Bioprinting最新文献

{"title":"AI-powered transformation of pharmaceutical 3D printing: enhancing precision, efficiency, and personalization","authors":"Riya Patel ,&nbsp;Shivani Patel ,&nbsp;Vanessa James ,&nbsp;Yash Raj Singh ,&nbsp;Vishruti Shah ,&nbsp;Vishvjit Thakar ,&nbsp;Bhupendra G. Prajapati","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cloud computing technologies and Internet of Things systems and artificial intelligence (AI) have brought major changes to pharmaceutical 3D printing by promoting new opportunities in designing drugs and manufacturing and personalized medicine delivery. Algorithmic processing through AI improves the modeling of drugs for computation and predicts formulation stability and detects real-time defects in printed dosage forms while boosting operational efficiency. Machine learning systems help optimize printing settings to achieve consistent results and reduce material waste across production batches. The use of artificial intelligence in pharmaceutical 3D printing needs overcoming three major challenges: regulatory hurdles, standards, and data privacy concerns. To overcome these problems, regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical researchers, and technology companies must collaborate to set standards for pharmaceutical data protection as well as compliance frameworks. AI-powered software solutions employ predictive analytics to do quality control in real time, reducing the amount of manufacturing failures. This article discusses regulatory obstacles, data security issues, and standards. Furthermore, identify research gaps so that academics can continue to work on AI-based 3D printing models. The application of AI enables pharmaceutical companies to boost operational efficiency and precision capabilities as well as innovative developments that lead to advanced drug therapies adjusted for individual patients alongside contemporary production methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioresorbable TPMS polymeric scaffolds for bone regeneration","authors":"Asiah Hatcher ,&nbsp;Gary Brierly ,&nbsp;Cedryck Vaquette ,&nbsp;Reuben Staples ,&nbsp;Omar Breik ,&nbsp;Sašo Ivanovski ,&nbsp;Martin D. Batstone ,&nbsp;Danilo Carluccio","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bone tissue engineering (BTE) addresses limitations of traditional bone grafts by using synthetic scaffolds with or without growth factors to regenerate critical-sized defects. New generation scaffolds are produced with a biomimetic approach to simulate bone structure and support cellular functions. This review explores the potential of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) scaffolds made from bioresorbable polymers for BTE applications. TPMS scaffolds are designed to mimic the complex geometry of natural bone, offering a balance between mechanical strength and porosity that promotes nutrient flow and cell proliferation. This review discusses the limitations of traditional scaffold materials and fabrication methods, emphasising the advantages of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in creating high-resolution, customisable scaffolds. The paper delves into the design principles, material choices, and clinical applications of TPMS scaffolds, with a focus on their mechanical and biological performance. It also addresses the challenges in manufacturing high-fidelity TPMS scaffolds and the need for further research to optimise their design for clinical use. The review concludes by outlining future directions for the development of TPMS scaffolds, aiming to improve their efficacy in bone regeneration and their potential for clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-crosslinkable gallol bioinks via pH-controlled oxidation and photocrosslinking with enhanced shear thinning and viscoelastic behavior","authors":"Hatai Jongprasitkul ,&nbsp;Sanna Turunen ,&nbsp;David A. Fulton ,&nbsp;Minna Kellomäki ,&nbsp;Vijay Singh Parihar","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our research work proposes a dual crosslinking approach to address the limitations of the gallol-mediated auto-oxidation approach in bioprinting, where rapid oxidative crosslinking can cause premature gelation, leading to clogging or printing failure. We enabled a gallol hydrogel ink to be printable via extrusion-based 3D bioprinting by utilizing its temporal shear-thinning properties. By raising the pH level, interactions between gallol-modified hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA-GA) can be triggered to form a weak hydrogel. This feature provides injectability and extrudability for the hydrogels. Subsequent photocrosslinking results in indefinite oxidative crosslinking. The oxidative coupling in HAMA-GA was partially inhibited by UV light during the photocrosslinking step. As a result, the printed hydrogel formed a dual-crosslinked network containing both oxidative and photo-induced bonds, which contributed to enhanced structural stability over time. Our proposed approach addresses the challenges of gallol-mediated oxidation, including overgelation that hinders extrusion in 3D bioprinting, offering a promising solution for improved printability and shape fidelity. HAMA-GA ink was bioprintable at pH 5.5 using an extrusion-based 3D printer, showing cytocompatibility (∼95 % viability). This strategy is valuable for designing hydrogel inks with tunable properties for 3D bioprinting while maintaining tissue adhesive properties of gallol moieties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced 3D printing and multiscale technologies (nano to macro) for personalized biomedical applications","authors":"Saranya Balasubramaniyam,&nbsp;Thirumalaikumaran Rathinam,&nbsp;Mohanakrishnan Srinivasan,&nbsp;Karthikeyan Elumalai","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combination of 3D printing and nanotechnology is remodeling the field of biomedical innovation, opening up unprecedented levels of precision, personalization, and function in health care. 3D printing provides the capacity to print complex, patient-specific constructs, and nanotechnology extends this with dynamic biological interactions at the molecular scale to create smart implants, responsive drug delivery devices, and regenerative tissue scaffolds. This merging not only increases mechanical and biological compatibility but also encourages the development of multifunctional devices to monitor in real time, to treat selectively, and to exhibit bio responsive behaviour. Examples ranging from 3D-bioprinted organs to nanoengineered scaffolds and smart diagnostic biosensors show the ability to solve persistent organ transplantation, cancer therapy, and chronic disease management challenges. In addition, breakthroughs such as 4D printing and AI-driven nano-bio fabrication will be pushing the boundaries further by creating patient-driven, self-adaptive therapeutic platforms. But still, large technical, regulatory, and ethical hurdles have to be crossed in order to integrate on a large scale in a clinical manner. Nevertheless, synergistic convergence of nanotechnology and additive manufacturing bodes well for a shift toward highly personalized, predictive, and effective medical treatments. This review discusses the revolutionary contribution of 3D printing nanotechnology in reframing the future of medicine with focus on the pressing need for an interdisciplinary team approach to realize its full capability. The epoch of tailoring personalized therapies to the molecular level is no longer an elusive vision but a swiftly realising expectation capable of radically redefining the delivery and outcomes of care at a worldwide scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00430"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting printability in suspended bioprinting using a rheology-informed hierarchical machine learning approach","authors":"Dageon Oh ,&nbsp;Dasong Kim ,&nbsp;Seung Yun Nam","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Suspended bioprinting has emerged as a promising method for overcoming the limitations of conventional extrusion-based bioprinting, enabling the creation of complex tissue constructs with improved resolution and shape fidelity. This technique utilizes a support bath to preserve the structural integrity of bioinks during deposition, allowing for the precise printing of low-viscosity materials. However, optimizing printability remains a significant challenge due to the absence of standardized methods and the complex interactions between bioink properties, support bath characteristics, and printing parameters. This study introduces a novel approach integrating suspended bioprinting with a rheology-informed hierarchical machine learning (RIHML) model to predict key printability factors such as axial resolution, horizontal resolution, and z-axis positional errors. A comprehensive dataset was generated by varying rheological properties and printing conditions to train and validate the RIHML model. The results show that the RIHML model outperforms conventional machine learning models, including support vector regression and concentration-dependent model, in predictive accuracy. This approach addresses critical challenges in suspended bioprinting, offering a scalable solution for improving printability, enhancing cost-effectiveness, reducing time consumption, and boosting the precision and reproducibility of tissue-engineered scaffolds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D bioprinting: Materials, mechanisms, and mathematical modeling for next-generation tissue engineering","authors":"Faezeh Raei ,&nbsp;Azadeh Abdi ,&nbsp;Shohreh Mashayekhan","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advances in 3D bioprinting have enabled the fabrication of synthetic tissues with complex architectures that closely mimic natural ones. However, 3D bioprinting faces challenges in generating fully functional bioconstructs using biocompatible materials and cells. To overcome this limitation, the emerging technology of 4D bioprinting offers a novel solution. Unlike its 3D counterpart, 4D bioprinting enables structures to change shape in response to both intrinsic and external stimuli. This dynamic capability of 4D bioprinting has the potential to surpass the limitations of 3D bioprinting while more accurately replicating the adaptive nature of living tissues. By leveraging 4D bioprinting, it becomes feasible to produce highly intricate and dynamic structures with exceptional resolution, which would be challenging to achieve using conventional biofabrication methods such as 3D printing or bioprinting. This review highlights the applications of stimuli-responsive materials in 4D bioprinting. It delves into the chemistry and mechanism of action of advanced 4D materials. Additionally, this review discusses the diverse applications of 4D bioprinted tissues and organs, emphasizing their impact on regenerative medicine. The integration of mathematical modeling as a predictive tool for the printing process and final structural outcomes is also examined. Furthermore, the article addresses essential testing protocols for evaluating the functionality and safety of bioprinted tissues. Finally, it discusses current challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field, particularly its implications and potential breakthroughs in tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144685578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the printability of low-concentration GelMA through viscosity modulation and integration of hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering bioinks","authors":"Soumitra Das ,&nbsp;Anne Bernhardt ,&nbsp;Michael Gelinsky ,&nbsp;Bikramjit Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, there has been a significant focus on developing hydrogel-based scaffolds for reconstructing and repairing damaged tissues. Despite these efforts, the selection of appropriate hydrogel formulation tailored to specific clinical applications remains a primary challenge. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has been widely investigated as a baseline biomaterial in the realm of tissue engineering. Through comprehensive experimentation and quantitative analysis, we explore the intricate interplay among various biophysical properties (uniaxial compression behavior, scaffold microstructure, swelling properties, and enzymatic degradation kinetics), viscoelastic properties, printability, and cellular responses of a range of GelMA compositions. The experimental data were comprehensively analyzed to establish an empirical relationship between biophysical properties and molar crosslinking density. In particular, the viscoelastic properties were tailored for low-concentration GelMA, containing biomineralized bone-specific biomaterial ink by tailoring the addition of methacrylated carboxymethyl cellulose (mCMC), and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHAp). The resulting hybrid hydrogel demonstrates significantly higher stiffness (∼7-fold), improved yield stress (∼17-fold), reduced swelling (∼1.3-fold), and diminished degradation (∼4-fold) properties compared to pristine GelMA. To assess the bone mimetic tissue matrix development, we conducted 2D cultures of human patient-derived primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and human osteoblasts (hOBs) on hydrogel scaffolds in standard growth media and differentiation media. Our results qualitatively and quantitatively indicate robust proliferation of both cell types on all biomaterial scaffolds over 21 days in culture. Furthermore, an analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity reveals a ∼3.1-fold and ∼5.8-fold increase in ALP expression for hBMSCs-seeded nHAp-loaded hydrogels, cultured in non-differentiation media and differentiation media, respectively. Taken together, our findings suggest that the nHAp-incorporated GelMA/mCMC matrix holds promise as a potential biomaterial ink for bone tissue regeneration applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LusoBioMaker: A low-cost 3D bioprinter with multi-extrusion and contour printing capabilities for thermo- and photocurable hydrogels towards complex tissue fabrication","authors":"Afonso Gusmão ,&nbsp;Diana M.C. Marques ,&nbsp;Duarte Almeida ,&nbsp;Kristin Schüler ,&nbsp;Frederico Castelo Ferreira ,&nbsp;Paola Sanjuan-Alberte ,&nbsp;Marco Leite","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D bioprinting is an expanding field that allows for the design of intricate structures using multiple materials and living cells. This has enormous potential for applications in drug testing, regenerative medicine, and, more recently, cell-based food products, with the surge of the cellular agriculture field. However, the high cost of equipment is frequently a significant limitation for implementing these approaches. Here, we present LusoBioMaker, an open-source bioprinter that delivers commercial-grade performance for under $900 of materi. Built on a modified Ender 3-V2 platform it integrates dual screw-driven extrusion, independent active temperature control (2–50 °C) and in-situ 365 nm photocuring, generating up to 320 N force through open-access firmware. Using κ-carrageenan, Pluronic F-127 and gelatin methacrylate/poly(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate (GelMA/PEGDA) inks we printed complex lattices with a printability factor of 0.995 and sub-millimetre dimensional errors while maintaining 97 % L929 cell viability after fourteen days. Comprehensive calibration and acceptance tests performed in accordance with the ISO 230-1/2 standards confirmed &lt;50 μm positional error and &lt;0.005° angular deviation across both extrusion nozzles. A systematic review of 17 reported low-cost bioprinters revealed that none combine dual screw extrusion, active thermal regulation and on-head UV curing in a single chassis, highlighting LusoBioMaker's unique features set. As a proof-of-concept, we bioprinted a hollow nipple–areola complex by co-extruding a thermosensitive κ-carrageenan core and a photocurable GelMA/PEGDA shell, exploiting all three hardware capabilities in one uninterrupted run. This demonstration underscores LusoBioMaker's capacity to manufacture anatomically intricate, gradient tissues on demand and to democratise advanced biofabrication workflows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D bioprinted neural progenitor cell constructs for enhancing ex vivo brain integration and neuron-astrocyte differentiation","authors":"Hui Ling Ma,&nbsp;Raiane de Oliveira Ferreira,&nbsp;Danyllo Felipe de Oliveira,&nbsp;Alice Kei Endo,&nbsp;Oswaldo Keith Okamoto,&nbsp;Mayana Zatz","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold great promise for neural tissue engineering, disease modeling, and regenerative therapies due to their self-renewal and differentiation potential. In this study, we utilized 3D extrusion bioprinting to encapsulate hiPSC-NPCs within a composite bioink composed of Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and Pluronic F127 (P-127). This composite was engineered to enhance matrix remodeling, mechanical tunability, and cell-specific differentiation. Incorporating P-127 improved gelation, printability, swelling behavior, degradation kinetics, and microstructural features, collectively supporting enhanced NPC proliferation. Mechanical characterization revealed adjustable stiffness (Young's modulus: 1–8 kPa), with GelMA/P-127 blends exhibiting greater strength than GelMA alone. Immunostaining showed elevated GFAP and reduced Neurofilament M (NeuF-M) expression, indicating a shift toward astrocytic differentiation influenced by matrix mechanics. Calcium imaging and transient signal analysis confirmed the functional activity of the differentiated neurons. Gene expression profiling supported these findings, showing upregulation of GFAP, TUBB3, and MAP2 and downregulation of SOX2, marking the transition from progenitor to mature neural phenotypes. Furthermore, bioprinted constructs integrated with ex vivo brain slices and expressed TUBB3 and NeuF-M, confirming neuronal differentiation capacity. These results underscore the potential of GelMA/P-127 composite bioinks as biomimetic, tunable platforms for engineering 3D neural tissue constructs, offering a versatile tool for studying neurodevelopment and advancing translational regenerative strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D bioprinting of bioproduction cell lines","authors":"Laura Chastagnier ,&nbsp;Lucie Essayan ,&nbsp;Celine Thomann ,&nbsp;Julia Niemann ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Errazuriz-Cerda ,&nbsp;Manon Laithier ,&nbsp;Anne Baudouin ,&nbsp;Christophe Marquette ,&nbsp;Emma Petiot","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting presents a transformative approach to replicating vivo-like environments for mammalian cell cultures, offering potential advances in bioproduction and tissue engineering. In this study, we investigated the growth, metabolic activity, and structural organization of four mammalian cell lines (HEK, MDCK, CHO, and Vero) in 3D bioprinted constructs. Our results demonstrate that even highly selected, immortalized cell lines can regain physiological traits closer to their native tissue when cultured in 3D environments. We observed significant shifts in proliferation kinetics, including reduced growth rates and reduced fermentative activity. A Design of Experiment (DOE) approach identified critical biofabrication parameters—such as hydrogel microporosity and cross-linking conditions—that modulate cell behavior and proliferation in 3D matrices. These findings highlight the potential of 3D bioprinting not only for medical applications, such as regenerative medicine and drug testing, but also for enhancing bioproduction processes by supporting higher cell densities and metabolic efficiency. Our work underscores the importance of optimizing 3D culture conditions to mimic vivo-like behaviors and improve productivity, offering new insights into the scalability of bioprinted constructs for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}