FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES最新文献

{"title":"Investor Letters and the Everyday Practice of Finance in Nineteenth-Century France","authors":"Alexia M. Yates","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8806468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8806468","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the last decades of the nineteenth century the Paris Exchange was the second largest in the world, and engagement in financial markets had become popular on a previously unknown scale. How ordinary people encountered, thought about, and navigated this new financial landscape has nevertheless proved elusive. This article analyzes everyday financial practice in the first age of global capital from the vantage of letters written by ordinary individuals concerning their investments. As the numbers of investors and bondholders in France grew, “investor letters”—missives to financial, legal, and governmental authorities—proliferated. Their existence and concerns offer rich insights into how and with what effect France's financial markets were evolving at the end of the nineteenth century. These letters prompt us to reconsider the place of routine business correspondence in our studies of epistolary culture and allow reflection on economic life as modest investors “wrote upwards” and across the wealth gap of late nineteenth-century France.\u0000 Vers la fin du dix-neuvième siècle, la Bourse de Paris était la deuxième place financière la plus importante au monde, et ses marchés étaient devenus « populaires » à une échelle sans précédent. La manière dont les gens ordinaires ont réussi à s'orienter dans ce nouveau paysage se révèle difficile à saisir. Cet article analyse la pratique financière quotidienne de l’âge d'or de la globalisation du capital selon les particuliers écrivant à propos de leurs investissements. A mesure que le nombre d'investisseurs et d'obligataires a augmenté, ces « lettres d'investisseurs » adressées aux autorités financières, juridiques et gouvernementales se sont multipliées. Leur existence et leurs sujets de préoccupation offrent de riches informations sur l’évolution des marchés financiers français de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. Ces lettres nous incitent à reconsidérer la place de la correspondance commerciale dans la culture épistolaire, et en nous montrant comment de modestes investisseurs écrivent « vers le haut » de la hiérarchie économique et sociale, nous permettent d'accéder à des aspects méconnus de la vie économique de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle français.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"44 1","pages":"279-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42259892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Pour Saulver Ladicte Parroisse”","authors":"E. Nelson","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8725823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8725823","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study examines how eighteen rural communities in the Touraine, Blésois, and Sologne navigated the treacherous waters of religious civil war. Drawing on over a hundred parish account books, it explores how communities engaged with the threats of war by gathering information, protecting the possessions of the parish church, and dealing with the demands of troops and the royal government. In many ways their experiences were similar to those of other communities across France—both urban and rural—as they relied on their own resources and relationships to mitigate the threats of armed confessional conflict. While these communities offer evidence of resilience and agency in the face of war, comparison with other rural communities that endured more sustained and intense warfare reminds us of the fragility of their resilience, which depended on factors outside their control.\u0000 Cette étude examine comment dix-huit communautés rurales en Touraine, Blésois et Sologne ont pu traverser la guerre civile religieuse. S'appuyant sur plus d'une centaine de comptes de procureurs fabriciers paroissiaux, elle analyse comment ces communautés s'affrontaient aux menaces de la guerre par le rassemblement des informations, la mise à l'abri des biens de l'église paroissiale, et le traitement de toute demande militaire ou royale. A bien des égards, leurs expériences reflétaient celles d'autres communautés—urbaines et rurales—en France, faisant appel à leurs propres ressources et relations pour atténuer les menaces de guerre. Quoique ces dix-huit communautés offrent des preuves de résilience et d'agentivité face à la guerre, la comparaison à d'autres communautés ayant subi des méthodes de guerre plus soutenues et plus intenses rappelle la fragilité de leur résilience qui dépendait de facteurs indépendants de leur volonté.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41608377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Anarchism to State Funding","authors":"Jessica Wardhaugh","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8552475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8552475","url":null,"abstract":"In 1896 Louis Lumet despised the state and openly yearned for a “red messiah” to sweep away bourgeois culture and politics. By 1904 he was receiving state funding. This article unravels the paradox of his trajectory by focusing on the common concern that eventually united his interests with those of republican governments: the relationship between art and the people. Drawing on hitherto unknown writings by Lumet himself, as well as on little-used archives, the article explores Lumet's anarchist persona and connections in fin de siècle Paris, charts his involvement in the Théâtre d'Art Social and the Théâtre Civique, and examines his role in the state-supported Art pour Tous. The final discussion reveals areas of conflict and convergence in the perception of the people as political actors by both anarchists and the state, raising questions about the theory and practice of cultural democratization.En 1896, Louis Lumet souhaitait l'effondrement de l'Etat et l'apparition d'un Messie rouge qui balaierait et la culture et la politique bourgeoises. En 1904, il était subventionné par l'Etat. Cet article dévoile le mystère de ce personnage en interrogeant la relation entre l'art et le peuple qui attirait l'attention de Lumet ainsi que des gouvernements de la Troisième République. En s'appuyant sur les écrits peu connus de Lumet lui-même, ainsi que sur des documents d'archives, l'article met en évidence le rôle de Lumet dans les milieux anarchistes. Il retrace sa contribution aux initiatives comme le Théâtre d'art social et le Théâtre civique, et sa participation à l'Art pour tous (avec le soutien de l'Etat). Cette étude fournit la base d'une discussion plus approfondie sur la démocratisation culturelle, où les perspectives anarchistes et officielles se trouvent parfois étrangement rapprochées.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48614712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Generation of Iconoclasts","authors":"Eleanor L. Rivera","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8552461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8552461","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the fall of 1906 crucifixes in primary school classrooms emerged as a point of conflict between national and local authorities. Arguments over these crucifixes demonstrate the narrowing interpretations of laïcité in primary education between the 1880s and 1906. Using the Norman department of Seine-Inférieure as a case study, this article analyzes the place of religious emblems in the classroom, the role of local preferences in primary education, and evolving notions of religious neutrality. Classroom crucifixes offer a new lens to examine the relationship between Catholics and Republicans in the period of educational secularization and highlight the movement from compromise to conflict in educational practice during the early Third Republic.\u0000 A la rentrée de 1906, le crucifix dans les salles de classe de l'enseignement primaire provoque un conflit entre les pouvoirs municipaux et le gouvernement national. Les débats sur le crucifix démontrent une interprétation de plus en plus rigide de la laïcité qui apparaît entre 1880 et 1906. Cet article analyse le cas du département de la Seine-Inférieure, aujourd'hui la Seine-Maritime, pour comprendre la place des emblèmes religieux dans la classe, le rôle de la préférence locale dans l'enseignement primaire, et les différents principes de neutralité religieuse. Les emblèmes religieux offrent une nouvelle perspective sur les relations entre catholiques et républicains au moment de la sécularisation de l'enseignement. Ils mettent ainsi en relief l'évolution du compromis au conflit qui a caractérisé l'éducation primaire au début de la Troisième République.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"43 1","pages":"571-595"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49457087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In the Image of Pasteur","authors":"Aro Velmet","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8552489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8552489","url":null,"abstract":"How does an imperial lens change our view of capitalism and science in early twentieth-century France? Using the colonial expansion of the Pasteur Institutes as a case study, this article argues that French microbiologists developed both new business models and new values of masculine comportment during their time in the colonies. There the dynamic interaction between economic success and demonstration of scientific masculinity became particularly important in reshaping how Pastorians both saw the future of their institution and interpreted the meaning of its past. Against the image of the ascetic, nonprofit scientist, Pastorians in the colonies opposed an ambitious and entrepreneurial hero. After the Great War undermined the ascetic model and weakened the economic power of the metropolitan institute, colonial Pastorians were able to shape representations of the Pastorian network to the public and narrate the history of its founder as a heroic conqueror of the microbial world.\u0000 Comment une optique impériale change-t-elle notre perspective sur le capitalisme et la science au début du vingtième siècle ? Prenant l'expansion coloniale des instituts Pasteur comme exemple, cet article avance que les microbiologistes français ont développé à la fois de nouveaux modèles économiques et de nouvelles valeurs du comportement masculin au cours de leur séjour dans les colonies. Ici, l'interaction dynamique entre le succès économique et la démonstration de la masculinité scientifique est devenue particulièrement importante pour remodeler à la fois la façon dont les pastoriens voyaient l'avenir de leur institution et interpretaient le sens de son passé. Contre l'image du scientifique ascétique, les pastoriens coloniaux opposaient un héros ambitieux et entreprenant. Après que la Grande Guerre a sapé le modèle ascétique et affaibli le pouvoir économique de l'Institut métropolitain, les pastoriens coloniaux ont pu façonner des représentations publiques du réseau pastorien et raconter l'histoire de son fondateur comme conquérant héroïque du monde microbien.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"43 1","pages":"633-666"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44492294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"France Speaks!","authors":"Diego Palacios Cerezales","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8278472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8278472","url":null,"abstract":"In 1851 more than 1.6 million signatures endorsed petitions for an amendment to the 1848 constitution that would have allowed Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte to stand for reelection. Following contemporary critics who claimed that the movement had been orchestrated by the government, scholars have been little impressed by this mobilization, which produced the largest petition of nineteenth-century France. By analyzing the petitions and the signatures themselves, official reports, correspondence of key actors, and the public debate, this article reappraises the campaign, making three claims: that a government-sponsored petition merits analysis in the context of the explosion of popular mobilization that followed 1848, that the depiction provided by the republicans of the participation of the administration in the campaign is partial and incomplete, and that the petitioners were not dependent and manipulated individuals but purposeful citizens who understood and supported the petitions they signed. The article concludes that the campaign would not have succeeded without the genuine popularity of the president and the surfacing of a strong popular Bonapartist undercurrent.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"43 1","pages":"421-450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48015058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frank A. Kafker (1931–2020)","authors":"G. Brown, M. Conroy, J. Loveland","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8677195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8677195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"43 1","pages":"355-357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41458411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender, Radicalization, and the October Days","authors":"S. Desan","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8278435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8278435","url":null,"abstract":"In 1789 the forms and legitimacy of revolutionary crowd activism emerged out of Old Regime practices, but the pivotal role of gender dynamics in this radicalizing process has not yet been fully understood. This article rethinks the October Days by examining the occupation of the National Assembly and making three central claims. First, female marchers fused revolutionary political knowledge with older forms of bodily and spatial politics. Second, women's and men's practices operated in tandem. The growing presence of armed, working men deepened the journée's impact on deputies and king. Third, gendered behavior and expectations enabled Parisians to forge revolutionary claims within Old Regime frameworks, including rioting for subsistence and building on and beyond carnivalesque acts of inversion. In essence, the gender dynamics and political context of the event allowed a largely female crowd to smuggle the expansion of popular sovereignty in through the back door.En 1789, les formes et la légitimité de la foule révolutionnaire ont émergé de pratiques issues de l'Ancien Régime. Cependant, notre connaissance du rôle clé joué par la dynamique du genre au sein de ce processus de radicalisation demeure lacunaire. Afin de repenser les journées d'octobre, cet essai examine l'occupation de l'Assemblée nationale et propose trois arguments cruciaux. En premier lieu, les manifestants ont fusionné leur connaissance de la politique révolutionnaire avec des formes plus anciennes de la politique du corps et de l'espace. Deuxièmement, les femmes et les hommes ont mené des pratiques politiques en tandem. La présence croissante d'hommes armés, souvent employés comme ouvriers, a intensifié l'impact de cette journée sur les députés et sur le Roi. Plus généralement, les Parisiennes et les Parisiens ont pu établir, à travers leurs attentes et leurs comportements genrés, des revendications révolutionnaires dans le cadre de coutumes d'Ancien Régime, notamment par le biais d'émeutes de subsistance et d'inversion carnavalesque. En fait, grâce aux dynamiques liées au genre et au contexte politique, une foule majoritairement féminine a introduit l'expansion de la souveraineté populaire par la petite porte.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"43 1","pages":"359-390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44623119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“This Is No Longer a Book, It Is a Political Event”","authors":"G. Sampaio","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8278486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8278486","url":null,"abstract":"Since its publication in 1919, John Maynard Keynes's Economic Consequences of the Peace has left a deep imprint on interpretations of the Treaty of Versailles and subsequent reparations discussions. Current scholarship on the treaty has accurately reassessed Keynes's conclusion that French peace aims were purely vindictive, but it has erroneously claimed that Consequences was a biased book barely read in France. By placing the reception of Consequences in the context of domestic French debates on the Versailles peace in 1920, this article demonstrates instead that Keynes's book was substantially discussed in France and that it garnered supporters among academic economists and on the left. Furthermore, examining the French networks that helped Keynes publish a translation of his book in the prestigious Nouvelle revue française problematizes his alleged Germanophilia.Dès sa publication en 1919, Les conséquences économiques de la paix de John Maynard Keynes a profondément influencé les analyses faites par les contemporains et les historiens sur le Traité de Versailles et la question des réparations allemandes. Aujourd'hui, l'historiographie concernant ces questions a beaucoup nuancé l'argument de Keynes selon lequel le traité avait imposé une « paix carthaginoise » à l'Allemagne. Mais elle a aussi erronément conclu que Les conséquences était un livre biaisé et par conséquent peu lu en France. En contextualisant les réactions au livre de Keynes dans les débats politiques français sur la paix de Versailles, cet article démontre qu'en fait, le livre a été considérablement discuté en 1920 et qu'il a réuni l'appui des économistes et de la Gauche. Par ailleurs, l'article problématise l'idée que Keynes fut un germanophile en analysant comment ses réseaux parisiens l'ont aidé à publier la traduction des Conséquences dans la Nouvelle revue française.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"43 1","pages":"451-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44255447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Final Bows","authors":"Sara Hume","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8018511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8018511","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 How did people actually dress across rural Alsace from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century? The image that fills the popular imagination of Alsatian dress during this period is of a regional costume, including a large head bow. This stereotype was developed and reinforced by intellectuals who documented and preserved these disappearing styles. The survival of this static folk dress obscures the actual transformation of regional dress into styles that more closely resembled those worn in urban areas. This study looks at rural costume in Alsace to understand its transition from distinctive regional dress into styles more in line with urban styles, by making use of a range of source material, including notarial acts, surviving garments preserved in museum collections, and photographs of weddings and other religious ceremonies.\u0000 Comment s'habillaient les gens en Alsace rurale de la fin du dix-neuvième au début du vingtième siècle ? L'image qui nous vient tout de suite à l'esprit est celle du grand nœud noir. Ce stéréotype a été développé et renforcé par les intellectuels qui ont documenté et préservé ces modes en voie de disparition. La survivance de ce costume folklorique cache cependant la transformation qu'ont connue les habits régionaux, sous l'influence des vêtements portés en ville. Cet article étudie le costume rural en Alsace pour mieux comprendre comment s'est réalisée la transition des vêtements régionaux en vêtements dont le style était plus conforme à celui des villes. Pour ce faire, il utilise une variété de sources, y compris les actes notariés, les vêtements préservés dans les collections des musées, et les photographies de mariages et d'autres cérémonies religieuses.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48764807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}