IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics最新文献

{"title":"Probability Mass Function of Energy for Light-Collecting Surfaces in Rough Geometries and Its Applications in Urban Energy and Photovoltaics","authors":"Hesan Ziar","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3558270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3558270","url":null,"abstract":"Sunlight throughout urban areas largely impacts local climate [sustainable development goal (SDG) 13], residents’ well-being (SDG 3), and access to clean energy (SDG 7). However, sunlight availability on various urban surfaces is affected by urban geometry. Here, in this work, a probabilistic framework to evaluate the interplay between sunlight and urban geometry is presented, and its immediate applications in urban energy studies are demonstrated. A probability mass function that predicts the energy production of a group of light-collecting surfaces, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, installed in rough geometries, such as urban areas, is derived. Along the way, an expression for the sky view factor (SVF) is formulated within rough geometries as well as a link between the capacity factor of the residential PV fleet and urban geometry. The predictions of the mathematical framework are validated using the digital surface model and collected PV systems data in The Netherlands. This work primarily helps understand the underlying relation between the geometrical parameters of a rough surface and the received sunlight energy on a subset of that surface. Exemplified applications are swift SVF calculations and residential PV fleet yield predictions, which, respectively, support efficient urban energy assessments and privacy-preserving electrical grid management.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 4","pages":"566-576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Stress Identifies Processing Defects in Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules That Limit Durability","authors":"Dana B. Kern;Soňa Uličná;Dirk C. Jordan;Kent Terwilliger;Paul Ndione;Dennice Roberts;John S. Mangum;Steve Johnston;Michael Kempe;Michael Owen-Bellini;Laura T. Schelhas","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3556436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3556436","url":null,"abstract":"We use sequential stress to investigate hurdles to bifacial photovoltaic (PV) module durability from lamination defects. We test mini-modules with glass/glass (G/G) and glass/transparent-backsheet (G/TB) constructions using either ethylene vinyl acetate or polyolefin elastomer (POE) based encapsulants under a modified IEC 63209-2 sequential stress. This sequence includes multiple iterations of damp heat (DH200), full spectrum light exposure (A3), thermal cycling (TC50), and humidity/freeze (HF10). We compare indoor stress with outdoor exposure. Results show similar relative trends in degradation after a year outdoors compared to our first stress cycle. Subsequent stress cycles impart more severe damage than outdoor exposure for the short outdoor duration used here. Edge-pinch lamination defects in G/G mini-modules limit durability causing delamination and cell cracks. Conversely, we observe greater degradation in G/TB mini-modules compared to G/G in the later stages of the stress sequence when the backsheets are directly exposed to UV-containing light. Our results highlight: 1) the utility of sequential stress testing to uncover degradation modes in bifacial PV, 2) implications of using mini-modules for testing PV quality, and 3) the importance of lamination defects that must be avoided to ensure durability as the industry adopts G/G or G/TB packaging.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 4","pages":"549-556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis of PV Cell Antireflective Coating Degradation Resulting From Hot-Humid High-Voltage Potential Aging","authors":"David C. Miller;Rachael L. Arnold;Peter L. Hacke;Steven C. Hayden;Aubrey Jackson;Steve Johnston;Katherine Jungjohann;John S. Mangum;Caleb Okrucky;Glenn Teeter;Kent Terwilliger;Marisol Valdez;Weston Wall;Logan M. Wilder;E. Ashley Gaulding","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3556434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3556434","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion of the antireflective coating on a photovoltaic cell (“<inline-formula><tex-math>${text{AR}}_{text{c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> corrosion”) has previously been observed in studies using hot-humid test conditions with external high-voltage (HV) bias. This study primarily focuses on known vulnerable legacy aluminum back surface field cells in mini-modules (MiMos) put through comparative stepped stress tests. Each cell type had MiMos at +1500 V, –1500 V, or unbiased (“<inline-formula><tex-math>$V_{text{oc}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>”) potential, which were sequentially subjected to test conditions of 60 °C/60% relative humidity (RH) for 96 h, as in International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Specification 62804-1; 70 °C/70% RH for 200 h; and 85 °C/85% RH for 200 h. Characterizations at each step included visual camera and electroluminescence (EL) imaging, colorimetry, and current–voltage curve tracing. Final characterizations included: Suns–<inline-formula><tex-math>$V_{text{oc}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, spatial mapping of external quantum efficiency, high-resolution photoluminescence, EL, and dark lock-in thermography imaging. Forensics were performed on extracted cores, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). Forensics were also conducted on MiMos from previous studies that underwent stepped HV aging and separate outdoor aged full-sized modules. <inline-formula><tex-math>${text{AR}}_{text{c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> corrosion was specifically seen for the glass/encapsulant/cell side of the +1500 V (HV+) stressed MiMos and modules. Appearance, color, and reflectance were the most distinguishing characteristics relative to glass corrosion, gridline corrosion and delamination, and other concurrent degradation modes. SEM/EDS and SAM identified the conversion of silicon nitride to hydrated silica, hydrous silica, or hydrated amorphous silica, which preferentially occurred at the edges and tips of the pyramidal textured cell surface.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 4","pages":"523-532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Improvements Through Advanced PV Backtracking on Uneven Terrain","authors":"Emma Cooper;Kevin Anderson;Dan Riley","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3558254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3558254","url":null,"abstract":"The climatic sensitivity of new terrain-aware backtracking algorithms is evaluated across 800 locations in the continental USA on a representative synthetic rolling terrain. We find that a global optimization approach to backtracking results in climate-specific annual energy gains of 2.4%–3.2% relative to a traditional backtracking algorithm baseline. We identify a strong logarithmic correlation between local diffuse fraction and yield improvement, and highlight the effect of seasonal precipitation on performance gains. We also find that a backtracking approach, which approximates the terrain as constant, does not offer significant annual energy gains over the baseline on the synthetic terrain. Our findings suggest that specific yield from backtracking in the USA can be improved by as much as 88 kWh/kW by considering terrain when selecting a backtracking algorithm.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 4","pages":"593-599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10966030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guard Ring Designs on Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting Silicon LSIs","authors":"Takaya Sugiura;Yuta Watanabe","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3554315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3554315","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores strategies for safeguarding complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect-transistors (FETs) and PN-diode against bulk carrier contamination for energy harvesting applications. Energy harvesting processes can generate excessive carriers within the bulk region, which can penetrate the PMOS region from the p(P-Sub)/n(NWell) junction or <sc>nmosfet</small> without triple-well. To address this problem, this study investigated the effectiveness of a guard ring structure in protecting <sc>cmosfet</small>s and PN-diode by recombining carriers in their vicinities. The formation of unpassivated metals around <sc>cmosfet</small>s serves as a catalyst for carrier elimination before they penetrate the NWell region of a <sc>pmosfet</small> or the <sc>nmosfet</small> itself, thereby improving the <sc>off</small> states of both FETs. For a PN diode, the smaller off-current and lower threshold voltage obtained are advantageous for low-power consumption. However, such guard ring also degrades the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) cell by recombining the carriers needed by the cell to generate power. The experimental study of PV cells w/back-surface-field (BSF) and w/o BSF revealed that the former reduced the <inline-formula><tex-math>$V_{text{OC}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of the cell with and that caution is required when forming a guard ring nearby the PV cell.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 3","pages":"420-426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Noniterative Method of Estimating Parameter Values for the PVsyst Version 6 Single-Diode Model From IEC 61853-1 Matrix Measurements","authors":"Kevin S. Anderson;Clifford W. Hansen;Marios Theristis","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3554338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3554338","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic performance modeling accuracy depends heavily on the quality of the input parameters. When relying on generic PAN files and datasheets, the input parameters often fail to accurately capture the behavior of every module with the same model number. Therefore, there is a need for methods to generate more accurate input data. In this study, we present a method for determining parameter values for the PVsyst version 6 photovoltaic module performance model from performance test measurements following the IEC 61853-1:2011 standard. The method is intentionally noniterative to facilitate implementation and reproducibility. We apply the method to datasets from 15 modules of various photovoltaic technologies (SHJ, TOPCon, IBC, PERC, n-PERT, Al-BSF, and CdTe), reproducing the original maximum power measurements with root-mean-squared (RMS) accuracy within 0.5% in all cases. The method's accuracy is compared to that of two iterative methods.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 3","pages":"492-499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10955246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double-Perovskite Materials: Possibilities and Reality for a Better Solar Cell Device","authors":"Amir Al-Ahmed;Mohammad Afzaal;Firoz Khan;Muhammed P. U. Haris","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3551499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3551499","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the unprecedented certified efficiency of lead-based perovskite solar cells, their incorporation of potentially hazardous lead presents a considerable disadvantage, limiting their commercial feasibility. Halide double perovskites (DPVTs) have emerged as viable alternatives to lead-based perovskites. Nonetheless, obstacles such as inadequate solubility with traditional precursor solvents, an elevated indirect optical bandgap, and heterogeneous structural distributions have been recognized as impediments to their utilization in solar devices. Out of numerous compositions of DPVTs documented in the literature, only a limited number of structures have been effectively incorporated into solar cell systems. Furthermore, there is huge divergence between simulated and actual solar cell efficiencies. Comprehending the essential optoelectronic features and their underlying mechanisms is vital for formulating mitigating methods. This review examines possible DPVTs exhibiting favorable optoelectronic characteristics and photovoltaic metrics. We identify existing problems and innovative mitigation strategies regarding the robustness of DPVT structures, their optoelectronic properties, the simulation of photovoltaic performance, and the laboratory fabrication of DPVTs, while also providing insights into future prospects.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 3","pages":"380-392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Simulated Performance Evaluation of Bifacial Photovoltaic Floating System With a Horizontal Single-Axial Tracker","authors":"Amr Osama;Giuseppe Marco Tina;Gaetano Mannino;Alessio Vincenzo Cucuzza;Andrea Canino;Fabrizio Bizzarri","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3551505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3551505","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of photovoltaics is driven by significant reduction in costs. However, given the surface requirements for photovoltaic development, utilizing water surfaces for floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems presents a promising solution. To enhance the cost-effectiveness of these systems, bifacial modules and tracking systems can be employed. While numerous experimental studies have evaluated the performance of fixed-configuration FPVs, floating tracking configurations remain underexplored. In addition, various simulation tools offer insights into different configurations, but their different assumptions often yield inconsistent results. This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of a horizontal axis tracking bifacial FPV (HT-bFPV) system. Over one year, the HT-bFPV system was monitored at the FPV test bed of “Enel Innovation Hub & Lab” in Catania, Italy. The experimental results were compared with simulated outcomes using two software tools, to assess their precision in calculating the HT-bFPV performances. The results reveal that the module temperature of the HT-bFPV system is 3 °C to 6 °C lower than the temperatures calculated by System Advisor Model and Photovoltaic system software, respectively. The yearly reference yield of 2139 kWh/kW produced a final yield of 1801 kWh/kW. The yearly performance ratio of the HT-bFPV system was 0.86, which improved by 1.8% when adjusted for temperature. The simulation results closely matched the experimental data, validating the system's performance. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the HT-bFPV system can produce up to 13.3% more energy with more potential in sites with higher latitudes compared with a similar fixed system.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 3","pages":"484-491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power Rating of a Novel Micro-CPV Module Concept and Operational Influences","authors":"Elisa Kaiser;Maike Wiesenfarth;Marc Steiner;Gerald Siefer;Peter Nitz;Peter Schöttl;Stefan W. Glunz;Henning Helmers","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3547046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3547046","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-concentrating photovoltaic (micro-CPV) technology has the potential to contribute to the energy transition, facilitating the shift toward more sustainable and renewable energy sources by combining minimal carbon footprint and energy demand with low levelized cost of electricity. Micro-CPV modules utilize direct normal irradiance to convert sunlight into electrical power, necessitating precise solar tracking. The performance of these modules is influenced by their alignment toward the sun and prevailing outdoor conditions during outdoor operation. The spectral conditions, along with the ambient temperature, irradiance, and wind speed, influence the current–voltage characteristics of multijunction solar cells and the optical behavior of the lens. We have developed a novel micro-CPV module concept, which is based on low-cost and high-throughput manufacturing processes. In this work, we present a prototype module in a 10 × 6 array configuration (205-cm² aperture area, submodule class). We discuss outdoor measurements recorded over one year and the influences of various outdoor conditions. In an IEC62670-3 power rating, efficiencies of 36.0 ± 0.4% and 33.0 ± 0.4% at concentrator standard test conditions and concentrator standard operating conditions, respectively, are determined. Highest efficiencies, about 0.4% higher than at standard conditions, were attained at a more red-rich spectrum, namely at a spectral matching ratio <italic>SMR</i>₁₂ of 0.94 ± 0.03. Using measurements at different temperatures, we show that the planoconvex silicone-on-glass primary lens has a negligible temperature dependence. Changes in the module performance over the course of one year are discussed. Despite employing commercially available low-cost components and high-throughput processes, no significant degradation was observed during the first year of operation.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 3","pages":"434-441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10938951","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation and Maintenance of Floating PV Systems: A Review","authors":"Harsha Lakmal Walpita;Nathan Roosloot;Gaute Otnes;Bjørn Lupton Aarseth;Josefine Selj;Vilde Stueland Nysted;Erik Stensrud Marstein","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3548322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3548322","url":null,"abstract":"Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are emerging as a promising solution to the scarcity of suitable land for ground-mounted solar PV (GPV) installations. By the end of 2022, global FPV capacity reached 5.7 GWp following a remarkable compound annual growth rate of approximately 87.5% from 2015 to 2022. This growth introduces a significant new frontier for operation and maintenance (O&M) practices in the solar industry. As the industry matures and more FPV assets come under operation, the need for innovative, efficient, and environmentally sensitive O&M strategies becomes imperative. This review presents the existing information on the O&M of FPV systems, highlighting the unique challenges and opportunities that set FPV systems apart from conventional GPV installations. Through an examination of recent advancements, best practices, and areas requiring further research, this study aims to provide valuable insights for optimizing the performance and sustainability of FPV systems.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"15 3","pages":"400-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}