Bioprinting最新文献

{"title":"Predicting printability in suspended bioprinting using a rheology-informed hierarchical machine learning approach","authors":"Dageon Oh ,&nbsp;Dasong Kim ,&nbsp;Seung Yun Nam","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Suspended bioprinting has emerged as a promising method for overcoming the limitations of conventional extrusion-based bioprinting, enabling the creation of complex tissue constructs with improved resolution and shape fidelity. This technique utilizes a support bath to preserve the structural integrity of bioinks during deposition, allowing for the precise printing of low-viscosity materials. However, optimizing printability remains a significant challenge due to the absence of standardized methods and the complex interactions between bioink properties, support bath characteristics, and printing parameters. This study introduces a novel approach integrating suspended bioprinting with a rheology-informed hierarchical machine learning (RIHML) model to predict key printability factors such as axial resolution, horizontal resolution, and z-axis positional errors. A comprehensive dataset was generated by varying rheological properties and printing conditions to train and validate the RIHML model. The results show that the RIHML model outperforms conventional machine learning models, including support vector regression and concentration-dependent model, in predictive accuracy. This approach addresses critical challenges in suspended bioprinting, offering a scalable solution for improving printability, enhancing cost-effectiveness, reducing time consumption, and boosting the precision and reproducibility of tissue-engineered scaffolds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D bioprinting: Materials, mechanisms, and mathematical modeling for next-generation tissue engineering","authors":"Faezeh Raei ,&nbsp;Azadeh Abdi ,&nbsp;Shohreh Mashayekhan","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advances in 3D bioprinting have enabled the fabrication of synthetic tissues with complex architectures that closely mimic natural ones. However, 3D bioprinting faces challenges in generating fully functional bioconstructs using biocompatible materials and cells. To overcome this limitation, the emerging technology of 4D bioprinting offers a novel solution. Unlike its 3D counterpart, 4D bioprinting enables structures to change shape in response to both intrinsic and external stimuli. This dynamic capability of 4D bioprinting has the potential to surpass the limitations of 3D bioprinting while more accurately replicating the adaptive nature of living tissues. By leveraging 4D bioprinting, it becomes feasible to produce highly intricate and dynamic structures with exceptional resolution, which would be challenging to achieve using conventional biofabrication methods such as 3D printing or bioprinting. This review highlights the applications of stimuli-responsive materials in 4D bioprinting. It delves into the chemistry and mechanism of action of advanced 4D materials. Additionally, this review discusses the diverse applications of 4D bioprinted tissues and organs, emphasizing their impact on regenerative medicine. The integration of mathematical modeling as a predictive tool for the printing process and final structural outcomes is also examined. Furthermore, the article addresses essential testing protocols for evaluating the functionality and safety of bioprinted tissues. Finally, it discusses current challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field, particularly its implications and potential breakthroughs in tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144685578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the printability of low-concentration GelMA through viscosity modulation and integration of hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering bioinks","authors":"Soumitra Das ,&nbsp;Anne Bernhardt ,&nbsp;Michael Gelinsky ,&nbsp;Bikramjit Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, there has been a significant focus on developing hydrogel-based scaffolds for reconstructing and repairing damaged tissues. Despite these efforts, the selection of appropriate hydrogel formulation tailored to specific clinical applications remains a primary challenge. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has been widely investigated as a baseline biomaterial in the realm of tissue engineering. Through comprehensive experimentation and quantitative analysis, we explore the intricate interplay among various biophysical properties (uniaxial compression behavior, scaffold microstructure, swelling properties, and enzymatic degradation kinetics), viscoelastic properties, printability, and cellular responses of a range of GelMA compositions. The experimental data were comprehensively analyzed to establish an empirical relationship between biophysical properties and molar crosslinking density. In particular, the viscoelastic properties were tailored for low-concentration GelMA, containing biomineralized bone-specific biomaterial ink by tailoring the addition of methacrylated carboxymethyl cellulose (mCMC), and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHAp). The resulting hybrid hydrogel demonstrates significantly higher stiffness (∼7-fold), improved yield stress (∼17-fold), reduced swelling (∼1.3-fold), and diminished degradation (∼4-fold) properties compared to pristine GelMA. To assess the bone mimetic tissue matrix development, we conducted 2D cultures of human patient-derived primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and human osteoblasts (hOBs) on hydrogel scaffolds in standard growth media and differentiation media. Our results qualitatively and quantitatively indicate robust proliferation of both cell types on all biomaterial scaffolds over 21 days in culture. Furthermore, an analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity reveals a ∼3.1-fold and ∼5.8-fold increase in ALP expression for hBMSCs-seeded nHAp-loaded hydrogels, cultured in non-differentiation media and differentiation media, respectively. Taken together, our findings suggest that the nHAp-incorporated GelMA/mCMC matrix holds promise as a potential biomaterial ink for bone tissue regeneration applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LusoBioMaker: A low-cost 3D bioprinter with multi-extrusion and contour printing capabilities for thermo- and photocurable hydrogels towards complex tissue fabrication","authors":"Afonso Gusmão ,&nbsp;Diana M.C. Marques ,&nbsp;Duarte Almeida ,&nbsp;Kristin Schüler ,&nbsp;Frederico Castelo Ferreira ,&nbsp;Paola Sanjuan-Alberte ,&nbsp;Marco Leite","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D bioprinting is an expanding field that allows for the design of intricate structures using multiple materials and living cells. This has enormous potential for applications in drug testing, regenerative medicine, and, more recently, cell-based food products, with the surge of the cellular agriculture field. However, the high cost of equipment is frequently a significant limitation for implementing these approaches. Here, we present LusoBioMaker, an open-source bioprinter that delivers commercial-grade performance for under $900 of materi. Built on a modified Ender 3-V2 platform it integrates dual screw-driven extrusion, independent active temperature control (2–50 °C) and in-situ 365 nm photocuring, generating up to 320 N force through open-access firmware. Using κ-carrageenan, Pluronic F-127 and gelatin methacrylate/poly(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate (GelMA/PEGDA) inks we printed complex lattices with a printability factor of 0.995 and sub-millimetre dimensional errors while maintaining 97 % L929 cell viability after fourteen days. Comprehensive calibration and acceptance tests performed in accordance with the ISO 230-1/2 standards confirmed &lt;50 μm positional error and &lt;0.005° angular deviation across both extrusion nozzles. A systematic review of 17 reported low-cost bioprinters revealed that none combine dual screw extrusion, active thermal regulation and on-head UV curing in a single chassis, highlighting LusoBioMaker's unique features set. As a proof-of-concept, we bioprinted a hollow nipple–areola complex by co-extruding a thermosensitive κ-carrageenan core and a photocurable GelMA/PEGDA shell, exploiting all three hardware capabilities in one uninterrupted run. This demonstration underscores LusoBioMaker's capacity to manufacture anatomically intricate, gradient tissues on demand and to democratise advanced biofabrication workflows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D bioprinted neural progenitor cell constructs for enhancing ex vivo brain integration and neuron-astrocyte differentiation","authors":"Hui Ling Ma,&nbsp;Raiane de Oliveira Ferreira,&nbsp;Danyllo Felipe de Oliveira,&nbsp;Alice Kei Endo,&nbsp;Oswaldo Keith Okamoto,&nbsp;Mayana Zatz","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold great promise for neural tissue engineering, disease modeling, and regenerative therapies due to their self-renewal and differentiation potential. In this study, we utilized 3D extrusion bioprinting to encapsulate hiPSC-NPCs within a composite bioink composed of Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and Pluronic F127 (P-127). This composite was engineered to enhance matrix remodeling, mechanical tunability, and cell-specific differentiation. Incorporating P-127 improved gelation, printability, swelling behavior, degradation kinetics, and microstructural features, collectively supporting enhanced NPC proliferation. Mechanical characterization revealed adjustable stiffness (Young's modulus: 1–8 kPa), with GelMA/P-127 blends exhibiting greater strength than GelMA alone. Immunostaining showed elevated GFAP and reduced Neurofilament M (NeuF-M) expression, indicating a shift toward astrocytic differentiation influenced by matrix mechanics. Calcium imaging and transient signal analysis confirmed the functional activity of the differentiated neurons. Gene expression profiling supported these findings, showing upregulation of GFAP, TUBB3, and MAP2 and downregulation of SOX2, marking the transition from progenitor to mature neural phenotypes. Furthermore, bioprinted constructs integrated with ex vivo brain slices and expressed TUBB3 and NeuF-M, confirming neuronal differentiation capacity. These results underscore the potential of GelMA/P-127 composite bioinks as biomimetic, tunable platforms for engineering 3D neural tissue constructs, offering a versatile tool for studying neurodevelopment and advancing translational regenerative strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D bioprinting of bioproduction cell lines","authors":"Laura Chastagnier ,&nbsp;Lucie Essayan ,&nbsp;Celine Thomann ,&nbsp;Julia Niemann ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Errazuriz-Cerda ,&nbsp;Manon Laithier ,&nbsp;Anne Baudouin ,&nbsp;Christophe Marquette ,&nbsp;Emma Petiot","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting presents a transformative approach to replicating vivo-like environments for mammalian cell cultures, offering potential advances in bioproduction and tissue engineering. In this study, we investigated the growth, metabolic activity, and structural organization of four mammalian cell lines (HEK, MDCK, CHO, and Vero) in 3D bioprinted constructs. Our results demonstrate that even highly selected, immortalized cell lines can regain physiological traits closer to their native tissue when cultured in 3D environments. We observed significant shifts in proliferation kinetics, including reduced growth rates and reduced fermentative activity. A Design of Experiment (DOE) approach identified critical biofabrication parameters—such as hydrogel microporosity and cross-linking conditions—that modulate cell behavior and proliferation in 3D matrices. These findings highlight the potential of 3D bioprinting not only for medical applications, such as regenerative medicine and drug testing, but also for enhancing bioproduction processes by supporting higher cell densities and metabolic efficiency. Our work underscores the importance of optimizing 3D culture conditions to mimic vivo-like behaviors and improve productivity, offering new insights into the scalability of bioprinted constructs for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A collagen-based biomaterial ink for the digital light processing 3D printing of tough, dual-crosslinked hydrogels via post-print tannic acid treatment","authors":"Christopher R. Fellin ,&nbsp;Richard Steiner ,&nbsp;Xiaoning Yuan ,&nbsp;Shailly H. Jariwala","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Collagen-based biomaterial inks for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing are particularly attractive due to their inherent biocompatibility, cell-adhesion properties, and biodegradability. However, there have been relatively few examples of collagen-based biomaterial inks without the use of synthetic co-monomers or specialized printing equipment. Furthermore, photo-crosslinked collagen hydrogels are often brittle, limiting their use in biomedical applications and regenerative medicine. In this study, we present the development of a novel collagen-based biomaterial ink for DLP 3D printing, enabling the fabrication of robust hydrogel constructs through a post-print tannic acid (TA) treatment. The biomaterial ink, composed of collagen methacrylate (ColMA) and a natural co-monomer, hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), achieves high-resolution printing of biomimetic structures. The post-print TA treatment (0.25–30 mg/mL) significantly increases mechanical strength, improves degradation rates, and reduces the size and porosity of the resulting dual-crosslinked, hybrid network structures. The biocompatibility of these constructs was assessed using adult human dermal fibroblasts, revealing optimal cell viability and adhesion at low TA concentrations (0–0.25 mg/mL). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of TA-treated biomaterials was evaluated, demonstrating potential for applications in environments with high reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, this collagen-based biomaterial ink and post-print TA treatment offers a promising solution for the DLP 3D printing of tough, biodegradable, and biocompatible constructs for biomedical applications in regenerative medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-printing of alginate-based nanocomposite hydrogels incorporated with bioactive glass and calcium oxide nanoparticles for tissue engineering application","authors":"Mahsa Mohammadzadeh,&nbsp;Majid Goli,&nbsp;Kimia Eslami Shahrebabaki,&nbsp;Atefeh Golshirazi,&nbsp;Sheyda Labbaf","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study focuses on optimizing alginate-based hydrogel ink for 3D bioprinting applications. A range of additives was utilized to enhance the properties of the alginate matrix, including pre-crosslinking treatments, varying concentrations of gelatin, and the incorporation of bioactive glass (BG) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles. Following the optimization of printing parameters, the formulation containing 7 % alginate and 2 % gelatin was selected as the control sample. Bioactive glass and calcium oxide nanoparticles were incorporated individually and in combinations at ratios of 70:30 and 50:50. These nanoparticles significantly improved the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, particularly tensile strength and elongation. Notably, the inclusion of nanoparticles in a 50:50 ratio increased the tensile strength of the scaffold from 105 kPa (control) to 185 kPa. Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles enhanced the hydrophilicity of the scaffolds, reducing the contact angle from 63° (control) to 37° (50:50 sample), and improved cellular adhesion. The evaluation of cellular viability demonstrated a survival rate of 90 % for scaffolds with incorporated nanoparticles. Antibacterial tests revealed substantial effectiveness against <em>Escherichia coli</em>, whereas <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> showed higher resistance. Overall, the findings indicate that alginate-based scaffolds, particularly those incorporating a 50:50 blend of BG and CaO with gelatin, achieve a favorable balance of mechanical performance, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties, making them promising candidates for tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactivity, mineralization, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed nano TiO2-reinforced polymer composite immersed in SBF","authors":"Musa Yilmaz ,&nbsp;Derya Kapusuz Yavuz","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 2 wt% nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were fabricated via fused filament fabrication (FFF) to enhance surface bioactivity and overall material performance. The incorporation of TiO₂ markedly improved the apatite-forming ability of the composite surfaces, as evidenced by increased calcium and phosphorus deposition up to 0.032 and 0.046 %, respectively. Surface roughness measurements revealed that TiO₂ addition led to smoother and more uniform 3D-printed surfaces. Mechanical testing showed ∼24 % reduction in tensile strength and ∼17 % reduction in bending force compared to unreinforced PLA-polymer, predominantly attributed to nanoparticle-induced microvoid formation; despite that, the mechanical properties remained within acceptable ranges for biomedical applications. These findings suggest that the enhanced mineralization behavior, improved surface characteristics, and satisfactory mechanical integrity of TiO₂–PLA composites render them promising candidates for load-bearing biomedical applications, such as bone fixation devices and regenerative bone scaffolds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article e00420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PVA-based bioinks for 3D bioprinting: A comprehensive review of their applications in tissue engineering","authors":"Narges Johari ,&nbsp;Zary Adabavazeh ,&nbsp;Francesco Baino","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D bioprinting is an innovative approach that overcomes the limitations of traditional methods for creating cell-laden biomaterials and constructs. It allows for the fabrication of complex and biologically active tissue structures. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based bioinks within a 3D bioprinting framework. PVA-based bioinks exhibit remarkable properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to enhance cell growth and differentiation. These properties make them appropriate for many tissue engineering applications. The study evaluates the physicochemical and biological properties of PVA bioinks, including how they combine with other materials such as gelatin, chitin, chitosan, alginate, agarose, cellulose, κ-carrageenan, methacrylate, nanoparticles, mineral additives, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and extracellular matrix components. Furthermore, this review evaluates the benefits of market availability and enhanced printing resolution, in addition to the challenges posed by complexity, dependency on support baths, and the risk of contamination. The objective of this review is to draw attention to the capabilities of PVA-based bioinks and provide guidelines for future research to improve the effectiveness of these materials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article e00419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}