Bioprinting最新文献

{"title":"3D bioprinting of articular cartilage: Recent advances and perspectives","authors":"Marjorie Dufaud ,&nbsp;Lilian Solé ,&nbsp;Marie Maumus ,&nbsp;Matthieu Simon ,&nbsp;Emeline Perrier-Groult ,&nbsp;Gilles Subra ,&nbsp;Christian Jorgensen ,&nbsp;Danièle Noël","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Three-dimensional printing, or additive manufacturing, is an engineering process<span> that has been recently applied to the fabrication of tissue-engineered constructs. In comparison with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting<span> (3DBP) relies on the layer-by-layer deposition of a bioink, consisting of living cells combined with biomolecules and a biomaterial, generally a hydrogel in its liquid phase, which turns to a solid phase when consolidated. In recent years, cartilage 3DBP has gained interest for clinical applications of cartilage </span></span></span>tissue engineering and more fundamentally, for </span><em>in vitro</em><span> osteochondral tissue<span> modeling. In the present review, we address the different 3D printing methodologies available and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. An insight on the current development of bioinks adapted to the printing technology and to articular cartilage tissue engineering is provided. Current challenges and future perspectives are discussed.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44955359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of 3D printing & 3D bioprinting for promoting cutaneous wound regeneration","authors":"Ying Sun ,&nbsp;Adrian D. Juncos Bombin ,&nbsp;Peter Boyd ,&nbsp;Nicholas Dunne ,&nbsp;Helen O. McCarthy","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As the external layer of the body, the skin acts as a protector of the underlying organs. Without prompt and adequate wound healing, the health of the patient is affected, which can lead to life-threatening consequences. Wound healing is exacerbated by comorbidities, such as obesity, Type II diabetes and age, which are on the rise in developed countries. Therefore, it is imperative to develop more effective dressings to achieve rapid and complete wound healing to improve the quality of life<span> for patients and help reduce the economic burden. In recent decades, three-dimensional printing (3DP) has been applied to a wide range of products for patient benefits from wound healing to orthopedic devices via computer-aided design (CAD) software.</span></p><p>This review studies the emerging 3DP technologies focusing on skin regeneration and wound healing as an example. Herein, skin structure, the wound healing process and different classes of chronic wounds are discussed, providing a comprehensive description and analysis of wound healing mechanisms. Furthermore, the progress and development of wound regeneration strategies in recent years is described, as well as 3D bioprinting<span><span> (3DBP) technology for the treatment of wounds. Clinical applications of 3DP &amp; 3DBP for healthcare technologies are also considered along with the regulatory challenges for the </span>medical device market. Finally, the research challenges and future perspectives are discussed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46812816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser-imprinting of micro-3D printed protein hydrogels enables real-time independent modification of substrate topography and elastic modulus","authors":"Derek S. Hernandez ,&nbsp;Kyle E. Michelson ,&nbsp;Dwight Romanovicz,&nbsp;Eric T. Ritschdorff,&nbsp;Jason B. Shear","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Independent control over the Young's modulus<span> and topography of a hydrogel cell culture substrate is necessary to characterize how attributes of its adherent surface affect </span></span>cellular responses<span><span>. Arbitrary, real-time manipulation of these parameters at the micron scale would further provide cellular biologists and bioengineers with the tools to study and control numerous highly dynamic behaviors including cellular adhesion, motility, </span>metastasis, and differentiation. Although physical, chemical, thermal, and light-based strategies have been developed to influence Young's modulus and topography of hydrogel substrates, independent control of these physical attributes has remained elusive, spatial resolution is often limited, and features commonly must be pre-patterned. We recently reported a strategy in which biomaterials having specified three-dimensional (3D) morphologies are micro-3D printed in a two-step process: laser-scanning bioprinting of a protein-based hydrogel, followed by biocompatible hydrogel re-scanning to create </span></span>microscale<span><span> imprinted features at user-defined times. In this approach, a pulsed near-infrared laser beam is focused within the printed hydrogel to promote matrix contraction through multiphoton crosslinking, where scanning the laser focus projects a user-defined topographical pattern on the surface without subjecting the hydrogel-solution interface to damaging light intensities. Here, we extend this strategy, demonstrating the ability to decouple dynamic topographical changes from changes in hydrogel Young's modulus at the substrate surface by increasing the isolation distance between the surface and re-scanning planes. Using </span>atomic force microscopy, we show that robust topographic changes can be imposed without altering the Young's modulus measured at the substrate surface by scanning at a depth of greater than ∼6 μm. </span></span>Transmission electron microscopy<span> of hydrogel thin sections reveals changes to hydrogel porosity and density distribution within scanned regions, and that such changes to the hydrogel matrix are highly localized to regions of laser exposure. These results represent valuable new capabilities for deconvolving the effects of substrate dynamic physical attributes on the behavior of adherent cells.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10046648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing cell survival in 3D printing of organoids using innovative bioinks loaded with pre-cellularized porous microscaffolds","authors":"Adrien Rousselle ,&nbsp;Arielle Ferrandon ,&nbsp;Eric Mathieu ,&nbsp;Julien Godet ,&nbsp;Vincent Ball ,&nbsp;Leo Comperat ,&nbsp;Hugo Oliveira ,&nbsp;Philippe Lavalle ,&nbsp;Dominique Vautier ,&nbsp;Youri Arntz","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Extrusion bioprinting is a relevant 3D technology to create biological systems in regenerative medicine<span>, pharmaceutical development and cancer research. Bioink is the necessary component to incorporate the cells that will be printed by extrusion bioprinting. However, bioinks and extrusion printing can generate shear stresses mechanically unfavorable for cell survival. We thus developed a bioink, based on methacrylated collagen and hyaluronic acid, in combination with porous poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) solid microscaffolds to protect cells against mechanical stress during extrusion printing. We found that porosities of the microscaffolds allowed human chondosarcoma cells to colonize the structure. Moreover, </span></span>metabolic activity of these </span>chondrosarcoma<span> cells, fibroblast cells, and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) incorporated within bioink (before printing) increased 4-fold in presence of a polylysine- or collagen-coated microscaffolds compared with those cultured without microscaffolds. Their survival increased by 10% either by hand deposition or by bioprinting extrusion (bioprinter BioBot®Basic) compared to cells in bioink without microscaffolds. In addition to the mechanoshield properties provided by microscaffolds, they allow the migration of DPSCs stem cells towards HCS-2/8 </span></span>cancer cells<span> after 7 days of co-culture in an organoid created by bioprinting extrusion while without microscaffolds the cells aggregated and remained static.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47299755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alginate-based bioink for organoid 3D bioprinting: A review","authors":"Michael Leonardo ,&nbsp;Ekavianty Prajatelistia ,&nbsp;Hermawan Judawisastra","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>As a 3D cell culture, </span>organoids have been researched thoroughly to model the human biology system in advancing disease treatment and </span>drug<span> development. A novel way to create an organoid is using bioink, consisting of polymeric materials and living cells, to fabricate a hydrogel scaffold through the 3D bioprinting method. </span></span>Alginate<span><span> has the potential to be developed as a bioink due to its good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and ease of processing method. However, studies are still required to obtain an optimum alginate-based bioink. Alginate is insufficient in terms of the cell-binding site; thus, mixing it with supplementary gelatin material can be employed to optimize further the printability, </span>mechanical properties<span>, and biocompatibility of alginate-based bioink. The addition of gelatin material, in addition to increasing the binding site, also makes the process of making bioink easier due to the thermoresponsive nature of gelatin. The alginate-based bioink can be further optimized depending on gelatin concentration to produce appropriate density and rheological value of bioink. The addition of gelatin into alginate-based bioink will also significantly affect the printability of bioink and the mechanical properties of resulted hydrogel scaffold, which need to be considered appropriately. The alginate-based bioink also showed good biocompatibility regarding cell viability and biological performance. This paper focuses on the relationship between the structure and properties of alginate-based bioink, the 3D bioprinting processing parameters, and the implementation of resulted hydrogel scaffold and organoid.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48896859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioink based on the dECM for 3D bioprinting of bionic tissue, the first results obtained on murine model","authors":"Marta Klak ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Kosowska ,&nbsp;Tomasz Bryniarski ,&nbsp;Ilona Łojszczyk ,&nbsp;Tomasz Dobrzański ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Tymicki ,&nbsp;Anna Filip ,&nbsp;Andrzej Antoni Szczepankiewicz ,&nbsp;Radosław Olkowski ,&nbsp;Anna Kosowska ,&nbsp;Andrzej Berman ,&nbsp;Artur Kamiński ,&nbsp;Michał Wszoła","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tissue engineering is an intensively developing field of modern medicine. However, to transfer the research from the laboratory scale to the clinic, it is necessary to produce biocompatible bioinks, that will be safe for both patients and cells used in the bioprinting process itself.</p><p>The aim of this researches was to produce a bioink that would enable bioprinting of structures with biological material, improving their functionality by recreating their natural environment.</p><p><span>The results showed the appropriate physicochemical properties of the biomaterial, which is stable </span><em>in vitro</em> and in vivo. <em>In vitro</em><span><span> studies showed the highest functionality of islets (7 days) in the bioprinted cell-printed constructs. The cytotoxicity tests showed the cell viability at the level of 120%. Moreover, the paper presents the first in vivo results for biodegradation of </span>bionic cell-printed constructs. During these studies, no inflammatory reaction to the implanted cell-printed construct was found for 12 months. The appearance of the first neovascular processes was shown in the 8th week of the experiment. At that time, there were no deviations in the level of blood parameters: AST,ALT,KC, IL-6 and TNF-α.</span></p><p>Summing up, the created bioink composition is safe for living organisms and contributes to the improvement of the functionality of pancreatic islets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44772075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological multiscale computational modeling: A promising tool for 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering","authors":"Bianca Cristina dos Santos,&nbsp;Pedro Yoshito Noritomi,&nbsp;Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva,&nbsp;Izaque Alves Maia,&nbsp;Bruna Maria Manzini","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The progress of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques has driven several advances in tissue engineering<span> (TE), which allow the obtention of biological constructs analogous to native tissues. These methods lead to the development of structures that can integrate with the extracellular matrix of the host tissue, promoting better assimilation of the </span></span>implant<span> in the injured spot. However, primary and pre-clinical researches in the regenerative medicine area still have limitations. The high cost of reagents, animal models, and the long period for completion are some challenges to be overcome. Consequently, multiscale biological simulations have stimulated researchers’ interest; they allow simulation conditions close to natural systems. Then, using computational tools, biological systems can be modeled at different scales of organization and size, creating multicellular models and allowing their application to complex tissues. Although software for multiscale biological simulations demands a high computational power, the advantages associated with </span></span><span><em>in silico</em></span><span> analysis are of great interest. In this way, the simulation contributes to the experimental results in laboratories because certain situations start to be foreseen during the modeling stages, later reducing the time and expense of materials. This review provides an overview of 3D bioprinting techniques, addressing their importance in TE development. Moreover, the main aspects of bioengineering<span> are highlighted, focusing on multiscale modeling and the leading software used for biological computational modeling, which could be a powerful tool when integrated with 3D bioprinting and TE.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44037771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on computational modeling for the property, process, product and performance (PPPP) characteristics of additively manufactured porous magnesium implants","authors":"Ramsha Imran ,&nbsp;Ans Al Rashid ,&nbsp;Muammer Koç","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are gaining the attention of researchers as these materials can provide mechanical properties comparable to natural bone. Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have also evolved in the biomedical sector owing to their precision in fabricating desired parts with varying shapes, intricacy, and porosity required for implant functionality. With increasing interest in AM of Mg-based biomedical implants, there is a pressing need to understand existing accomplishments, state-of-the-art materials, and fabrication technology and to identify remaining research gaps through a comprehensive literature review existing in this field and highlight hindrances and challenges associated. In this review study, a particular focus is placed on understanding computational modeling techniques employed for the design, manufacturing, and performance analysis of AM porous scaffolds. Therefore, progress in material synthesis and associated challenges are reviewed in this study, and conclusions and future research recommendations are drawn based on reviewed literature. This review study concludes that there is an unmet need to develop accurate, fast, and inexpensive computational modeling for AM of Mg-based implants to increase predictability capacity and capabilities of material synthesis, fabrication, and resulting product property and performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240588662200046X/pdfft?md5=36aa49e4468ca95cefda828b7120321e&pid=1-s2.0-S240588662200046X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43183359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macroporous 3D printed structures for regenerative medicine applications","authors":"Muhammad Moazzam ,&nbsp;Ahmer Shehzad ,&nbsp;Dana Sultanova ,&nbsp;Fariza Mukasheva ,&nbsp;Alexander Trifonov ,&nbsp;Dmitriy Berillo ,&nbsp;Dana Akilbekova","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The use of natural biopolymers<span><span><span> as a core material to produce cell-laden scaffolds has been recognized and extensively utilized for tissue engineering<span><span> purposes due to their advantageous biocompatibility and tunable biodegradation rate. The morphology and </span>average pore size play, however, a major role in </span></span>biological processes<span> affecting cell proliferation kinetics as well as tissue regeneration processes associated with </span></span>extracellular matrix<span> formation. Shear thinning properties of the inks employed in 3D printing<span> for high-accuracy hydrogel scaffold fabrication are often associated with compromises in morphology, such as reduced pore sizes. Here, we report on a carefully optimized composite formulation of (1:1) gelatin/oxidized </span></span></span></span>alginate<span> (Gel/OxAlg) that allows combining 3D printing and cryogelation techniques for simple and low-cost fabrication of biocompatible hydrogel scaffolds, characterized by high porosity and extra-large pore size (d &gt; 100 μm). Based on the morphological characteristics<span><span> and obtained cell viability data, the </span>fabricated scaffolds might be used as a platform for a variety of tissue engineering applications.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46191307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An in-vivo-mimicking 3D lung cancer-on-a-chip model to study the effect of external stimulus on the progress and inhibition of cancer metastasis","authors":"Prativa Das ,&nbsp;Sahar Najafikhoshnoo ,&nbsp;Jorge A. Tavares-Negrete ,&nbsp;Qian Yi ,&nbsp;Rahim Esfandyarpour","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metastatic lung cancer is one of the leading causes of high mortality worldwide. Here, an <em>in-vivo</em> mimicking 3D-lung- cancer-on-a-chip (IVM3DLCOC) model is introduced, developed, and fully characterized to represent lung pathogenesis <em>in-vitro</em><span><span> more precisely. In this model, the mechanical and biological features of the human lung are established in a co-culture of lung cancer cells<span> (A549) with human lung fibroblasts inside 3D hydrogels. These structures have </span></span>mechanical characteristics<span> comparable to those of native lung extracellular matrix<span> and offer the required biological cues for cell adhesion and proliferation. Physical cues are reproduced by structures at multiple levels (in the z-axis), including fluidic<span><span> channels that are connected to air channels by a porous membrane on top of the lung epithelial cells, to provide an air-liquid interface that enables inhalation and exhalation cycles. Diffusion of media is also controlled via the physical barrier of stromal cells to reproduce the dynamic physiological </span>microenvironment. Such an </span></span></span></span><em>in-vivo</em><span> mimicking model is ideal for accurate study of disease progression<span> (i.e., lung cancer metastasis) and validation of drug efficacy. To demonstrate the utility of the system to model disease progression, the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE), was examined; the results showed preservation of metastatic characteristics (N-Cad, etc.) along with translational properties (IL-6 secretion). As the second model of study, dose-dependent drug efficacy testing was carried out by monitoring the model cells' response to anti-cancer therapeutic agents. It is also important that the entire lung-representative IVM3DLCOC model, including contacts with cell constructs along with the lung's representative air and fluid compartments, was developed as an all-inclusive unit, rapidly and efficiently prototyped using the 3D extrusion bioprinting approach. The IVM3DLCOC model presented here is envisioned to find application as a preclinical tool for precise study on the effect of potential chemotherapeutic drugs and effect of toxins on metastatic advancement of lung cancer cells </span></span><em>in-vitro</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article e00243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49379532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}