{"title":"Recent trends in polycystic ovary syndrome treatment based on adult stem cell therapies.","authors":"Hyeri Park, Ji Woong Han, Gi Jin Kim","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adult stem cell therapy has emerged as a prominent area of interest in regenerative medicine, drawing attention from numerous researchers who are investigating its potential for treating degenerative diseases, especially those affecting the reproductive system. Despite the growing focus, critical elements such as the optimization of treatment parameters (e.g., transplantation [Tx] route, cell dosage) and enhancement of therapeutic efficacy are still areas of uncertainty. This review paper presents a thorough analysis of recent preclinical and clinical studies on adult stem cell therapy for ovarian dysfunction, specifically targeting conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). By examining these studies, the review seeks to clarify the current state of knowledge and pinpoint gaps in understanding, thereby establishing a robust foundation for future advancements in adult stem cell therapies aimed at ovarian dysfunction. Ultimately, this paper aims to offer valuable insights that could lead to improved treatment strategies in the field of reproductive system diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-term use of dutasteride to treat androgenic alopecia in young men may lead to persistent abnormalities in semen parameters.","authors":"Young Jae Kim, Seoung Ryeol Lee, Young Dong Yu","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the long-term effects of dutasteride on male fertility and determine the cutoff treatment duration that causes significant and persistent decreases in semen parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-center, randomized, controlled study that evaluated 200 men (ages 28 to 39 years). Forty men were allocated to each study group, divided according to the duration of dutasteride treatment, as follows: <6 months (group 1), 6-12 months (group 2), 13-18 months (group 3), 19-24 months (group 4), and >24 months (group 5). All subjects received dutasteride 0.5 mg/day for management of androgenetic alopecia then discontinued dutasteride for 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The baseline mean testosterone level in the study subjects was 4.8 ng/mL. No significant differences were found between study groups in sperm concentration, normal morphology, and vitality. Semen volume and sperm total/progressive motility were significantly reduced as the duration of dutasteride treatment increased. All study groups showed an increase in total sperm motility and semen volume after discontinuation of dutasteride. Compared with group 1, groups 2-5 showed significant decreases in semen volume and sperm total motility, with the odds ratios becoming smaller as the duration of dutasteride treatment increased. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed the cutoff values for persistent impairment of semen volume and total sperm motility to be 17.8 and 20.3 months, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Long-term use of dutasteride may lead to male infertility by persistently impairing semen volume and sperm motility.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Various aspects of cryopreservation of small numbers of sperm in assisted reproductive technology.","authors":"Keivan Lorian, Azam Agha-Rahimi, Behnam Maleki","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In cases of severe oligospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia, few spermatozoa with appropriate motility and viability are detected in epididymal and testicular samples. Sperm cryopreservation is performed to avoid multiple testis biopsies and to maintain samples. Consequently, various sperm retrieval methods are employed together with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Common cryopreservation techniques are not ideal if there are few spermatozoa because sperm may be lost during the freezing and thawing procedures. Single sperm cryopreservation was first developed in 1997 and has since evolved in various aspects, including cryo-devices, freezing methods, cryoprotectants, and clinical and neonatal outcomes, as discussed in this comprehensive review. The CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies published during 1997-2023. Single sperm cryopreservation has been applied successfully for individuals with a limited number of spermatozoa. First, cryo-devices and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Furthermore, different aspects of this technique-including the use of testicular sperm rather than ejaculated sperm, proper cryoprotectants with ideal freezing outcomes, optimal cooling and warming rates, and testicular sperm selection prior to freezing-require more attention. This technique has been applied in clinical settings, and clinical outcomes have been reported using various carriers such as empty zonae pellucidae, straws, cell sleepers, cryotops, cryopieces, the sperm vitrification device (Sperm VD), and stripper tips. Furthermore, delivery rates have also been reported using this method. Nonetheless, more clinical trials are required to facilitate biological offspring through a practical platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical pregnancy rates after two different methods of laser-assisted hatching applied to vitrified-warmed day-3 embryos or day-5 blastocysts.","authors":"Woo Jeong Kim, Byung Chul Jee","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Laser-assisted hatching (LAH) employs two distinct techniques: thinning and breaching. This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of combined thinning and breaching versus breaching alone in vitrified-warmed embryo or blastocyst transfer cycles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 110 vitrified-warmed day-3 embryo transfer cycles and 50 vitrified-warmed day-5 blastocyst transfer cycles were retrospectively selected. All transfers were performed between 2021 and 2022 at a university-based infertility center. Combined thinning and breaching involved thinning either one-quarter or one-sixth of the zona pellucida circumference combined with breaching at a single point.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In vitrified-warmed day-3 embryo transfer cycles, the 'thinning and breaching' and 'breaching only' groups were similar regarding the median age of the woman (36 years vs. 37 years, respectively), number of embryos transferred (2 vs. 2), and embryo score (89 vs. 31.5). The clinical pregnancy rate (PR) (23.5% vs. 21.1%), embryo implantation rate (IR) (11.4% vs. 11.3%), and clinical miscarriage rate (25% vs. 37.5%) were also comparable between the two LAH groups. In vitrified-warmed day-5 blastocyst transfer cycles, the combination and breaching-only groups were similar in the median age of the woman (36 years vs. 36.5 years, respectively), number of blastocysts transferred (1 vs. 1), and blastocyst score (45 vs. 31.5). The clinical PR (45.5% vs. 42.9%), IR (35.4% vs. 33.3%), and clinical miscarriage rate (20% vs. 33.3%) were also similar between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Breaching alone displayed similar efficacy to combined thinning and breaching in terms of clinical PR, IR, and miscarriage rate. Thus, breaching alone appears sufficient to achieve favorable pregnancy outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in inducing autophagy in the spermatozoa of patients with asthenoteratozoospermia.","authors":"Tahereh Gheliji, Mohammad Hosain Haidari, Marefat Ghaffari Novin, Zahra Shams Mofarahe, Mahsa Kazemi, Latif Gachkar, Pourya Raee, Bahareh Karimi, Hamid Nazarian","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2024.07479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment on the autophagy process and sperm parameters in individuals with asthenoteratozoospermia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty semen samples from patients diagnosed with asthenoteratozoospermia were divided into control and treatment groups. Subsequently, 2 ng/mL of GM-CSF was added to the treatment group samples. All samples were then incubated for 1 hour. Post-incubation, the protein levels of light chain 3 II (LC3-II)/LC3-I and autophagy related 7 (Atg7), which are well-known autophagy markers, along with sperm motility, viability, and sperm DNA fragmentation, were analyzed in both study groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study demonstrated significant increases in LC3-II/LC3-I and Atg7 levels, as well as in sperm motility, in the GM-CSF group compared to the control group (p<0.0001). Furthermore, GM-CSF treatment significantly reduced necrotic cell death in the GM-CSF group relative to the control group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of sperm viability and DNA fragmentation (p>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results revealed that GM-CSF has the potential to significantly induce autophagy in sperm and enhance sperm motility in patients with asthenoteratozoospermia, without adversely affecting sperm viability and DNA integrity. These findings suggest that modifying autophagy with physiological and safe components like GM-CSF may become a promising therapeutic strategy for treating male infertility in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and the severity of vitamin D deficiency by age group.","authors":"Mansi Modi, Pinky Garg","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2023.06779","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2023.06779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Researchers have long been captivated by the complex molecular interactions between vitamin D and the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism affects 2% to 4% of women of reproductive age and can impact fertility through anovulatory cycles, luteal phase defects, hyperprolactinemia, and sex hormone imbalances. This study investigated the relationship between thyroid disease and the severity of vitamin D deficiency across different age groups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted of 286 patient samples from individuals aged 18 to 60 years who were processed in the clinical biochemistry laboratory of our hospital. Samples were tested for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and vitamin D (specifically, vitamin D3) levels. The study samples were categorized into four clinically relevant groups based on TSH levels and into three groups based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most of the samples were from female patients (n=269), and the most common age group was 18 to 35 years (n=191, 66.78%). Subclinical hypothyroidism was identified in 120 patients, while vitamin D deficiency was present in 237 (82.87%) participants. A significant association was observed between vitamin D deficiency and the presence of thyroid disorders. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between TSH and vitamin D levels. Polycystic ovary syndrome was noted in 103 female patients (36.01%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TSH and 25(OH)D levels should be screened in all women of reproductive age, not just those in high-risk groups, as subclinical and occult hypothyroidism may otherwise go undiagnosed. Furthermore, TSH should be considered the primary screening test.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11900663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142298339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Associations of dietary inflammatory indices (DII and E-DII) with sperm parameters.","authors":"Sonia Sadeghpour, Fatemeh Maleki Sedgi, Sevana Daneghian, Somayyeh Barania Adabi, Tahereh Behroozi-Lak, Mohammadreza Pashaei, Javad RasouIi, Rohollah Valizadeh, Hojat Ghasemnejad-Berenji","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.06982","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2024.06982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to explore the ambiguous link between dietary inflammatory indices and sperm parameters. Specifically, it investigated the associations between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) with sperm motility, morphology, and count in men undergoing routine semen analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 144 men enrolled, where semen samples were collected and evaluated according to the 2010 World Health Organization guidelines. Dietary data were gathered using a 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire developed by the researchers. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to assess the relationships of the DII and E-DII with sperm parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean DII and E-DII scores were 1.23±1.1 and 0.49±0.43, respectively. The mean values for sperm motility, morphology, and count were 43.08%±19.30%, 78.03%±26.99%, and 48.12±44.41 million, respectively. Both motility (r=-0.353) and count (r=-0.348) were found to be inversely and significantly correlated with DII. Similarly, Pearson correlation tests revealed strong and significant inverse correlations of motility (r=-0.389) and count (r=-0.372) with E-DII.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that a diet with a higher anti-inflammatory potential may be associated with increased sperm count and motility, but not with changes in morphology. Further research is necessary to confirm these findings, elucidate the underlying mechanisms, and identify dietary modifications that could improve male fertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":"79-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11900668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141861237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of anxiety, depression, and sexual dysfunction in women undergoing fertility treatment.","authors":"Joon Cheol Park","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07465","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Infertility and fertility treatment can lead to considerable physical, emotional, and psychological distress. These effects may be influenced by personality, familial bonds, and support systems within a sociocultural context. This preliminary investigation examined anxiety, depression, and sexual dysfunction in Korean women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Women scheduled for IVF/ICSI and healthy women seeking general health screening (controls) were enrolled. Participants were asked to complete standardized, validated questionnaires-the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI)-to assess their levels of anxiety, depression, and sexual function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean HADS scores for women undergoing IVF/ICSI were 6.35±3.48 (range, 0 to 13) for anxiety and 8.32±3.78 (range, 2 to 15) for depression. However, 12.9% of the women with infertility experienced clinically significant anxiety (HADS-Anxiety score >11), while 32.3% exhibited depression (HADS-Depression score >11). Based on DASS scores, psychological difficulties were more prevalent among women experiencing infertility than among control participants. Total FSFI scores, along with subscale ratings for desire, arousal, lubrication, satisfaction, and pain, were similar between women with infertility and control women. However, the mean score for orgasm was significantly lower in the infertility group (3.16) than among controls. Age, the durations of marriage and infertility, and parity did not significantly influence HADS, DASS, or FSFI scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Anxiety and depression were more prevalent among women seeking fertility treatment than among healthy controls. Additionally, women with infertility may experience fewer or diminished orgasms.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":"52 1","pages":"38-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11900670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jung Hoon Kim, Hye-Ok Kim, Su-Yeon Lee, Eun-A Park, Kyoung Hee Choi, Kiye Kang, Eun Jeong Yu, Mi Kyoung Koong, Kyung-Ah Lee
{"title":"Serum miR-329-3p as a potential biomarker for poor ovarian response in an in vitro fertilization.","authors":"Jung Hoon Kim, Hye-Ok Kim, Su-Yeon Lee, Eun-A Park, Kyoung Hee Choi, Kiye Kang, Eun Jeong Yu, Mi Kyoung Koong, Kyung-Ah Lee","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07094","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2024.07094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Several miRNAs have been identified as differentially expressed in patients with poor ovarian response (POR) compared to those with normal responses. This study aims to assess the potential of serum miR-329-3p as a biomarker for diagnosing POR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis to confirm the target genes of miR-329-3p. KGN cells were transfected with both miR-329-3p mimic and inhibitor to assess the differential expression of these target genes. In accordance with the Bologna criteria, we enrolled 16 control patients and 16 patients with POR. We collected patient samples, including serum from day 2 and the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) day, as well as granulosa and cumulus cells, to validate the expression of miR-329-3p using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>KEGG pathway analysis revealed that miR-329-3p targeted adenylyl cyclase 9 (ADCY9) and protein kinase A subunit beta (PRKACB), both of which are involved in ovarian steroidogenesis. In KGN cells treated with a miR-329-3p mimic, ADCY9 and PRKACB expression levels were significantly reduced (p<0.05). Elevated levels of miR-329-3p suppressed aromatase expression and 17β-estradiol production by modulating ADCY9 and PRKACB in KGN cells. These effects were also observed in POR patients. Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) expression was diminished in the granulosa cells of POR patients. On day 2, on hCG day, and in granulosa cells, miR-329-3p exhibited high expression levels in the serum of POR patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>miR-329-3p exhibited increased expression in granulosa cells and in the sera of POR patients. Consequently, we propose that miR-329-3p may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of POR.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":"52 1","pages":"44-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11900665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced strategies for single embryo selection in assisted human reproduction: A review of clinical practice and research methods.","authors":"Zahra Bashiri, Azita Afzali, Morteza Koruji, Hossein Torkashvand, Mehrdad Ghorbanlou, Nadia Sheibak, Zahra Zandieh, Fatemehsadat Amjadi","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2023.06478","DOIUrl":"10.5653/cerm.2023.06478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among the primary objectives of contemporary assisted reproductive technology research are achieving the births of healthy singletons and improving overall fertility outcomes. Substantial advances have been made in refining the selection of single embryos for transfer, with the aim of maximizing the likelihood of successful implantation. The principal criterion for this selection is embryo morphology. Morphological evaluation systems are based on traditional parameters, including cell count and fragmentation, pronuclear morphology, cleavage rate, blastocyst formation, and various sequential embryonic assessments. To reduce the incidence of multiple pregnancies and to identify the single embryo with the highest potential for growth, invasive techniques such as preimplantation genetic screening are employed in in vitro fertilization clinics. However, new approaches have been suggested for clinical application that do not harm the embryo and that provide consistent, accurate results. Noninvasive technologies, such as time-lapse imaging and omics, leverage morphokinetic parameters and the byproducts of embryo metabolism, respectively, to identify noninvasive prognostic markers for competent single embryo selection. While these technologies have garnered considerable interest in the research community, they are not incorporated into routine clinical practice and still have substantial room for improvement. Currently, the most promising strategies involve integrating multiple methodologies, which together are anticipated to increase the likelihood of successful pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":"8-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11900676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}