BioprintingPub Date : 2025-06-11DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00422
Christopher R. Fellin , Richard Steiner , Xiaoning Yuan , Shailly H. Jariwala
{"title":"A collagen-based biomaterial ink for the digital light processing 3D printing of tough, dual-crosslinked hydrogels via post-print tannic acid treatment","authors":"Christopher R. Fellin , Richard Steiner , Xiaoning Yuan , Shailly H. Jariwala","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Collagen-based biomaterial inks for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing are particularly attractive due to their inherent biocompatibility, cell-adhesion properties, and biodegradability. However, there have been relatively few examples of collagen-based biomaterial inks without the use of synthetic co-monomers or specialized printing equipment. Furthermore, photo-crosslinked collagen hydrogels are often brittle, limiting their use in biomedical applications and regenerative medicine. In this study, we present the development of a novel collagen-based biomaterial ink for DLP 3D printing, enabling the fabrication of robust hydrogel constructs through a post-print tannic acid (TA) treatment. The biomaterial ink, composed of collagen methacrylate (ColMA) and a natural co-monomer, hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), achieves high-resolution printing of biomimetic structures. The post-print TA treatment (0.25–30 mg/mL) significantly increases mechanical strength, improves degradation rates, and reduces the size and porosity of the resulting dual-crosslinked, hybrid network structures. The biocompatibility of these constructs was assessed using adult human dermal fibroblasts, revealing optimal cell viability and adhesion at low TA concentrations (0–0.25 mg/mL). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of TA-treated biomaterials was evaluated, demonstrating potential for applications in environments with high reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, this collagen-based biomaterial ink and post-print TA treatment offers a promising solution for the DLP 3D printing of tough, biodegradable, and biocompatible constructs for biomedical applications in regenerative medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3D-printing of alginate-based nanocomposite hydrogels incorporated with bioactive glass and calcium oxide nanoparticles for tissue engineering application","authors":"Mahsa Mohammadzadeh, Majid Goli, Kimia Eslami Shahrebabaki, Atefeh Golshirazi, Sheyda Labbaf","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study focuses on optimizing alginate-based hydrogel ink for 3D bioprinting applications. A range of additives was utilized to enhance the properties of the alginate matrix, including pre-crosslinking treatments, varying concentrations of gelatin, and the incorporation of bioactive glass (BG) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles. Following the optimization of printing parameters, the formulation containing 7 % alginate and 2 % gelatin was selected as the control sample. Bioactive glass and calcium oxide nanoparticles were incorporated individually and in combinations at ratios of 70:30 and 50:50. These nanoparticles significantly improved the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, particularly tensile strength and elongation. Notably, the inclusion of nanoparticles in a 50:50 ratio increased the tensile strength of the scaffold from 105 kPa (control) to 185 kPa. Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles enhanced the hydrophilicity of the scaffolds, reducing the contact angle from 63° (control) to 37° (50:50 sample), and improved cellular adhesion. The evaluation of cellular viability demonstrated a survival rate of 90 % for scaffolds with incorporated nanoparticles. Antibacterial tests revealed substantial effectiveness against <em>Escherichia coli</em>, whereas <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> showed higher resistance. Overall, the findings indicate that alginate-based scaffolds, particularly those incorporating a 50:50 blend of BG and CaO with gelatin, achieve a favorable balance of mechanical performance, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties, making them promising candidates for tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article e00421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2025-05-31DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00420
Musa Yilmaz , Derya Kapusuz Yavuz
{"title":"Bioactivity, mineralization, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed nano TiO2-reinforced polymer composite immersed in SBF","authors":"Musa Yilmaz , Derya Kapusuz Yavuz","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 2 wt% nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) were fabricated via fused filament fabrication (FFF) to enhance surface bioactivity and overall material performance. The incorporation of TiO<sub>2</sub> markedly improved the apatite-forming ability of the composite surfaces, as evidenced by increased calcium and phosphorus deposition up to 0.032 and 0.046 %, respectively. Surface roughness measurements revealed that TiO<sub>2</sub> addition led to smoother and more uniform 3D-printed surfaces. Mechanical testing showed ∼24 % reduction in tensile strength and ∼17 % reduction in bending force compared to unreinforced PLA-polymer, predominantly attributed to nanoparticle-induced microvoid formation; despite that, the mechanical properties remained within acceptable ranges for biomedical applications. These findings suggest that the enhanced mineralization behavior, improved surface characteristics, and satisfactory mechanical integrity of TiO<sub>2</sub>–PLA composites render them promising candidates for load-bearing biomedical applications, such as bone fixation devices and regenerative bone scaffolds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article e00420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2025-05-20DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00419
Narges Johari , Zary Adabavazeh , Francesco Baino
{"title":"PVA-based bioinks for 3D bioprinting: A comprehensive review of their applications in tissue engineering","authors":"Narges Johari , Zary Adabavazeh , Francesco Baino","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D bioprinting is an innovative approach that overcomes the limitations of traditional methods for creating cell-laden biomaterials and constructs. It allows for the fabrication of complex and biologically active tissue structures. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based bioinks within a 3D bioprinting framework. PVA-based bioinks exhibit remarkable properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to enhance cell growth and differentiation. These properties make them appropriate for many tissue engineering applications. The study evaluates the physicochemical and biological properties of PVA bioinks, including how they combine with other materials such as gelatin, chitin, chitosan, alginate, agarose, cellulose, κ-carrageenan, methacrylate, nanoparticles, mineral additives, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and extracellular matrix components. Furthermore, this review evaluates the benefits of market availability and enhanced printing resolution, in addition to the challenges posed by complexity, dependency on support baths, and the risk of contamination. The objective of this review is to draw attention to the capabilities of PVA-based bioinks and provide guidelines for future research to improve the effectiveness of these materials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article e00419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2025-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00418
Sally AbdulHussain Kadhum, Nassier A. Nassir
{"title":"Mechanical, in vitro and in vivo characterization of 3D-printed photo crosslinking acrylic/nano ZnO biocomposites for bone tissue engineering","authors":"Sally AbdulHussain Kadhum, Nassier A. Nassir","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bone is a highly vascularized tissue and self-repairing organ. However, the bone tissue may not be able to heal itself, especially when the injury size is higher than the critical size of the bone defect. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a well-recognized and successful approach to enhancing the remodeling process of diseased bone tissue. In this study, initial attention is focused on investigating the mechanical response of nanocomposites-based scaffolds. Photo crosslinking acrylic (PCA) resin and different weight percentages of nanoparticles of zinc oxide (nZnO) were used to make the nanocomposites using stereolithography (SLA) as a 3D printing technology. Here, the influence of nZnO on the mechanical response of the specimens was investigated under tension, compression and bending conditions. The results of these tests suggest that samples containing 1 wt% of nZnO exhibit the highest strength values under the various loading conditions used. Porous scaffolds, with a honeycomb pore shape, were then manufactured using 1 wt% of nZnO. In vitro bioactivity, in vivo biocompatibility, FTIR analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) morphological, X-ray radiological, and histopathological analysis were performed. Finally, it is suggested that the high osteogenesis of the 3D-printed porous scaffolds investigated makes it a promising and effective candidate for bone infection treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article e00418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2025-04-25DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00417
Satyam Rajput , Kaivalya A. Deo , Tanmay Mathur , Giriraj Lokhande , Kanwar Abhay Singh , Yuxiang Sun , Daniel L. Alge , Abhishek Jain , Tapasree Roy Sarkar , Akhilesh K. Gaharwar
{"title":"Corrigendum to “2D Nanosilicate for additive manufacturing: Rheological modifier, sacrificial ink and support bath Bioprinting” [Bioprinting 25 (2022) e00187]","authors":"Satyam Rajput , Kaivalya A. Deo , Tanmay Mathur , Giriraj Lokhande , Kanwar Abhay Singh , Yuxiang Sun , Daniel L. Alge , Abhishek Jain , Tapasree Roy Sarkar , Akhilesh K. Gaharwar","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00417","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article e00417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2025-04-19DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00416
A. Minin , T. Semerikova , A.V. Belousova , O. Karavashkova , V. Pozdina , M. Tomilina , I. Zubarev
{"title":"MSLASpheroidStamp: 3d cell spheroids for everyone","authors":"A. Minin , T. Semerikova , A.V. Belousova , O. Karavashkova , V. Pozdina , M. Tomilina , I. Zubarev","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D cell cultures, such as cell spheroids, are actively used in biology for modeling biological processes, studying intercellular interactions, and screening pharmacological compounds and are becoming indispensable objects in cell culture laboratories. There are many methods for producing spheroids, which vary in cost and convenience. One of the most convenient and affordable methods is the use of agarose microwells. We developed approaches to fabricate agarose microwells in standard culture plastic with the assistance of a hobby-grade MSLA 3D printer. The use of 3D printing allows the customization of microwells in a wide range of shapes and sizes and scales the production process from a few spheroids to tens of thousands. We have shown that it is possible to create gel microwells in a dish with a glass bottom, which allows us to easily realize time-lapse confocal microscopy of spheroids as well as in situ optical clearing in the same dishes to study the spheroid structure. We demonstrated the ability to study the cytotoxicity of various substances and nanoparticles in commonly used 96-well plates.</div><div>Finally, in this article, we describe the difficulties and limitations of our approach and suggest ways to solve them, allowing the reader not only to reproduce it, but also to adapt it to the specific needs of a certain laboratory, using the provided 3D models and instructions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article e00416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stimuli-responsive smart materials: Bridging the gap between biotechnology and regenerative medicine","authors":"Karthik K. Karunakar , Binoy Varghese Cheriyan , Ragavendran Anandakumar , Akshaya Murugathirumal , Abinaya Senthilkumar , J. Nandhini , Kunal Kataria , Lincy Yabase","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stimuli-responsive smart materials have emerged as transformative tools at the interface of biotechnology and regenerative medicine. These materials, capable of responding dynamically to diverse physical, chemical, and biological stimuli, present innovative solutions to longstanding challenges in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing. This review covers the main principles of stimuli-responsive materials, their classifications, and underlying mechanisms of response. The emphasis lies on the central role that smart materials play in the advancement of biomedical applications. The versatility and functional adaptability of key categories of smart materials, such as polymers, hydrogels, and nanostructures, are reviewed for their utility in therapeutic applications. With an eye on smart scaffolds, controlled drug delivery systems, and new wound healing techniques, we also go over their uses in tissue engineering. Emerging technologies such as 3D/4D bioprinting, microfluidic fabrication, and the incorporation of biosensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) into the design and development of smart materials are also covered. The review will clearly establish that stimuli-responsive smart materials have boundless potential for transformative usefulness in regenerative medicine and health futures by highlighting key concerns, particularly those related to scalability and the regulatory landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article e00415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00413
Joyce R. de Souza , Maedeh Rahimnejad , Igor P. Mendes Soares , Caroline Anselmi , Pedro H.C. de Oliveira , Alexandre H. dos Reis-Prado , Victoria Maglaras , Renan Dal-Fabbro , Eliandra S. Trichês , Marco C. Bottino
{"title":"3D Printing β-TCP-laden GelMA/Alginate interpenetrating-polymer-network biomaterial inks for bone tissue engineering","authors":"Joyce R. de Souza , Maedeh Rahimnejad , Igor P. Mendes Soares , Caroline Anselmi , Pedro H.C. de Oliveira , Alexandre H. dos Reis-Prado , Victoria Maglaras , Renan Dal-Fabbro , Eliandra S. Trichês , Marco C. Bottino","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bone's capacity for self-repair is limited when large defects arise from trauma or infection. Traditional grafting methods like autografts and allografts often face challenges like immune rejection and limited availability. Traditional scaffold manufacturing techniques for bone tissue engineering frequently lack precise control over the constructs' material composition and pore architecture. Recently, 3D printing technology, particularly with interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), has successfully addressed these limitations, improving biocompatibility, strength, and degradation. Our study investigated gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/Alginate IPNs laden with beta tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) particles in a 3D-printed format to optimize cell proliferation and tissue regeneration conditions. Rheology studies showed shear-thinning viscosity and fast recovery (∼90 %) to primary viscosity after stress removal, confirming the inks' suitability for extrusion-based printing. Both inks demonstrated high resolution and acceptable printability (0.9–1). Incorporating β-TCP increased the compressive modulus (0.09 ± 0.01 MPa for the control group vs. 0.15 ± 0.01 MPa for 15 % (w/v) β-TCP, ∗∗∗p < 0.001) and swelling ratio, decreasing biodegradation over 35 days. Cell assays showed enhanced cell proliferation over 7 days, with no significant differences between groups. Compared to basal and osteogenic media controls, higher mineralization and osteogenic gene expression were observed in 15 % β-TCP-laden 3D-printed constructs on days 14 and 21. Histological analysis <em>in vivo</em> showed no signs of inflammation after three weeks, suggesting favorable tissue compatibility. Furthermore, calcium carbonate deposits were identified, evidencing the successful differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cells capable of producing a mineralized matrix. This study demonstrated that the (GelMA)/Alginate IPN containing β-TCP could be a successful biomaterial ink with promising bioactive properties for bone tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article e00413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2025-04-12DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00414
Galina A. Ryltseva , Alexey E. Dudaev , Sergei Y. Lipaikin , Konstantin A. Kistersky , Ekaterina I. Shishatskaya , Tatiana G. Volova
{"title":"Characteristics and osteogenic potential of scaffolds with controlled pore geometry obtained by FDM 3D printing technology from resorbable bioplastics","authors":"Galina A. Ryltseva , Alexey E. Dudaev , Sergei Y. Lipaikin , Konstantin A. Kistersky , Ekaterina I. Shishatskaya , Tatiana G. Volova","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of tissue engineering, the architecture of a scaffold plays a critical role in determining how cells behave and how new tissue structures are formed. In this study, we have for the first time developed and compared four different types of 3D printed scaffolds made from biodegradable polymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). These scaffolds varied in terms of their internal channel topologies, which included triangular, square, and hexagonal geometry, as well as a configuration based on the Hilbert curve. The scaffolds were fabricated via the process of 3D printing using the method of fused deposition modeling, based on pre-designed computer models. The investigation into the proliferation, metabolic activity, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) revealed a substantial impact of scaffold architecture on the dynamics of channel closure. Initially, MSCs tended to adhere and proliferate in regions of high curvature, such as corners of triangular channels or bends of the Hilbert curve-shaped channels. The cells on the scaffolds with a triangular structure of pores exhibited a higher level of metabolic activity and a faster rate of channel closure compared to other structures. At the later stages of cultivation, all types of channels were fully colonized by cells, with no indication of a decrease in metabolic activity. Analysis of osteogenic differentiation revealed that all scaffolds facilitate the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts; however, on day 14 of cultivation, slightly lower alkaline phosphatase activity was observed on scaffolds with square-shaped channels. On day 28 of cultivation, the scaffolds with the Hilbert curve geometry of channels demonstrated the highest degree of mineralization. Our research is a step forward in the exploration of the design and 3D printing of polyhydroxyalkanoate-based scaffolds with different cell-stimulating geometries for restoration of critical-size bone defects. This research contributes to the development of innovative functional materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article e00414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}