Bioprinting最新文献

{"title":"Fabrication of 3D soft polymeric constructs at high structural integrity through bioprinting optimization of suspended hydrogels","authors":"Miriam Seiti ,&nbsp;Elena Laura Mazzoldi ,&nbsp;Stefano Pandini ,&nbsp;Eleonora Ferraris ,&nbsp;Paola Serena Ginestra","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>In vitro</em> models of soft tissues, such as neural, vitreous, or hematopoietic human tissues, require three-dimensional (3D), soft, and functionalized constructs that mimic the complex extracellular microenvironment and support tissue growth and differentiation. While bioprinting has gained significant interest in bioengineering, there is limited research on process control for the biomanufacturing of soft tissues, which is still in its early stages. Material extrusion of suspended hydrogels has shown promise in processing low-viscosity inks, but challenges in developing bioinks that maintain good shape fidelity, repeatability, and long-term stability in culture media have slowly progressed. In this study, we optimize the bioprinting process for the suspended extrusion of low-viscosity autoclaved bioinks (<em>η</em> = 121 ± 4 mPa s from 50 to 100 s⁻¹) into 3D soft polymeric constructs. The stability of the process is evaluated using a full factorial design approach. Bone marrow-derived stromal cells are bioprinted at a low concentration (5 × 10⁵ cells/mL), showing excellent metabolic activity up to day 7 compared to 2D cell culture controls. The final soft constructs exhibit a compression Young's Modulus of 7.8 ± 0.9 kPa, a water uptake of 60 %, and minimal gel degradation over 21 days. This work offers new insights into optimizing this advanced bioprinting process towards the development and study of 3D <em>in vitro</em> soft tissue models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e00403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of 3D printed Voronoi microarchitecture bone scaffold using Taguchi-grey relational analysis","authors":"Rochmad Winarso ,&nbsp;Sugeng Slamet ,&nbsp;Rianto Wibowo ,&nbsp;Sigit Arrohman ,&nbsp;Akhmad Zidni Hudaya ,&nbsp;Rifky Ismail ,&nbsp;Jamari ,&nbsp;Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D printing bone scaffolds is a cutting-edge approach in bone tissue engineering, potentially resolving critical-sized bone defect challenges. While current research primarily focuses on tensile parameters in printing, compressive parameters are often overlooked despite their crucial role in scaffold performance. This study aimed to optimize the mechanical properties of bone scaffolds featuring Voronoi microarchitecture through tailored printing parameters. Utilizing the Taguchi method and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), significant variations in mechanical parameters such as elastic modulus and compressive strength were identified among specimen groups. Key printing factors including layer height, line width, printing temperature, and printing speed proved pivotal in influencing the compressive strength and elastic modulus of polylactic acid (PLA) used in 3D printing. This research demonstrates the novelty of combining the Taguchi-GRA approach with the Voronoi microarchitecture to achieve superior mechanical properties. Specifically, optimal settings layer height of 0.0625 mm, line width of 0.25 mm, printing temperature of 215 °C, and printing speed of 55 mm/s, yielded scaffolds with enhanced compressive strength and elastic modulus, meeting biomechanical requirements for bone regeneration. Further investigation is warranted to establish comprehensive guidelines for achieving consistent mechanical excellence in 3D-printed PLA components, thereby advancing the efficacy and reliability of bone scaffold applications. The findings of this study provide a foundation for standardizing 3D printing protocols for bone scaffolds, bridging the gap between experimental designs and clinical applications. By addressing critical bottlenecks and introducing innovative solutions, this research contributes to advancing the field of bone tissue engineering and improving outcomes in regenerative medicine. patient outcomes in bone tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e00402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sterilizing bioinks: Understanding the impact of techniques on 3D bioprinting materials","authors":"Lakshmi Menon ,&nbsp;Dhruv Sanjanwala ,&nbsp;Shivansh Sharma ,&nbsp;Parul ,&nbsp;Ratnesh Jain ,&nbsp;Prajakta Dandekar","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural polymers, such as alginate, chitosan, gelatin, and their derivatives, are widely used in formulating bioinks for 3D bioprinting of tissue engineering scaffolds. Due to their natural origin and biodegradable nature, these polymers are highly susceptible to microbial contamination, making effective sterilization crucial. This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of various sterilization methods, namely, ultraviolet radiation, autoclaving, ethylene oxide treatment, membrane filtration, and lyophilization, on the physical and chemical properties, bioprinting performance, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility of these polymers. Additionally, experiments have been conducted to assess the impact of sterilization on commonly used viscosity enhancers, such as pectin, xanthan gum, and guar gum, bioactive nanofillers like montmorillonite and hydroxyapatite, and crosslinking agents like calcium chloride, citric acid, glutaraldehyde, and Irgacure 2959, which are other critical components in bioink formulations. The findings highlight that the choice of sterilization method should be tailored to the specific component, considering their physicochemical properties, applications, and practical convenience. This study involves a comprehensive examination of different sterilization techniques for several bioink components, highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate method to ensure bioink stability. Unlike previous research, it offers a more extensive evaluation by covering a wide range of commonly used bioink constituents and examining the impact of diverse sterilization methods on their stability, thereby offering new insights into optimizing sterilization protocols for enhanced and reproducible bioprinting outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article e00399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural, mechanical and biomedical properties of 3D-printed Cu-doped Fe3O4/58S bioactive glass/polycaprolactone composite scaffold for bone tissue regeneration","authors":"Mojtaba Rajabinezhad ,&nbsp;Mohammad Saeid Abbasi ,&nbsp;Farnaz Heidari Laybidi ,&nbsp;Mohammadjavad SharifianJazi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Khodaei ,&nbsp;Abbas Bahrami","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the mechanical, structural and biomedical implications of adding copper-doped magnetite nanoparticles, composited with 58S bioactive glass, to the 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold. Cu-doped magnetite nanoparticles can be potentially used in hyperthermia and anti-bacterial applications. Additionally, the addition of bioactive glass was intended to promote bone tissue regeneration, hence creating a multi-purpose 3D-printed PCL scaffold. The PCL-nanocomposite mixtures were 3D printed using FDM method. Cu-doped magnetite nanoparticles-58S bioactive glass composite powders and 3D printed scaffolds were characterized using different techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Cell viability, bioactivity, and anti-bacterial properties of scaffolds were also investigated. XRD/FESEM/FTIR results confirmed successful synthesis of Cu-doped magnetite nanoparticles-58S bioactive glass composite powder mixture with a perfect superparamagnetic behavior. Results also showed that the addition of secondary particles to the PCL is associated with some noticeable impacts on the wettability, roughness, and mechanical properties of printed scaffolds, with the best properties attained in the sample with 20 % of added secondary particles. Assessments of biomedical properties of printed specimens showed that the optimum printed scaffold has great anti-bacterial performance and promising cell viability and bioactivity, making is a great candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e00400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-printed PLA/Fe3O4/MgO hybrid composite scaffolds with improved properties","authors":"Reyhaneh Ramezani ,&nbsp;Reza Alizadeh ,&nbsp;Sheyda Labbaf","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fused deposition modeling was successfully used to print porous scaffolds, using filaments of pure PLA, PLA/15 wt% Fe₃O₄ and PLA/15 wt% Fe₃O₄/5 wt% MgO. The magnetic, mechanical, thermal, and cellular properties of these samples were systematically evaluated and compared. The findings reveal that incorporating Fe₃O₄ enhances the magnetization saturation of PLA without compromising its mechanical and thermal integrity. Moreover, weight loss tests in phosphate-buffered saline solution indicated that the PLA/Fe₃O₄/MgO composite showed the highest degradation rate after 65 days. Biological assays confirmed enhanced cell adhesion and viability for the PLA/Fe₃O₄ and PLA/Fe₃O₄/MgO composites compared to pure PLA. These results demonstrate that the PLA/Fe₃O₄ and PLA/Fe₃O₄/MgO composites are promising alternatives of pure PLA for biomedical applications, addressing its inherent limitations, especially in cases where detection of implant by <em>X</em>-ray is required after implantation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e00398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FK506 binding protein like, FKBPL, as a novel therapeutic target in 2D and 3D bioprinted, models of cardiac fibrosis","authors":"Michael Chhor ,&nbsp;Shreya Barman ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Heidari ,&nbsp;Amy L. Bottomley ,&nbsp;Tracy Robson ,&nbsp;Kristine McGrath ,&nbsp;Lana McClements","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cardiac fibrosis characterised by increased collagen deposition and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is one of the main causes of heart failure. Inflammation and hypoxia are key processes leading to cardiac fibrosis although the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we developed an innovative 3D bioprinted model of cardiac fibrosis using tunable matrices. The role of an anti-angiogenic protein, FK506 binding protein like (FKBPL) was then elucidated, for the first time, using both 2D and 3D bioprinted, models of cardiac fibrosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>3D bioprinted model of cardiac fibrosis was developed using fetal fibroblast cells (HFF08), customised ECM cardiac components and pro-fibrotic/hypoxic factors (TGF-β, 10 ng/ml, DMOG, 1 mM) ± FKBPL mimetic (AD-01, 100 mM). In parallel, 2D <em>in vitro</em> models were also employed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the 3D bioprinted model, fibroblasts formed networks spontaneously, which were stimulated by all treatments (p &lt; 0.05–0.0001). This was in conjunction with a trend towards reduced FKBPL expression, particularly in the presence of DMOG/AD-01 treatment. In 2D cell culture, AD-01 potentiated TGF-β-induced <em>col1a1</em> (p &lt; 0.0001) and <em>mmp2</em> mRNA (p &lt; 0.05) expression whereas DMOG or reduced FKBPL expression with AD-01 abrogated this (p &lt; 0.05–0.001). Following siRNA FKBPL transfection, α-SMA was reduced (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This 3D bioprinted model of cardiac fibrosis in conjunction with 2D cell models could be used for biomarker and drug therapy screening towards accelerating the development of treatments for this hard-to-treat condition. Low FKBPL expression could be protective in cardiac fibrosis through the reduction in collagen production and α-SMA expression, or TGF-β/HIF-1α-mediated effects. Therapeutic strategies that inhibit FKBPL should be explored to abrogate cardiac fibrosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e00397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of oral squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment- A 3D bioprinting approach","authors":"Akhilanand Chaurasia ,&nbsp;Gowri Sivaramakrishnan ,&nbsp;Farah Asa’ad ,&nbsp;Lena Larsson ,&nbsp;Arwa Daghrery ,&nbsp;Joana Marques ,&nbsp;Francesca Spirito ,&nbsp;Vitória Batista Clemente ,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Morais Apolônio ,&nbsp;Mahdieh Alipour ,&nbsp;Rini Tiwari","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presents significant challenges due to its complex microenvironment and invasive characteristics. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems are inadequate for modelling the intricate features of OSCC, necessitating advanced techniques for better <em>in vitro</em> modelling.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This review aims to explore the applications of 3D bioprinting in modelling the OSCC microenvironment, highlighting the advantages over conventional methods and discussing recent advancements in the field.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The review synthesizes recent literature on 3D bioprinting technologies, focusing on their application in replicating OSCC's microenvironment. Key areas include the integration of various cell types within a biomimetic extracellular matrix, the use of microfluidic systems to study tumor-stromal interactions, and the incorporation of advanced imaging modalities.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>3D bioprinting allows for the precise fabrication of complex OSCC tumor architectures, incorporating cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. The integration of microfluidic systems facilitates the study of tumor invasion, metastasis, and drug response. Recent advancements in bioink development, particularly the use of patient-derived cells and biomolecules, enhance the physiological relevance of these models. Emerging imaging technologies provide unprecedented insights into the dynamics of OSCC progression within these constructs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>3D bioprinting shows immense potential for advancing the understanding of OSCC pathobiology and developing personalized therapeutic strategies. However, challenges such as standardizing bioink formulations and scaling fabrication techniques must be addressed to effectively translate these innovations into clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zirconia-calcium silicate bioactive composites for dental applications using DLP additive manufacturing","authors":"Ahmed Binobaid ,&nbsp;Michele De Lisi ,&nbsp;Josette Camilleri ,&nbsp;Hany Hassanin ,&nbsp;Khamis Essa","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zirconia has outstanding mechanical strength which made it a favourable material dental implants material. However, its use is limited by challenges in bone bonding and elasticity. This paper introduces a novel bioprinting ceramic material by mixing calcium silicate with zirconia to enhance bioactivity. Using the high precision and speed of Digital Light Processing (DLP), this study develops a novel zirconia-calcium silicate slurry for dental applications. The study reports the preparation of zirconia-calcium silicate, formulation of resin compositions, and optimization of the bioprinting, debinding and sintering. Employing a full factorial Design of Experiments (DOE), a systematic approach was implemented to identify optimal printing conditions such as the layer thickness, exposure time, and power. The results show that slurries formulated with BYK-111 as the dispersant and ACMO/PEGDA/TPO resin, coupled with 80 wt% solid loading, achieved the most favourable rheological properties, cure depth, and printing accuracy. The optimal printing conditions were 0.75 s exposure time, 300 % exposure power, and 30 μm layer thickness, ensured a relative density of the sintered implants exceeding 95 %. This study advances dental implant materials by introducing a novel DLP biomaterial with a slurry formulation, presenting significant implications for clinical applications and future research in developing advanced dental and medical implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D printing in skin tissue engineering: A revolutionary approach to enhance wound healing and combat infections","authors":"Laila A. Damiati ,&nbsp;Samar A. Alsudir ,&nbsp;Rean Y. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Majed A. Majrashi ,&nbsp;Shahad H. Albrahim ,&nbsp;Aliyah algethami ,&nbsp;Fatimah O. Alghamdi ,&nbsp;Hala A. Alamari ,&nbsp;Mai M. Alzaydi","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Skin infection poses significant challenges in healthcare, demanding innovative solutions to enhance the efficacy of wound-repair interventions. 4D printing represents a revolutionary approach in addition to traditional wound-management strategies. 4D-printing materials, which are dynamic and responsive, can change their shape or properties over time in response to internal or external stimuli, creating a paradigm shift in how wounds are treated. This review explores the potential of 4D printing technology as a transformative solution addressing critical challenges in skin tissue engineering. It highlights the journey from 2D fabrication of skin implants to the current state of 4D printing focusing on skin tissue structures that allow for precise and sustained release of therapeutic agents while exhibiting self-healing properties. Also, the ability to integrate antimicrobials to the printed skin constructs that respond to specific stimuli, such as pH, light, temperature, humidity, or enzymes enables the on demand and controlled release of antimicrobial agents. Additionally, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into the fabrication process of skin tissues represents a synergistic approach that combines advanced computational methodologies with biological principles to identify the optimal conditions for enhancing tissue regeneration. Indeed, 4D bioprinting and AI-driven precision in the customization of scaffolds based on patient-specific needs promise a new era of personalized medicine in skin tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing the in vitro drug screening models: Microbiome as a component of tissue-engineered skin","authors":"Vsevolod V. Shishkov ,&nbsp;Polina Yu Bikmulina ,&nbsp;Anna V. Kardosh ,&nbsp;Sergey V. Tsibulnikov ,&nbsp;Ekaterina V. Grekova ,&nbsp;Yulia V. Kolesova ,&nbsp;Polina A. Zakharova ,&nbsp;Anastasiia M. Nesterova ,&nbsp;Frederico David Alencar de Sena Pereira ,&nbsp;Svetlana L. Kotova ,&nbsp;Olga Yu Olisova ,&nbsp;Massoud Vosough ,&nbsp;Anastasia I. Shpichka ,&nbsp;Peter S. Timashev","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, in vitro skin models are among the most advanced and frequently utilized tools in clinical practice and drug screening. The development of these models often involves the use of skin organoids and biofabrication techniques, such as 3D bioprinting. Despite this significant progress, the skin models employed in drug screening typically lack a microbiome component. Since the microbiome is recognized as a crucial element of healthy human skin, it is essential to integrate this aspect into existing skin models. This review outlines a pathway for the development of in vitro skin models that can be widely used as platforms for testing drugs and cosmetics. First, we discuss the diversity of the normal human microbiome and its interactions with human cells. Next, we examine current skin models, including those that incorporate microbiome components through various co-culturing methods. Finally, we discuss how biofabrication approaches can be combined with microbiome elements to create relevant and stable in vitro skin models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}