{"title":"Should testicular sperm retrieval be implemented for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in all patients with severe oligozoospermia or cryptozoospermia?","authors":"Marzieh Derakhshan, Peyman Salehi, Maryam Derakhshan, Elham Naghshineh, Minoo Movahedi, Hatav Ghasemi Tehrani, Ensieh Salehi","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07276","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The choice between utilizing testicular or ejaculatory sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in men with severe oligozoospermia or cryptozoospermia is a crucial aspect of managing male infertility. This study aimed to identify a predictive factor that could guide this decision-making process.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy-five infertile men with severe oligozoospermia or cryptozoospermia were included in the analysis. On the day of ovum pick-up, these participants were divided into three groups (n=25 each) based on their sperm concentrations: cryptozoospermia, 0.1-1 million/mL and 1-5 million/mL. Patients in each group underwent ICSI, which involved the insemination of sibling oocytes using either ejaculated spermatozoa or testicular spermatozoa obtained via fine-needle aspiration. We evaluated the rates of fertilization, cleavage, high-quality embryo production, and blastocyst formation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In patients with sperm concentrations below 1 million/mL, testicular sperm demonstrated higher rates of fertilization (p<0.001), cleavage (p=0.01), high-quality embryo formation (p=0.003), and blastocyst development (p=0.04) compared to ejaculated sperm. In cases of cryptozoospermia, testicular sperm was associated with a higher fertilization rate (p<0.001) and a marginally higher rate of high-quality embryos (p=0.06). Conversely, in patients with sperm concentrations exceeding 1 million/mL, ejaculated sperm yielded superior outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the significance of considering sperm concentration when advising on sperm retrieval techniques to improve ICSI outcomes in men diagnosed with severe oligozoospermia or cryptozoospermia. Further research is necessary to confirm predictive factors that assist in decision-making regarding the source of sperm, whether from ejaculate, testicular aspiration, or biopsies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":"268-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chaymae Rochdi, Meriem Ouadrhiri, Ibtissam Bellajdel, Hafsa Taheri, Hanane Saadi, Ahmed Mimouni, Mohammed Choukri
{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of multiantioxidant therapy on sperm parameters, reproductive hormones, sperm DNA integrity, and pregnancy rates in infertile men with different grades of varicocele.","authors":"Chaymae Rochdi, Meriem Ouadrhiri, Ibtissam Bellajdel, Hafsa Taheri, Hanane Saadi, Ahmed Mimouni, Mohammed Choukri","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07703","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study emphasizes the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of male infertility-including varicocele-and supports the utility of antioxidant supplementation. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of multiantioxidant therapy in improving semen quality, reducing the DNA fragmentation index, and increasing pregnancy rates in oligoasthenozoospermic (OA) patients with different grades of varicocele.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a prospective study of infertile men with OA and varying grades of varicocele. Serum and semen samples were collected at baseline and after 6 months of treatment from subjects with varicocele grades 0, 1, 2, and 3. Sperm DNA damage, reproductive hormones, and pregnancy rates were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in mean sperm count, total sperm count, sperm motility, and normal sperm morphology were observed among groups G1, G2, G3, and G4 (p<0.0001). Sperm DNA integrity improved significantly in patients with varicocele after oral antioxidant therapy. Pregnancy achieved by intrauterine insemination was observed in 11%, 9%, 1%, and 0.7% of couples in groups G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively. Additionally, spontaneous pregnancy occurred in 6% and 3% of couples with varicocele grade 0 and grade 1, respectively, after multiantioxidant supplementation. No significant pregnancy rate was observed in groups G3 and G4.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multiantioxidant therapy produced marked therapeutic benefits in patients with grade 0 and grade 1 varicocele and served as a useful adjuvant in managing varicocele-related infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":"52 3","pages":"259-267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adverse effects of maternal and paternal body mass index on assisted reproductive techniques outcomes: A time-lapse study.","authors":"Zahra Bashiri, Iman Akbarzadeh, Seyed Jamal Hosseini, Fatemehsadat Amjadi, Azita Afzali, Farnaz Khadivi, Fatemeh Taheri, Zahra Zandieh","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07199","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>While obesity has been associated with poor reproductive outcomes, the specific factors affecting gametes remain unclear. Our primary objective was to assess the relationship between a couple's pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), the morphokinetic characteristics of embryos, and their potential for implantation. We analyzed standard semen parameters, sperm chromatin integrity, and oxidative stress levels in men undergoing assisted reproductive techniques (ART).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 1,320 couples were categorized into nine different weight classes. Following the incubation of embryos in a time-lapse device, we evaluated embryo development and ART outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were observed in the percentage of sperm with normal morphology, as well as in the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity, between overweight and normal-weight men. Overweight men also showed a higher percentage of motile spermatozoa with altered chromatin. After adjusting for parental age and infertility causes, t5 and t8 durations were longer in obese women. In overweight men, t2 and t8 were delayed compared to those in normal-weight couples. Additionally, overweight couples experienced faster time of pronuclei appearance and time of pronuclei fading, along with longer t2, t5, and t8, compared to their normal-weight counterparts. Moreover, overweight males exhibited a lower fertility rate than normal-weight men. Overweight couples also demonstrated significantly lower rates of clinical pregnancy and fertilization, which correlated with higher miscarriage rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This time-lapse study revealed that the combined pre-pregnancy BMI of parents is associated with slower pre-implantation embryo development.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":"223-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12461745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Response to the letter to the editor: Body mass index as a potential confounder in dutasteride and fertility studies.","authors":"Young Jae Kim, Seoung Ryeol Lee, Young Dong Yu","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.08221","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2025.08221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":"52 3","pages":"296-297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Various aspects of cryopreservation of small numbers of sperm in assisted reproductive technology.","authors":"Keivan Lorian, Azam Agha-Rahimi, Behnam Maleki","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07241","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In cases of severe oligospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia, few spermatozoa with appropriate motility and viability are detected in epididymal and testicular samples. Sperm cryopreservation is performed to avoid multiple testis biopsies and to maintain samples. Consequently, various sperm retrieval methods are employed together with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Common cryopreservation techniques are not ideal if there are few spermatozoa because sperm may be lost during the freezing and thawing procedures. Single sperm cryopreservation was first developed in 1997 and has since evolved in various aspects, including cryo-devices, freezing methods, cryoprotectants, and clinical and neonatal outcomes, as discussed in this comprehensive review. The CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies published during 1997-2023. Single sperm cryopreservation has been applied successfully for individuals with a limited number of spermatozoa. First, cryo-devices and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Furthermore, different aspects of this technique-including the use of testicular sperm rather than ejaculated sperm, proper cryoprotectants with ideal freezing outcomes, optimal cooling and warming rates, and testicular sperm selection prior to freezing-require more attention. This technique has been applied in clinical settings, and clinical outcomes have been reported using various carriers such as empty zonae pellucidae, straws, cell sleepers, cryotops, cryopieces, the sperm vitrification device (Sperm VD), and stripper tips. Furthermore, delivery rates have also been reported using this method. Nonetheless, more clinical trials are required to facilitate biological offspring through a practical platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":"202-222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatemeh Dehghanpour, Ali Nabi, Hossein Fallahzadeh
{"title":"The use of birefringence for human spermatozoa selection before intracytoplasmic sperm injection to improve artificial reproductive technology outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Fatemeh Dehghanpour, Ali Nabi, Hossein Fallahzadeh","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In an era where male infertility poses significant challenges for many couples, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is becoming increasingly common. Microscopic evaluation of sperm head morphology can contribute to the development of healthier embryos. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. A meta-analysis was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) for randomized controlled trials. Eligible studies were selected based on the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison/Comparator, Outcomes, Study type) model. The pregnancy outcomes considered after artificial reproductive technology (ART) procedures included the fertilization rate (FR), high-quality embryo rate (HQER), implantation rate (IR), and clinical pregnancy rate (CPR). This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023423108). Of 105 records evaluated, three studies met the inclusion criteria. Our analysis indicated that birefringence sperm selection significantly improved HQER and IR after ART, although no significant differences were observed for FR and CPR. The use of birefringence for sperm selection in ICSI cycles may represent a straightforward strategy to improve ART outcomes, particularly for couples with abnormal sperm parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in mitigating cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage in a murine model.","authors":"Seul Ki Kim, Byung Chul Jee","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.07892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2025.07892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine whether pre-treatment with everolimus or rapamycin could prevent ovarian follicle damage induced by cyclophosphamide (Cp).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 120 female BDF-1 mice were randomly assigned into four groups receiving specific treatments. The control group received normal saline on days 1, 3, 5, and 13. The Cp group received saline on days 1, 3, and 5, followed by Cp administration on day 13. The everolimus+Cp group was given everolimus on days 1, 3, and 5, then Cp on day 13. Similarly, the rapamycin+Cp group received rapamycin on days 1, 3, and 5, followed by Cp on day 13. On day 20, all mice were euthanized, ovaries were harvested for histological analysis, and protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-xL), caspase 3, and mammalian target of rapamycin were evaluated by Western blot analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of primordial follicles was lower in the Cp group than in the control group. The everolimus group and the rapamycin group also showed reduced primordial follicle counts. No significant differences were observed in the proportions of G1 primordial or G1 secondary follicles among the groups. Compared to the control group, the Cp group and the everolimus group showed lower proportions of G1 primary follicles. However, the rapamycin group had a G1 primary follicle proportion similar to that of the control group. The Cp, everolimus, and rapamycin groups exhibited lower proportions of G1 antral follicles than the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pre-treatment with rapamycin preserved the proportion of G1 primary follicles; however, neither everolimus nor rapamycin preserved the primordial follicle counts.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of nGPx4 in resisting DEHP-induced DNA damage and reducing caspase-independent cell death in male germ cells.","authors":"Wei Gu, Jiaxin Wang, Xinqi Liu, Huizhe Tan, Hongming Yang, Zeshan Zhu, Peng Ran, Qing Ling, Weilin Mao","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer that adversely affects sperm quality and function by inducing DNA damage and caspase-independent cell death (CICD). Nuclear glutathione peroxidase 4 (nGPx4) has been implicated in maintaining the structural integrity of sperm chromatin. However, it remains unclear whether nGPx4 can counteract the DNA damage caused by DEHP exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We employed a germ cell line (GC-1) spg mouse cell model engineered to overexpress nGPx4 (OE-nGPx4). The cells were subsequently exposed to DEHP and its metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) to simulate the DNA-damaging effects of environmental factors on reproductive cells. Following treatment, we assessed the proportion of apoptotic cells and the extent of DNA damage using molecular biological analyses, in addition to evaluating the expression of proteins associated with the apoptotic pathway in germ cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>nGPx4 overexpression protected against DEHP-induced DNA damage in germ cells, reducing the incidence of CICD and potentially preserving sperm quality. This protective effect was mediated by enhanced chromatin condensation in mouse sperm cells and downregulation of phosphorylated H2A histone variant (γ-H2A.X). The reduction in DNA degradation is attributed to a diminished formation of the complex between γ-H2A.X and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), resulting in decreased DNA fragmentation. Additionally, compared to MEHP-treated cells, OE-nGPx4 cells exhibited reduced expression of Bcl 2-associated X (Bax), thereby diminishing activation of the γ-H2A.X/AIF axis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that nGPx4 is involved in chromatin condensation and may contribute to downregulating the AIF/γ-H2A.X axis in male germ cells, ultimately reducing DNA damage-induced CICD.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amir Abdolmaleki, Hadis Amirsayyafi, Saeed Khazaiel, Cyrus Jalili, Kamran Mansourhi, Mitra Bakhtiari
{"title":"Formulation of Paeonia lactiflora root extract can induce atrophy of endometriotic lesions and accelerate embryo implantation following in vitro fertilization in endometriosis: An experimental study.","authors":"Amir Abdolmaleki, Hadis Amirsayyafi, Saeed Khazaiel, Cyrus Jalili, Kamran Mansourhi, Mitra Bakhtiari","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Endometriosis (Endo) involves inflammation and angiogenesis within lesions, potentially causing embryo implantation failure. Paeonia lactiflora (PL) root exhibits anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. This experiment investigated the therapeutic effects of PL on endometriotic lesion atrophy and embryo implantation following in vitro fertilization (IVF).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female mice (n=32) were allocated into treatment and sham groups. Endo was induced through xenograft transplantation of rat endometrium to anterior abdominal walls of recipient (Endo) mice. PL root was extracted, phytochemically characterized, and orally administered (1.06 mg PL/20 g mouse) for 17 consecutive days. Through IVF, cultured mouse embryos were implanted into Endo mouse uteri. Ten days post-IVF, samples were collected, including intra-abdominal fluid for measurement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Embryo-containing uteri underwent trypan blue staining, while uterus fragments were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) gene expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The number of embryo implantation sites and diameter of endometriotic lesions were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 19, with p-values <0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following Endo induction, TNF-α and VEGF levels and lesion diameter increased (p<0.05). LIF gene expression and embryo implantation rate decreased (p<0.05). After PL extract administration to Endo mice, TNF-α levels, VEGF levels, and lesion diameter decreased (p<0.05), while LIF gene expression and implantation rate increased (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PL extract (1.06 mg/20 g mouse) decreases TNF-α and VEGF levels, suppressing inflammation and angiogenesis and causing endometriotic lesion atrophy. Furthermore, PL increases uterine LIF gene expression, promoting successful implantation post-IVF in Endo mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does coenzyme Q10 protect testicular function and spermatogenesis in rats receiving levofloxacin-containing therapy?","authors":"Rouhollah Nazari, Elham Aliabadi, Fatemeh Karimi, Narges Karbalaei, Hossein Mirkhani, Saied Karbalay-Doust","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Levofloxacin (LVFX), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is used in the treatment of urogenital tract diseases affecting the reproductive system. This study aimed to examine the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) against LVFX-induced side effects using stereological methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty rats were divided into eight groups: control (distilled water), CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/day), and low dose (25 mg/kg/day), medium dose (50 mg/kg/day), and high dose (100 mg/kg/day) of LVFX (low dose [LD]-LVFX, medium dose [MD]-LVFX, and high dose [HD]-LVFX) with or without CoQ10 administration. Treatments were performed daily for 4 weeks. Sperm parameters, serum testosterone levels, testicular oxidative stress markers, and testicular histology were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sperm count, motility, normal morphology, and viability, as well as serum testosterone levels, were reduced, while malondialdehyde concentrations increased in MD-LVFX and HD-LVFX treated animals compared to controls. MD-LVFX and HD-LVFX treatments produced a 6% to 56% reduction in the volumes, lengths, and diameters of seminiferous tubules and their epithelium, whereas the interstitial tissue volume increased by 43% to 53% in these groups. The numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells were reduced by 23% to 76% in animals treated with MD-LVFX and HD-LVFX compared to controls. Notably, all changes observed in the rats receiving CoQ10 were similar to those in the control group, and although most parameters decreased in animals that received LD-LVFX, the differences were not statistically significant relative to controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LVFX treatment for 28 days, regardless of dose, adversely affected sperm parameters and testicular tissue. CoQ10 exhibited a protective effect by mitigating the structural and functional impairments induced by LVFX.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}