practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A GIS-MCDA spatial classification model to support group decision-making in traffic crash risk management GIS-MCDA空间分类模型支持交通碰撞风险管理群体决策

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101450

Murilo Alves de Albuquerque Damasceno , Joyce Abreu Maia , Thomas Edson Espíndola Gonçalo , Miriam Karla Rocha , Joana Karolyni Cabral Peixoto , Eric Amaral Ferreira

{"title":"A GIS-MCDA spatial classification model to support group decision-making in traffic crash risk management","authors":"Murilo Alves de Albuquerque Damasceno , Joyce Abreu Maia , Thomas Edson Espíndola Gonçalo , Miriam Karla Rocha , Joana Karolyni Cabral Peixoto , Eric Amaral Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global incidence of fatalities resulting from road crashes, particularly in Brazil, is a matter of great concern. Public managers need to employ efficient measures to decrease these figures. A multicriteria model of geographic support for group decision-making is proposed in this context. The model considers the preferences of many decision-makers involved in traffic management in a medium-sized city in northeastern Brazil. A methodology was presented for simplifying the categorization of routes for each decision maker and the integration of individual outcomes into a collective outcome. Considering the viewpoint of each decision maker, it was suggested that the city’s roads be categorized based on the level of risk they present for the occurrence of traffic crashes using the PROMSORT multicriteria approach. The ultimate categorization was established by considering five distinct categories that indicate different degrees of route importance. The results were geographically represented using a Geographic Information System. Employing the framework may accurately identify the city’s most susceptible regions and allocate resources and risk reduction initiatives with greater efficiency. Therefore, it is possible to obtain valuable information that can assist municipal managers in creating more efficient strategies to improve road safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Discrepancies between initial applicants and actual users of a new microtransit service: The case of FlexRide Milwaukee 新微交通服务的初始申请人和实际用户之间的差异：密尔沃基FlexRide的案例

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101452

Robert J. Schneider , Lingqian Hu , Yaidi Cancel Martinez , Amber Yan , Tathagato Chakraborty

{"title":"Discrepancies between initial applicants and actual users of a new microtransit service: The case of FlexRide Milwaukee","authors":"Robert J. Schneider , Lingqian Hu , Yaidi Cancel Martinez , Amber Yan , Tathagato Chakraborty","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid the long-term trend of declining transit ridership in the US, there is growing interest in leveraging on-demand microtransit to complement existing transit service, particularly to improve the accessibility of autoless riders to jobs, health care, or other activities in lower-density areas that are inefficient to serve with fixed-route transit. However, relatively little is known about whether these new microtransit services effectively serve their intended user groups. We studied FlexRide Milwaukee, an on-demand, microtransit service created to connect low-income workers and job seekers from predominantly Black neighborhoods on the northwest side of the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin with predominately white, employment-rich suburbs. This employment-focused service helped FlexRide users reach jobs located in suburbs with limited transit service. Analyzing trip data from the FlexRide pilot study period (April 18 to September 30, 2022), we profiled 713 applicants who showed initial interest in trying the service. Ultimately, 428 of these applicants signed up as participants to use the service and 128 of them actually used FlexRide Milwaukee (80 frequent and 48 occasional riders). Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models showed that participants used FlexRide more often if they were already employed, Black, or did not have access to a household vehicle. However, compared with their high levels of initial interest, people with low incomes and women underused FlexRide Milwaukee. People who were unemployed, used cash, or worked third shift also underused the service. More research is needed to understand the latent demand for this type of microtransit service among these groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing Amsterdam’s urban mobility through the lens of smart mobility goals 通过智能交通目标来评估阿姆斯特丹的城市交通

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101443

Maryam Qonita , Rini Rachmawati , R. Rijanta

{"title":"Assessing Amsterdam’s urban mobility through the lens of smart mobility goals","authors":"Maryam Qonita , Rini Rachmawati , R. Rijanta","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization and economic growth have heightened the demand for efficient, sustainable mobility systems. Amsterdam’s goal to become the world’s leading smart mobility city motivated this study to evaluates Amsterdam’s mobility performance across six smart mobility goals: sustainability, efficiency, safety, accessibility, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. The assessment draws on quantitative data, qualitative data, and observational studies to evaluate alignment with global benchmarks and identify challenges in balancing competing objectives. Results indicate that Amsterdam excels with perfect scores in safety, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. Sustainability (9.48) and accessibility (9.97) scores are below perfect due to unmet targets for low-energy vehicle adoption and public transport coverage. Efficiency remains a challenge, with a score of 6.72 due to congestion and long travel times. A notable trade-off exists between efficiency and safety, as Amsterdam’s 30 km/h speed limit on most roads enhances safety but slows travel speeds—reflecting the city’s commitment to safety and liveability over speed. Measures—such as smart traffic management, investments in active mobility, public transport improvement, and exempting public transport from the speed limit—could help to balance the dual goals of safety and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and implementation of a network-aware automated bus scheduling system for optimizing operational efficiency and financial performance 设计和实现一个网络感知的自动公交调度系统，以优化运营效率和财务绩效

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101448

Pradeep Borade , Gajendra Nagar , Hemant K. Suman , Lakshay Lakshay , Ravi Gadepalli , Nomesh B. Bolia

{"title":"Design and implementation of a network-aware automated bus scheduling system for optimizing operational efficiency and financial performance","authors":"Pradeep Borade , Gajendra Nagar , Hemant K. Suman , Lakshay Lakshay , Ravi Gadepalli , Nomesh B. Bolia","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work develops decision support models for bus schedule optimization to improve the existing public transport (PT) systems schedule. It particularly addresses the issue of <em>overlapping trips,</em> where multiple buses are scheduled to travel the same route simultaneously. This occurs due to the absence of network-aware scheduling, a significant problem of operational inefficiency in PT systems. To remove such overlapping trips, our approach presents mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models and innovative solution algorithms for efficient rescheduling and redeployment. To prove the efficacy of the developed model, we use data from Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), India’s largest urban bus fleet operator, and optimize the schedule with no additional capital expenditure and minimal changes to the existing schedule. The work is carried out in close consultation with BMTC and led to the development of a computer-based decision support bus-schedule optimization toolkit (B-SOT). The B-SOT automates the schedule development process using simple CSV files as input and output, making it easy to use for officials at all levels. The toolkit is sufficiently comprehensive to be applied to other cities with contextual adjustments. Overall, the decision support models and the computer-based toolkit developed are novel, modular, and quite useful for PT decision-making to optimize bus schedules while freeing up some buses for deployment elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Leveraging machine learning to predict Rural-Urban carpooling decisions given monetary incentives 利用机器学习来预测在货币激励下城乡拼车的决策

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101442

Helia Mohammadi-Mavi, Andisheh Ranjbari

{"title":"Leveraging machine learning to predict Rural-Urban carpooling decisions given monetary incentives","authors":"Helia Mohammadi-Mavi, Andisheh Ranjbari","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study pioneers a quantitative method for determining the monetary incentives needed to promote carpooling in an area. Utilizing travel behavior survey data from a rural county in Central Pennsylvania, we employed a Random Forest machine learning model to predict individuals’ carpooling decisions under different incentive scenarios based on their sociodemographic characteristics and existing travel behaviors. We then calculated the pivotal incentive amount that encourages an individual to switch from solo driving to carpooling and estimated the total incentive budget required to boost carpooling participation in an area to a certain desired level. Our analysis revealed that high spending on incentives does not necessarily result in proportional increases in carpooling participation. For instance, for our study area, the effective monthly incentive amount was capped at approximately $300. We also found that there are individuals who will not carpool at all, regardless of the incentive amount offered. Additionally, by clustering respondents based on their sociodemographic and commuting characteristics, we investigated how different groups of population respond to incentives. The results showed that younger adults, solo workers in a household, and those who commute longer and more frequently required the highest incentive amounts to switch to carpooling, whereas seniors and those with less frequent or shorter commutes could be swayed with incentive amounts about half as much. Such findings highlighted the importance of targeted strategies with detailed behavioral analysis when determining and allocating incentive funds. Finally, high performance metric values for the model demonstrated the potential of machine learning as a viable forecasting tool for similar transportation studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Indian Railways follow marginal cost pricing? A case study on its passenger business pricing through CES type cost functions 印度铁路是否遵循边际成本定价？基于CES型成本函数的客运业务定价案例研究

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101438

Goutam Majumder , Sunil Ashra , S.K. Tapasvi

引用次数: 0

A Data-Driven framework for predicting ship berthing time and optimizing port operations at Tan Cang Cat Lai Port, Vietnam 预测船舶靠泊时间和优化越南Tan ang Cat Lai港港口操作的数据驱动框架

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101441

Thi Yen Pham , Phong Nha Nguyen

{"title":"A Data-Driven framework for predicting ship berthing time and optimizing port operations at Tan Cang Cat Lai Port, Vietnam","authors":"Thi Yen Pham , Phong Nha Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the use of machine learning models to predict ship berthing time (SBT) at Tan Cang Cat Lai port (VNSGN) in Vietnam, identifying Random Forest as the most effective approach. Comparative evaluations of models, including LSBoost, Decision Trees, ANN, CART, Ridge Regression, and Elastic Net Regression, highlight Random Forest’s superior performance with the lowest MAE (1.33), MSE (3.66), and RMSE (1.91), along with the highest R2 (0.84) and accuracy (69.17%). Feature importance analysis reveals cargo volume (35.3%), deadweight, and weather conditions as critical factors influencing SBT. The model demonstrates a strong ability to predict high-demand periods when berth congestion and cargo inflow are highest. By leveraging these insights, ports can optimize berth scheduling, resource allocation, and operational workflows, reducing vessel idle times and improving efficiency. Additionally, the use of predictive tools like Random Forest (RF) supports sustainable logistics by minimizing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This research highlights the potential of data-driven approaches in maritime logistics, offering actionable strategies to enhance operational performance, reduce costs, and achieve sustainable port development. The findings provide a foundation for further advancements in predictive modeling for port operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Human cost, machine insight: A data-driven analysis of Australian road crashes 人力成本，机器洞察：澳大利亚道路交通事故的数据驱动分析

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101440

Ali Soltani , Saeid Afshari , Mohammad Amin Amiri

{"title":"Human cost, machine insight: A data-driven analysis of Australian road crashes","authors":"Ali Soltani , Saeid Afshari , Mohammad Amin Amiri","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Australia, road crash injuries continue to be a serious public health issue. Machine learning is used in this study to analyse injury data from road crashes between 2011 and 2021 that was taken from the national hospitalized injury database. We investigate how the number of injuries and duration of stay for road users are affected by variables such as gender, age, seasonal variation, collision type, and location (urban vs. regional). Road safety measures are informed by patterns and relationships found in the data by machine learning models. Hospitalizations have been trending upward between 2011 and 2019, with a pause in 2020 due to COVID-19 lockdowns. In all categories, men sustain more injuries than women, though the number varies according to age and geography. The type of road user also affects collision patterns. The time-series projections demonstrate that the goal of zero fatalities in 2050 will not be achieved under the business-as-usual scenario. The findings highlight the necessity of focused interventions predicated on collision trends and demographics. This includes better infrastructure design, increased surveillance, and customized safety measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Helmet non-compliance among motorized two-wheelers: Insights from public opinion surveys 机动两轮车不戴头盔：来自民意调查的见解

IF 2.4

Case Studies on Transport Policy Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101439

Tushar Pramod Choudhari , Bharat Kumar Pathivada , Avijit Maji , Malavika Jayakumar , Jaikishan Damani , Vedagiri Perumal , Nagendra Rao Velaga , Kurra Venkata Krishna Rao

{"title":"Helmet non-compliance among motorized two-wheelers: Insights from public opinion surveys","authors":"Tushar Pramod Choudhari , Bharat Kumar Pathivada , Avijit Maji , Malavika Jayakumar , Jaikishan Damani , Vedagiri Perumal , Nagendra Rao Velaga , Kurra Venkata Krishna Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motorized two-wheelers (MTWs) are vulnerable road users and prone to severe injury crashes. Low- and middle-income countries like India have recorded significantly higher fatalities among MTW users compared to other vehicle types. Helmet usage has significantly reduced MTW crash severities globally. Statistics indicate that more than 37% of MTW-related crash injuries in India are attributed to the non-usage of helmets. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors contributing to helmet non-compliance among Indian MTW users. For this purpose, face-to-face public opinion surveys were conducted in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and Pune in Maharashtra, India. A detailed questionnaire was designed to capture MTW users’ socio-demographic characteristics, riding characteristics, and general perceptions and attitudes toward helmet usage. Analyzing the MTW users’ opinions using structural equation modeling revealed that absence of law enforcement, helmet exemption attitude, usage inconvenience, and regional behavior were key factors affecting helmet non-usage. Furthermore, an ordinal logistic regression model developed from stated preference survey questions indicated a significant increase in helmet usage preference with the availability of dedicated helmet storage and law enforcement presence. The study findings can aid in formulating various national and state-level policies to improve helmet compliance among MTW users.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46989,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies on Transport Policy","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0