Bioprinting最新文献

{"title":"4D printing in skin tissue engineering: A revolutionary approach to enhance wound healing and combat infections","authors":"Laila A. Damiati ,&nbsp;Samar A. Alsudir ,&nbsp;Rean Y. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Majed A. Majrashi ,&nbsp;Shahad H. Albrahim ,&nbsp;Aliyah algethami ,&nbsp;Fatimah O. Alghamdi ,&nbsp;Hala A. Alamari ,&nbsp;Mai M. Alzaydi","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Skin infection poses significant challenges in healthcare, demanding innovative solutions to enhance the efficacy of wound-repair interventions. 4D printing represents a revolutionary approach in addition to traditional wound-management strategies. 4D-printing materials, which are dynamic and responsive, can change their shape or properties over time in response to internal or external stimuli, creating a paradigm shift in how wounds are treated. This review explores the potential of 4D printing technology as a transformative solution addressing critical challenges in skin tissue engineering. It highlights the journey from 2D fabrication of skin implants to the current state of 4D printing focusing on skin tissue structures that allow for precise and sustained release of therapeutic agents while exhibiting self-healing properties. Also, the ability to integrate antimicrobials to the printed skin constructs that respond to specific stimuli, such as pH, light, temperature, humidity, or enzymes enables the on demand and controlled release of antimicrobial agents. Additionally, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into the fabrication process of skin tissues represents a synergistic approach that combines advanced computational methodologies with biological principles to identify the optimal conditions for enhancing tissue regeneration. Indeed, 4D bioprinting and AI-driven precision in the customization of scaffolds based on patient-specific needs promise a new era of personalized medicine in skin tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing the in vitro drug screening models: Microbiome as a component of tissue-engineered skin","authors":"Vsevolod V. Shishkov ,&nbsp;Polina Yu Bikmulina ,&nbsp;Anna V. Kardosh ,&nbsp;Sergey V. Tsibulnikov ,&nbsp;Ekaterina V. Grekova ,&nbsp;Yulia V. Kolesova ,&nbsp;Polina A. Zakharova ,&nbsp;Anastasiia M. Nesterova ,&nbsp;Frederico David Alencar de Sena Pereira ,&nbsp;Svetlana L. Kotova ,&nbsp;Olga Yu Olisova ,&nbsp;Massoud Vosough ,&nbsp;Anastasia I. Shpichka ,&nbsp;Peter S. Timashev","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, in vitro skin models are among the most advanced and frequently utilized tools in clinical practice and drug screening. The development of these models often involves the use of skin organoids and biofabrication techniques, such as 3D bioprinting. Despite this significant progress, the skin models employed in drug screening typically lack a microbiome component. Since the microbiome is recognized as a crucial element of healthy human skin, it is essential to integrate this aspect into existing skin models. This review outlines a pathway for the development of in vitro skin models that can be widely used as platforms for testing drugs and cosmetics. First, we discuss the diversity of the normal human microbiome and its interactions with human cells. Next, we examine current skin models, including those that incorporate microbiome components through various co-culturing methods. Finally, we discuss how biofabrication approaches can be combined with microbiome elements to create relevant and stable in vitro skin models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing of polysaccharide-based formulations: Opportunities for innovation","authors":"Fabian Hernandez-Tenorio ,&nbsp;Edier Múnera-Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Alejandra M. Miranda ,&nbsp;Alex A. Sáez ,&nbsp;Luz Deisy Marín-Palacio ,&nbsp;Catalina Giraldo-Estrada","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D printing is a technology that has gained significant interest due to its versatility in terms of design, as well as the wide variety of materials that can be used for the production of inks. Among the compounds with the greatest importance in the last decade for 3D printing are polysaccharides. These have been positioned as favorable compounds for the formulation of inks due to their properties such as flexibility, non-immunogenicity, pseudoplastic behavior, printability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Therefore, the implementation of polysaccharides in 3D printing promotes innovation in the development of materials and products for medical, food, pharmaceutical, and other applications. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive and exhaustive study of the technological advances in 3D printing of polysaccharide-based formulations. To this end, a bibliometric analysis was presented to establish trends using scientometric indicators that allowed us to delve deeper and identify the most relevant developments in the subject. Through this review, we sought to highlight the importance of polysaccharides and their wide range of applications in 3D printing and hope that it will provide a meaningful basis for the exploration of printable compounds from renewable sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocomposite hydrogel-based bioinks composed of a fucose-rich polysaccharide and nanocellulose fibers for 3D-bioprinting applications","authors":"Nicole S. Lameirinhas ,&nbsp;João P.F. Carvalho ,&nbsp;Maria C. Teixeira ,&nbsp;Jorge L. Luís ,&nbsp;Asiyah Esmail ,&nbsp;Ricardo J.B. Pinto ,&nbsp;Helena Oliveira ,&nbsp;Filomena Freitas ,&nbsp;José M. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Carla Vilela ,&nbsp;Armando J.D. Silvestre ,&nbsp;Carmen S.R. Freire","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogels are the most common type of bioinks, yet, finding adequate biomaterials to develop suitable bioinks for 3D bioprinting remains challenging. Herein, innovative hydrogel bioinks were developed by combining nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) with a fucose-rich polysaccharide, FucoPol (FP), still unexplored for 3D bioprinting. NFC/FP bioinks with different mass proportions, namely 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1, were prepared and denominated as NFC1FP, NFC2FP, NFC3FP and NFC4FP. A formulation without NFC was also prepared for comparison purposes (NFC0FP). The rheological properties of the bioinks were enhanced by the addition of NFC, as evidenced by the increase in shear viscosity from 1.39 ± 0.03 Pa s (NFC0FP) to 2933.7 ± 137.9 Pa s (ink NFC4FP) and by the 3D printing of complex structures with high shape fidelity (<em>Pr</em> ≈ 0.9). The stability and mechanical properties of the crosslinked hydrogels were also improved, with Young’s modulus increasing from 0.12 ± 0.04 MPa (NFC0FP) to 2.45 ± 0.06 MPa (NFC4FP). The successful 3D bioprinting of both A375 (melanoma) and HaCaT (keratinocyte) cell-laden bioinks translated into elevated cell viabilities (above 88 %) up to 21 days post-bioprinting. These results highlight the potential and versatility of NFC/FP bioinks for the bioprinting of 3D skin tissue analogues for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumatic extrusion-based bioprinting and flow cytometry: A method for analysing chemotherapy efficacy in 3D bioprinted A375 melanoma cell cultures","authors":"Maryke de Villiers,&nbsp;Awie F. Kotzé,&nbsp;Lissinda H. du Plessis","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melanoma, a highly aggressive form of skin cancer, continues to be a significant challenge due to its resistance to conventional chemotherapy treatments and the tendency for metastasis. Advancements in cell culture techniques, especially the transition from 2D cell cultures to more physiologically relevant 3D cell cultures, have provided valuable new insights into cancer biology and chemotherapy drug responses. Although various novel 3D cell culture techniques have been used in melanoma research, standardised and scalable 3D cell culture models suitable for high-throughput pre-clinical drug screening applications are still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a 3D bioprinted melanoma cell culture model that allows the assessment of drug-induced apoptosis through a flow-cytometric analysis method in 96-well plates. To achieve this, the proposed method integrates the BIOX™ pneumatic extrusion-based 3D bioprinter to extrude reproducible cell-laden droplets in a 96-well plate, and an Annexin V/PI flow cytometric analysis technique optimised for 96-well plate format, to enable cell viability and apoptosis quantification in more physiologically relevant 3D bioprinted cell cultures. The proposed method was evaluated on A375 melanoma 2D and 3D bioprinted cell cultures assayed for drug-induced apoptosis through a flow cytometric method. In addition, a resazurin-based analysis method was also used and compared to determine the efficacy of the proposed flow cytometric analysis method. Compared to the 2D cell cultures, the 3D bioprinted cell cultures demonstrated higher levels of resistance to all chemotherapy drugs evaluated. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of the two methods concluded that the flow cytometric evaluation platform is more sensitive in detecting drug dose responses in 3D bioprinted cell culture models. This method is a proposed alternative to quantify drug-induced apoptosis in 3D melanoma research, thereby advancing the pre-clinical application of 3D bioprinting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of auxetic structures in orthopaedics: A scoping review","authors":"Teresa Marotta,&nbsp;Mihaela Vlasea,&nbsp;Stewart McLachlin","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Auxetic structures, meta-materials with a negative Poisson's ratio, exhibit unique mechanical behaviour, but there is currently limited use and understanding of how to leverage these structures in orthopaedics.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This review aimed to systematically identify applications of auxetic structures within orthopaedics, particularly focusing on the rationale for using auxetic materials, the use of design for additive manufacturing to produce auxetic structures, and performance testing methods. Using a scoping review framework, trends and future directions in these areas were explored.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following the Arksey and O'Malley guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist, a literature search was performed using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest – Materials Science and Engineering databases, and Springer Link. Data was analyzed by content analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>285 articles were identified, and 31 articles met the inclusion criteria. The areas of orthopaedic applications included structural implants (n = 18), tissue scaffolds (n = 10) and external bracing (n = 3).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The application of auxetic structures for orthopaedics is a growing field of interest and can potentially revolutionize the future of orthopaedic devices. However, further work investigating additional design for additive manufacturing techniques and performance testing methods is required to address the current limitations and advance the clinical translation of auxetic structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on bioink based microfluidic devices","authors":"Kajal P. Chamate ,&nbsp;Bhuvaneshwari D. Patil ,&nbsp;Nikita V. Bhosale ,&nbsp;Nutan V. Desai ,&nbsp;Prasad V. Kadam ,&nbsp;Avirup Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Ravindra V. Badhe","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microfluidics represents a methodology facilitating the manipulation of minute fluid volumes via microchannels, with wide-ranging applications across biomedical and pharmaceutical research, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics. This discourse delves into the materials utilized in microfluidic devices, their fabrication techniques, and their diverse applications, with a specific focus on variants constructed from glass, paper, metal, and polymers. Additionally, it explores bioprinting methodologies aimed at generating three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures employing bioink for microfluidic system. Bioprinting nurtures the development of functional tissue models essential for tissue engineering, drug screening initiatives, and the evolution of organ-on-a-chip technologies. The discussion extends to an examination of the merits and demerits of various bioinks, such as gelatine methacrylate, collagen, alginate, Pluronic F-127, and decellularized extracellular matrix, with a succinct overview provided in a tabular format highlighting commercially available bioinks. Furthermore, concrete examples illustrating microfluidic devices and bio-printed tissues tailored for different organs, including the lung, liver, heart, and intestine, are presented. Finally, the discourse concludes with an analysis of the prospects and potential applications of microfluidics in advancing biomedical research and its practical implementations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution, integration, and challenges of 3D printing in pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review","authors":"Jyoti Kumari ,&nbsp;Shalini Pandey ,&nbsp;Krishna Kant Jangde ,&nbsp;Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar ,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) printing involves fabricating objects from digital designs by sequentially layering materials along the X, Y, and Z axes. Although this technology has existed since the 1960s, its adoption in the pharmaceutical industry remains limited. This review examines the evolution of 3D printing and its emerging significance in pharmaceuticals. The technique offers numerous advantages, such as product customization, cost-effectiveness, and efficient material usage. Several methods—such as inkjet printing, extrusion printing, and beam-based printing—are employed, utilizing materials ranging from lactose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose to bioinks like chitosan and hyaluronic acid. Among these techniques, fused deposition modelling (FDM) is particularly noteworthy for its versatility in both biodegradable and non-biodegradable applications. Advances in 3D printing have paved the way for innovative pharmaceutical uses, including the production of complex oral dosage forms, drug delivery systems, and medical devices such as prosthetics. More recent breakthroughs have extended into bioprinting, organ-on-a-chip technologies, and robotics. However, several challenges hinder broader adoption, including limited compatibility with thermosensitive materials, difficulties in scaling production, and maintaining quality control. Additionally, the lack of standardized regulatory and ethical frameworks for clinical approval complicates progress. This review explores the key 3D printing techniques, materials, and trends relevant to pharmaceuticals, while addressing resource constraints, intellectual property issues, and regulatory hurdles. It concludes by identifying future directions for research and development, emphasizing the need to optimize these technologies for widespread pharmaceutical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double-crosslinked dECM bioink to print a self-sustaining 3D multi-layered aortic-like construct","authors":"Federica Potere ,&nbsp;Giovanni Venturelli ,&nbsp;Beatrice Belgio ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Guagliano ,&nbsp;Federica Boschetti ,&nbsp;Sara Mantero ,&nbsp;Paola Petrini","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with related mortality increasing from 12.1 million to 18.6 million in the past 30 years.</div><div>To address the supply limitation of autologous vascular grafts and overcome the limits of current treatment options, 3D bioprinting techniques have been investigated.</div><div>This study aimed at introducing a self-supporting and multi-layered 3D bioprinted construct as a promising alternative for large-blood vessel replacement. To this end, we developed an alginate-gelatin bioink enriched with decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) of porcine aorta combined with a two-step crosslinking process. We investigated the feasibility of achieving structural stability and shape fidelity of the bioprinted construct over time through rheological characterization, printability tests, and degradation tests.</div><div>According to the results of rheology and printability tests, dECM-enriched bioink combined with the double-crosslinking process (internal and external crosslink) showed good printability and high shape fidelity, withstanding more than 35 layers without the need for support. Moreover, the bioprinted construct preserved its structural stability over time, retaining a wall thickness comparable to that of the native aorta. Finally, immortalized mouse fibroblasts embedded in the bioink were well adhered to the bioink and alive over time. The double-crosslinked bioink represents an impactful strategy to produce an alternative conduit with the native hierarchical structure of the large blood vessels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust design methodologies to engineer multimaterial and multiscale bioprinters","authors":"Amedeo Franco Bonatti ,&nbsp;Elisa Batoni ,&nbsp;Gabriele Maria Fortunato ,&nbsp;Chiara Vitale-Brovarone ,&nbsp;Giovanni Vozzi ,&nbsp;Carmelo De Maria","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Commonly used bioprinting technologies (e.g., material extrusion, material jetting) enable the fabrication of complex, multimaterial and multiscale scaffolds with controlled properties for tissue engineering applications. This enables the fabrication of scaffolds that more accurately replicate the structure of natural tissues. Despite the availability of commercial bioprinters, their high cost and lack of customization have driven researchers to modify existing devices or create entirely new platforms. Among all the available examples in literature, there is a strong need for more modular systems which are robustly designed taking into consideration the specific needs of bioprinting. In this context, the aim of this work is to introduce robust engineering methodologies to design and fabricate custom hardware and software for multimaterial and multiscale bioprinting. Firstly, we will identify the main design requirements that should be considered for a bioprinter (e.g., encumbrance, positioning resolution). Based on these requirements, we will then propose an analysis of the key building blocks of a bioprinter, including hardware (i.e., positioning system, toolheads, additional modules for extended functionalities), electronics (i.e., power supply, control boards), and software, introducing for each one the main concepts and equations for its optimal design. Throughout the work, we will use a customized bioprinting platform (namely, the BOOST bioprinter) as an example of the application of the proposed methodologies. Finally, we will present a validation of the methodologies and the bioprinter by fabricating high quality scaffolds through the combination of material extrusion and material jetting. The firmware developed during this work is available online as a support for developing more robust customized bioprinters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}