Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM最新文献

{"title":"Association of basic fibroblast growth factor and body mass index with oocyte quality and quantity in infertile women with PCOS and diminished ovarian reserve undergoing ICSI.","authors":"Leen Qasim Al-Tamimi, Rehab Shafiq Al-Maliki","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.08865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2025.08865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulates granulosa cell proliferation and follicular development, supporting folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. Serum and follicular fluid bFGF have been linked to ovarian function and oocyte competence. Body mass index (BMI) also influences reproductive function, particularly in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). This study investigated relationships among serum and follicular fluid bFGF concentrations, BMI, and oocyte competence in women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study enrolled 44 infertile women undergoing ICSI (PCOS, n=27; DOR, n=17). All participants received controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol. On the day of oocyte retrieval, blood and follicular fluid were collected. bFGF concentrations in serum and follicular fluid were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oocyte quality was assessed by the number of mature metaphase II oocytes obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with PCOS patients, DOR patients were older and had significantly lower anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and estradiol levels (p<0.05). In both groups, bFGF levels did not differ significantly across BMI categories. Across all BMI categories, PCOS patients had higher oocyte yields than DOR patients (p<0.05), whereas oocyte maturity rates were comparable. Serum bFGF positively correlated with AMH in the PCOS group (p=0.027). However, follicular fluid bFGF negatively correlated with the number of oocytes retrieved in the DOR group (p=0.036).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Follicular fluid bFGF levels were associated with ovarian reserve markers and oocyte yield in women undergoing ICSI, supporting a potential role for bFGF in follicular activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148399569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of an educational intervention for embryologists to reduce gamete and embryo misidentification in in vitro fertilization laboratories.","authors":"Eun Ha Kim, Eun Kyung Kim, Hye Won Youm, Jung Jae Ko, Kyung-Ah Lee","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2026.09642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2026.09642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the effectiveness of a standardized Simultaneous, Aloud, inFormation, Electronic witnessing, Monitoring, One by one, and DocumEnt (SAFE MODE)-based training program in improving embryologists' patient safety awareness and procedural performance, aiming to reduce the risk of gamete and embryo misidentification.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This multicenter, cross-sectional pre-post survey study was conducted across six in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers within the CHA University Global IVF Group in South Korea. Ninety-nine embryologists provided valid responses, and 53.5% had less than 1 year of experience. Participants completed a 14-session online training program (40 min/session) based on the SAFE MODE framework: simultaneous checking, calling aloud together, information double-checking, electronic witnessing, visual monitoring together, one-by-one handling, and document cross-checking. A 17-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was used to assess safety awareness and procedural performance. Analyses included paired and independent t-tests, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis (SPSS ver. 25.0).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Safety awareness scores increased significantly from 3.65 to 3.97 (p<0.05); procedural performance scores increased from 3.82 to 4.17 (p<0.01). Embryologists with less than 1 year of experience showed the greatest improvement, with scores increasing from 3.43 to 4.00 (p<0.05). Completion of all 14 sessions was associated with higher performance scores than mid-term training completion (4.17 vs. 3.85, p<0.01). Post-training safety awareness was positively correlated with post-training performance (r=0.215, p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SAFE MODE-based training was associated with significant improvements in safety awareness and procedural performance, particularly among embryologists with less than 1 year of experience. This approach may offer a practical strategy for reducing laboratory error risk and strengthening patient safety in IVF.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148399524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of morphometric and morphological blastocyst parameters in relation to clinical outcomes in frozen single blastocyst transfer cycles: A retrospective study.","authors":"Matheswari Govindarajan, Durga GedelaRao, Krishna Mantravadi","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.08452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2025.08452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study compared the traditional blastocyst grading system with quantitative measurements of blastocyst expansion in relation to total pregnancy rate, implantation rate, and clinical pregnancy rate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was performed using data collected from patients undergoing frozen single embryo transfer cycles between 2021 and 2024. Single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfers in self-patients were included, whereas cleavage-stage transfers and donor programs were excluded. All blastocysts were morphologically graded using the Gardner grading system. The degree of expansion was assessed morphometrically by measuring the inner diameter of the blastocyst from images obtained at the equatorial plane during embryo transfer, using Hamilton Thorne laser software. Multiple statistical tests were applied to analyze both qualitative and quantitative assessments of blastocysts in relation to clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When comparing morphological parameters such as the quality of inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE), and blastocyst expansion level, ICM and TE quality were found to significantly influence clinical outcomes. In comparing qualitative and quantitative (mean diameter) assessments of blastocysts with clinical outcomes, TE grade and blastocyst expansion level assessed qualitatively showed significant effects, whereas ICM quality and quantitative expansion measurements did not demonstrate statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Qualitative assessments of TE grade and blastocyst expansion level appear to be stronger predictors of clinical outcomes than ICM grade and morphometric assessment of blastocyst expansion. Larger datasets, including morphometric evaluation of ICM and TE cells, are recommended to clarify the predictive value of morphometric parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148362400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations measured in capillary fingerstick and venous samples from Korean reproductive-aged women.","authors":"Charise Mae M Lavadia, Jaehoon Choi, Su Min Cho, Hye Geong Jeong, Ki-Jin Ryu, Hyuntae Park","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2026.09124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2026.09124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study compared serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations measured in capillary fingerstick and venous samples using the automated fluorescence immunoassay system (AFIAS) AMH assay and evaluated procedure-related discomfort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a prospective paired-sample method-comparison study at Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea, in October 2023. During a single clinic visit, paired venous and fingerstick blood samples were obtained from each participant. Serum AMH concentrations were measured with the AFIAS AMH assay, and all laboratory analyses were performed at EONE Laboratories, Incheon, Republic of Korea. Agreement between sampling methods was evaluated using Passing-Bablok regression, Bland-Altman analysis, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Procedure-related pain was assessed immediately after sampling using an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS; 0=no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 90 women aged 25-46 years provided paired samples. Mean AMH concentrations were 2.74 ng/mL (range, 0.11 to 9.99) in venous samples and 3.42 ng/mL (range, 0.17 to 11.55) in fingerstick samples. Passing-Bablok regression indicated proportional bias (y=0.123+1.175x), with no significant deviation from linearity on the cumulative sum (CUSUM) test (p=0.07). Agreement and correlation were high (ICC=0.930; Pearson r=0.982; p<0.001). Mean NRS pain scores were 2.36 for venipuncture and 2.91 for fingerstick sampling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Capillary fingerstick sampling may be an alternative approach for AMH measurement when improved access to testing is desired. However, because proportional bias was observed, fingerstick and venous AMH measurements should not yet be considered fully interchangeable without further validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148362695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The digital transformation of reproductive health: A comprehensive review of Femtech innovations and their clinical applications.","authors":"Chae Yeong Lee, Hyun Tae Park","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.08683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2025.08683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The digital transformation of reproductive health has been accelerated by rapid advances in Femtech, which offers new approaches to addressing infertility-related challenges. This review synthesizes the current evidence across three domains: consumer-facing technologies for fertility awareness and at-home diagnostics; the integration of digital health tools, including telehealth and mobile health (mHealth), into clinical management pathways; and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Fertility tracking applications and home-based diagnostic tools may improve accessibility and support patient engagement in reproductive health management; however, evidence regarding their effects on clinically meaningful outcomes, including pregnancy and live birth rates, remains limited or inconsistent. Telehealth and mHealth platforms have been widely adopted and have demonstrated high patient satisfaction and feasibility, with clinical outcomes comparable to those of traditional in-person care in selected settings. In ART, AI-based approaches show promise for gamete and embryo assessment, selection, and outcome prediction, although the current evidence is derived largely from observational and validation studies and does not yet demonstrate consistent improvements in clinical outcomes. Despite these advances, important challenges remain, including variability in evidence quality, data privacy concerns, regulatory uncertainty, and disparities in digital access. Overall, although Femtech technologies have substantial potential to enhance reproductive care, their clinical integration should be guided by rigorous validation and cautious interpretation of the existing evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148362628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effect of Jinkui Shenqi pills against polystyrene-induced reproductive injury.","authors":"Haoran Liu, Liu Yang, Adili Adila, Xiaofang Han","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.08914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2025.08914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Polystyrene exposure poses an increasing threat to reproductive health, and effective interventions remain limited. Jinkui Shenqi pills (JSP), a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat reproductive disorders, may protect against such damage. This study integrated network pharmacology with experimental validation to explore the mechanisms by which JSP counteracts polystyrene-induced reproductive toxicity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Potential targets related to polystyrene toxicity and bioactive components of JSP were retrieved from relevant databases. Overlapping targets were identified using VENNY 2.1. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using STRING, and core targets were identified with Cytoscape. Enrichment analyses were performed using DAVID. Molecular docking was used to evaluate ligand-target binding. A polystyrene-exposed mouse model was established, and tissue injury and recovery were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Western blotting (WB).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In-depth screening identified 111 overlapping targets, and three key molecules-AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), caspase-3 (CASP3), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-were selected for further investigation. Gene Ontology analysis highlighted phosphorylation-related processes and responses to xenobiotics, while Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated enrichment in pathways related to lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, cancer, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling. Molecular docking confirmed effective binding of sitosterol, alisol B monoacetate, acetate, and alisol to these targets. HE staining revealed polystyrene-induced damage in testicular and ovarian tissues, which was effectively alleviated by JSP administration. WB results further demonstrated that JSP upregulated the expression of core target proteins, supporting its protective role against polystyrene-induced reproductive toxicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>JSP mitigates polystyrene-induced reproductive toxicity by modulating AKT1, CASP3, and BCL2, supporting its potential as a protective agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148319680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Live birth after oocyte cryopreservation and preimplantation genetic testing in a woman with mosaic Turner syndrome: A case report.","authors":"Jung-Woo Lee, Jun-Sang Park, Hyeon-Hui Jung, Yong-Woo Kim, Sun-Dong Kim, Eung-Seok Lee, Ji-Hyun Ahn, Jae-Yeon Chung","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2026.09264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2026.09264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with progressive ovarian insufficiency, and fertility preservation (FP) remains difficult even in women with mosaic karyotypes. We report a live birth achieved after oocyte cryopreservation with 3.5 years of storage and preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in a woman with mosaic TS (45,X[4%]/46,XX[96%]). At 34 years of age, she underwent controlled ovarian stimulation for FP, which yielded nine mature oocytes that were vitrified. After 3.5 years of storage, all oocytes survived warming and were fertilized using intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Four blastocysts developed and underwent PGT-A, which identified two euploid embryos, one aneuploid embryo, and one mosaic embryo. Transfer of a single euploid blastocyst resulted in an uncomplicated term pregnancy and the delivery of a healthy male infant. To our knowledge, this is the first reported live birth in Korea achieved using cryopreserved oocytes in a woman with mosaic TS.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148273351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prepubertal co-exposure to nandrolone and royal jelly alters testicular histological structure and spermatogenic dynamics in male mice: Insights from histomorphometry.","authors":"Arash Younesi, Roya Lari, Nasser Mahdavi Shahri","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.08676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2025.08676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Nandrolone, a synthetic anabolic steroid, is frequently used for muscle enhancement but is known to compromise male fertility, particularly when administered at supraphysiological doses. Conversely, royal jelly exhibits antioxidant activity and may exert protective effects on reproductive function. This study aimed to assess the histomorphological effects of nandrolone, royal jelly, and their concurrent administration on testicular architecture during pubertal development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five male Syrian mice (4-5 weeks old, approximately 25 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (n=7): untreated control, sesame oil vehicle, nandrolone (10 mg/kg/week), royal jelly (500 mg/kg/day), and combined nandrolone plus royal jelly. On day 32, animals were euthanized, and testicular tissues were harvested for morphological and histological evaluation. Paraffin-embedded sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and seminiferous tubule diameters were quantitatively assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nandrolone administration increased testicular weight and the gonadosomatic index relative to controls. Royal jelly similarly enhanced testicular metrics. However, co-treatment markedly reduced testicular weight, gonadosomatic index, and lumen diameter, while germinal epithelium thickness was increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nandrolone alone may not impair fertility during pubertal maturation, and royal jelly may enhance reproductive potential when administered prepubertally. Nonetheless, their combined administration appears to disrupt spermatogenic architecture, potentially impeding sperm transit through epithelial hyperplasia and delaying testicular maturation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148273368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel loss-of-function variant in DNHD1 linked to human asthenozoospermia.","authors":"Shoaib Nawaz, Sidrah Shaheen, Abdul Nasir, Hammal Khan, Anam Nayab, Ranjha Khan, Muhammad Umair","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.09019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2025.09019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Asthenozoospermia, characterized by diminished sperm motility, shows substantial genetic heterogeneity. Although many familial cases of asthenozoospermia have been documented, the genetic etiology for most affected males remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used clinical and molecular approaches to characterize a hereditary form of asthenozoospermia. Two patients born to consanguineous parents exhibited impaired sperm motility. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), followed by Sanger sequencing, was performed for molecular diagnosis and was coupled with three-dimensional protein modeling to characterize the identified variant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>WGS revealed that both affected brothers carried a pathogenic variant (c.580C>T; p.Gln194*) in dynein heavy chain domain 1 (DNHD1). Homozygous variants in DNHD1 have previously been linked to spermatogenic failure 65 (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM] 619712). Three-dimensional protein modeling demonstrated significant alterations in DNHD1 secondary structure that could contribute to loss-of-function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings support a role for DNHD1 in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of sperm. Accurate molecular diagnosis may facilitate genetic counseling and inform clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148273339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of blastocyst quality versus blastulation speed on pregnancy outcomes in vitrified-warmed single embryo transfer cycles: Insights from pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.","authors":"Jae Kyun Park, Soyoung Bang, Yunmi Jeon, Min Kyoung Kim, Eun Mi Chang, Ji Won Kim, Woo Sik Lee","doi":"10.5653/cerm.2025.08578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2025.08578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the impact of blastulation speed and blastocyst quality on pregnancy outcomes in single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer (SVBT) cycles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 736 SVBT cycles conducted between 2019 and 2021 were analyzed. Blastocysts were classified according to blastulation speed (day 5 vs. day 6) and morphological quality (top, good, average, and poor). A supplementary analysis included 395 blastocysts from 171 cycles that underwent pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy between 2022 and 2023. Ongoing pregnancy rates and euploidy rates were compared across blastulation speed and quality categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In SVBT cycles, the ongoing pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the day 5 group than in the day 6 group. However, no significant difference in ongoing pregnancy rates was observed between top-quality and good-quality blastocysts prior to vitrification, irrespective of blastulation speed. Average- and poor-quality blastocysts were more frequently observed in the day 6 group than in the day 5 group. In addition, euploidy rates were significantly higher in the day 5 group than in the day 6 group. However, no significant difference in euploidy rates was detected between top- or good-grade blastocysts derived from day 5 and day 6 embryos. By contrast, significant differences in euploidy rates were observed between average- and poor-quality blastocysts from day 5 and day 6.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Blastocyst quality has a significant influence on clinical outcomes, whereas blastulation speed appears to be comparatively less critical. For slow-developing embryos, vitrification of high-quality day 6 blastocysts may be preferable to the transfer of low-grade day 5 blastocysts, thereby providing practical clinical options for patients experiencing developmental delays.</p>","PeriodicalId":46409,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine-CERM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148158554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}