Bioprinting最新文献

{"title":"Applications of auxetic structures in orthopaedics: A scoping review","authors":"Teresa Marotta,&nbsp;Mihaela Vlasea,&nbsp;Stewart McLachlin","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Auxetic structures, meta-materials with a negative Poisson's ratio, exhibit unique mechanical behaviour, but there is currently limited use and understanding of how to leverage these structures in orthopaedics.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This review aimed to systematically identify applications of auxetic structures within orthopaedics, particularly focusing on the rationale for using auxetic materials, the use of design for additive manufacturing to produce auxetic structures, and performance testing methods. Using a scoping review framework, trends and future directions in these areas were explored.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following the Arksey and O'Malley guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist, a literature search was performed using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest – Materials Science and Engineering databases, and Springer Link. Data was analyzed by content analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>285 articles were identified, and 31 articles met the inclusion criteria. The areas of orthopaedic applications included structural implants (n = 18), tissue scaffolds (n = 10) and external bracing (n = 3).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The application of auxetic structures for orthopaedics is a growing field of interest and can potentially revolutionize the future of orthopaedic devices. However, further work investigating additional design for additive manufacturing techniques and performance testing methods is required to address the current limitations and advance the clinical translation of auxetic structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface modification of 3D-printed polycaprolactone-human decellularized bone matrix composite scaffold by plasma for bone tissue engineering","authors":"Hekmat Farajpour,&nbsp;Masoud Ghorbani,&nbsp;Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam,&nbsp;Vahabodin Goodarzi","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Bone tissue engineering is a revolutionary field focused on creating viable bone substitutes using advanced materials and techniques. Utilizing 3D printing, precise and customizable bone scaffolds can be produced. A notable composite material in this domain is a composite of polycaprolactone (PCL) and human decellularized bone matrix (hDBM), which combines synthetic and natural elements for enhanced functionality. To further improve cell attachment and growth, cold plasma surface modification is employed, optimizing scaffold surfaces. These innovations collectively hold great potential for improving bone repair and regeneration outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Scaffold architecture was designed through CAD software, and the composite of PCL and hDBM was printed using FDM technology. Surface modification was achieved by exposing the scaffolds to Argon-Oxygen (Ar-O₂) plasma radiation for 1 and 3 min. Both treated and untreated scaffolds were characterized, including measurements of surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and cellular activity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Almost all groups showed non-toxic effect on cellular behavior during cell culture. Plasma-treated scaffolds showed a significant increase in surface roughness, with roughness values (Ra) increasing from 10.45 nm (untreated) to 62.75 nm after 3 min of plasma exposure. Contact angle measurements decreased from approximately 66.5° in untreated scaffolds to 31.4° in those treated for 3 min, indicating enhanced hydrophilicity. Plasma-treated scaffolds demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility, significantly enhancing cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization compared to untreated scaffolds. After 7 days, scaffolds treated for 1 and 3 min showed 35 % and 60 % increases in cell proliferation, respectively, highlighting the role of plasma treatment in creating a bioactive surface conducive to cell adhesion, growth, and improved osteogenic properties, with longer exposure times further amplifying these effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The current study demonstrates the efficacy of Ar + O₂ plasma treatment in enhancing the surface properties of PCL-hDBM scaffolds, making them more conducive to osteogenesis. This study suggests that plasma-treated PCL-hDBM scaffolds are a promising option for bone tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in high-resolution 3D bioprinting: Exploring technological trends, bioinks and achieved resolutions","authors":"Luca Guida,&nbsp;Marco Cavallaro,&nbsp;Marinella Levi","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving field that has seen significant advancements in technologies, materials, and strategies. It enables the production of living tissues and complex biological structures, offering great potential for regenerative medicine, drug testing, and personalized medical treatments.</div><div>Notable progress has been done, particularly in developing materials that mimic the physiological environment and promote tissue growth. However, much work is still needed to fabricate complex, large-scale, heterocellular constructs. High-resolution printing and technological development are crucial to this goal.</div><div>Despite the significance of this topic, the literature lacks comprehensive reviews focused on analyzing the achieved resolution and metrics for its quantification in bioprinting. Additionally, no previous work examines all the most relevant technologies, critically highlighting technological advantages such as resolution and identifying limitations like the characteristic dimensions of constructs.</div><div>This review examines various aspects of 3D bioprinting, focusing on the most commonly used technologies, including Extrusion-Based Bioprinting, Vat Photopolymerization, Inkjet, Laser-Induced Forward Transfer, and Two-Photon Polymerization. Additionally, it examines the biomaterials and crosslinking strategies compatible with each of these technologies.</div><div>The primary focus is on the importance of resolution characterization, assessing technical advantages, and summarizing common metrics from the literature. The review evaluates the resolutions achieved across different bioprinting methods, correlating such data with the applicability and limitations of each technology, as resolution alone is not sufficient for producing functional structures. Some strategies to overcome typical resolution limits of some technologies have been reported.</div><div>In doing so, the focus is kept on works aimed at biological patterning and producing scaffolds for tissue engineering, therefore involving the use of live cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D printing in dynamic and adaptive bone implants: Progress in bone tissue engineering","authors":"Aayush Prakash ,&nbsp;Rishabha Malviya ,&nbsp;Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar ,&nbsp;Javedh Shareef","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of 4D printing has revolutionised tissue engineering technology by integrating dynamic and adaptive properties to previously static 3D-printed structures. This advancement is particularly noteworthy in the domain of bone tissue engineering (BTE), where accurate replication of the dynamics of real bone is essential for complex tissue structures. The article investigates the utilization of 4D printing techniques in the field of BTE, with a specific focus on the incorporation of stimuli-responsive materials, shape-memory scaffolds, and bio-inks to facilitate the fabrication of dynamic bone implants. The use of stimuli-responsive hydrogels, shape-memory polymers, and sophisticated bio-fabrication methods enables the creation of bone tissue structures capable of self-remodeling and adapting after being implanted. These structures have demonstrated potential in the personalized correction of bone defects and the possibility for the extensive deployment of bone graft replacements. The implementation of 4D printing in BTE is a notable breakthrough that opens novel opportunities for customized and dynamic bone implants. Additional research and development are necessary to overcome the existing constraints, namely in attaining reliable functional changes and guaranteeing the scalability of these technologies for clinical use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust design methodologies to engineer multimaterial and multiscale bioprinters","authors":"Amedeo Franco Bonatti ,&nbsp;Elisa Batoni ,&nbsp;Gabriele Maria Fortunato ,&nbsp;Chiara Vitale-Brovarone ,&nbsp;Giovanni Vozzi ,&nbsp;Carmelo De Maria","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Commonly used bioprinting technologies (e.g., material extrusion, material jetting) enable the fabrication of complex, multimaterial and multiscale scaffolds with controlled properties for tissue engineering applications. This enables the fabrication of scaffolds that more accurately replicate the structure of natural tissues. Despite the availability of commercial bioprinters, their high cost and lack of customization have driven researchers to modify existing devices or create entirely new platforms. Among all the available examples in literature, there is a strong need for more modular systems which are robustly designed taking into consideration the specific needs of bioprinting. In this context, the aim of this work is to introduce robust engineering methodologies to design and fabricate custom hardware and software for multimaterial and multiscale bioprinting. Firstly, we will identify the main design requirements that should be considered for a bioprinter (e.g., encumbrance, positioning resolution). Based on these requirements, we will then propose an analysis of the key building blocks of a bioprinter, including hardware (i.e., positioning system, toolheads, additional modules for extended functionalities), electronics (i.e., power supply, control boards), and software, introducing for each one the main concepts and equations for its optimal design. Throughout the work, we will use a customized bioprinting platform (namely, the BOOST bioprinter) as an example of the application of the proposed methodologies. Finally, we will present a validation of the methodologies and the bioprinter by fabricating high quality scaffolds through the combination of material extrusion and material jetting. The firmware developed during this work is available online as a support for developing more robust customized bioprinters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D bioprinting of multicellular tumor spheroids in photocrosslinkable hyaluronan-gelatin for engineering pancreatic cancer microenvironment","authors":"Pei-Syuan Yang ,&nbsp;Yi Liu ,&nbsp;Shiue-Cheng Tang ,&nbsp;Yu-Wen Tien ,&nbsp;Shan-hui Hsu","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D bioprinting can be utilized to fabricate cancer-like tissue that models complex interactions within the cancer microenvironment. In human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), these interactions involve the extracellular matrix (ECM), cancer cells, and pancreatic stellate cells. Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of ECM supporting tumor progression and chemoresistance in PDAC. In the current study, an <em>in vitro</em> PDAC-like tissue platform was developed by embedding multicellular pancreatic tumor-like spheroids within a novel 3D bioprinting HA-gelatin photocrosslinked hydrogel (GHP). This optimized GHP bioink (7 wt% gelatin and 0.2 wt% phenolic HA) achieved a modulus (∼5.46 kPa) closely resembling that of clinical PDAC tissue, with a dense and uniform structure superior to gelatin-only hydrogel (GN). The bioprinted 3D tumor-like spheroids within GHP exhibited distinct invasive and metastatic behavior, along with up-regulated expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Furthermore, gene expression analysis also revealed a ∼290-fold increase in CD44 gene and a 7.3-fold rise in S100A9 (a novel pancreatic cancer biomarker for early diagnosis). These tumor-like spheroids within 3D-bioprinted GHP constructs further demonstrated substantial chemoresistance, maintaining remarkable 98.5 % viability after 48 h of exposure to a Gemcitabine and Abraxane combination, in contrast to significantly lower resistance observed in spheroids alone or co-cultured monolayers. An in-depth investigation of HA distribution within the 3D-bioprinted PDAC-like construct revealed a pattern consistent with clinical PDAC, indicating enhanced malignancy and potential tumor reprogramming. This 3D-bioprinted PDAC model holds significant potential for advancing pancreatic cancer research and preclinical drug testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on bioink based microfluidic devices","authors":"Kajal P. Chamate ,&nbsp;Bhuvaneshwari D. Patil ,&nbsp;Nikita V. Bhosale ,&nbsp;Nutan V. Desai ,&nbsp;Prasad V. Kadam ,&nbsp;Avirup Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Ravindra V. Badhe","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microfluidics represents a methodology facilitating the manipulation of minute fluid volumes via microchannels, with wide-ranging applications across biomedical and pharmaceutical research, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics. This discourse delves into the materials utilized in microfluidic devices, their fabrication techniques, and their diverse applications, with a specific focus on variants constructed from glass, paper, metal, and polymers. Additionally, it explores bioprinting methodologies aimed at generating three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures employing bioink for microfluidic system. Bioprinting nurtures the development of functional tissue models essential for tissue engineering, drug screening initiatives, and the evolution of organ-on-a-chip technologies. The discussion extends to an examination of the merits and demerits of various bioinks, such as gelatine methacrylate, collagen, alginate, Pluronic F-127, and decellularized extracellular matrix, with a succinct overview provided in a tabular format highlighting commercially available bioinks. Furthermore, concrete examples illustrating microfluidic devices and bio-printed tissues tailored for different organs, including the lung, liver, heart, and intestine, are presented. Finally, the discourse concludes with an analysis of the prospects and potential applications of microfluidics in advancing biomedical research and its practical implementations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of hydroxyapatite particle shape, and concentration on the engineering performance and printability of polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite composites in bioplotting","authors":"Markos Petousis ,&nbsp;Vassilis Papadakis ,&nbsp;Amalia Moutsopoulou ,&nbsp;Mariza Spiridaki ,&nbsp;Apostolos Argyros ,&nbsp;Evangelos Sfakiotakis ,&nbsp;Nikolaos Michailidis ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Stratakis ,&nbsp;Nectarios Vidakis","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, medical poly [ε-caprolactone] (PCL) was used as the matrix material for the development of composites, with hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles with angular and spherical shapes employed as additives. Pellets of such composites were created with five different filler concentrations in the range of 0.0 up to 8.0 wt% (2.0 wt % increase). Three-dimensional (3D) specimens suitable for investigation were bioplotted using the corresponding pellets. The mechanical behavior of the samples was studied in terms of their tensile and flexural characteristics. Rheological and thermal investigations were conducted, and the morphology and chemical structure were investigated using field-emission scanning electron emission SEM and EDS spectroscopy, respectively. A μ-CT scanning course was employed to evaluate the inbound porosity and dimensional conformity of the specimens. The greatest enhancement in the engineering response of the specimens was observed at a tensile strength of 6.0 wt % PCL/angular HAp, showing a 17.0 % increase over pure PCL. The results demonstrate the potential of HAp as a reinforcing agent for polymers in medical applications using bioplotting. The key findings suggest that the shape and concentration document a significant impact on their mechanical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double-crosslinked dECM bioink to print a self-sustaining 3D multi-layered aortic-like construct","authors":"Federica Potere ,&nbsp;Giovanni Venturelli ,&nbsp;Beatrice Belgio ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Guagliano ,&nbsp;Federica Boschetti ,&nbsp;Sara Mantero ,&nbsp;Paola Petrini","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with related mortality increasing from 12.1 million to 18.6 million in the past 30 years.</div><div>To address the supply limitation of autologous vascular grafts and overcome the limits of current treatment options, 3D bioprinting techniques have been investigated.</div><div>This study aimed at introducing a self-supporting and multi-layered 3D bioprinted construct as a promising alternative for large-blood vessel replacement. To this end, we developed an alginate-gelatin bioink enriched with decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) of porcine aorta combined with a two-step crosslinking process. We investigated the feasibility of achieving structural stability and shape fidelity of the bioprinted construct over time through rheological characterization, printability tests, and degradation tests.</div><div>According to the results of rheology and printability tests, dECM-enriched bioink combined with the double-crosslinking process (internal and external crosslink) showed good printability and high shape fidelity, withstanding more than 35 layers without the need for support. Moreover, the bioprinted construct preserved its structural stability over time, retaining a wall thickness comparable to that of the native aorta. Finally, immortalized mouse fibroblasts embedded in the bioink were well adhered to the bioink and alive over time. The double-crosslinked bioink represents an impactful strategy to produce an alternative conduit with the native hierarchical structure of the large blood vessels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution, integration, and challenges of 3D printing in pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review","authors":"Jyoti Kumari ,&nbsp;Shalini Pandey ,&nbsp;Krishna Kant Jangde ,&nbsp;Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar ,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) printing involves fabricating objects from digital designs by sequentially layering materials along the X, Y, and Z axes. Although this technology has existed since the 1960s, its adoption in the pharmaceutical industry remains limited. This review examines the evolution of 3D printing and its emerging significance in pharmaceuticals. The technique offers numerous advantages, such as product customization, cost-effectiveness, and efficient material usage. Several methods—such as inkjet printing, extrusion printing, and beam-based printing—are employed, utilizing materials ranging from lactose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose to bioinks like chitosan and hyaluronic acid. Among these techniques, fused deposition modelling (FDM) is particularly noteworthy for its versatility in both biodegradable and non-biodegradable applications. Advances in 3D printing have paved the way for innovative pharmaceutical uses, including the production of complex oral dosage forms, drug delivery systems, and medical devices such as prosthetics. More recent breakthroughs have extended into bioprinting, organ-on-a-chip technologies, and robotics. However, several challenges hinder broader adoption, including limited compatibility with thermosensitive materials, difficulties in scaling production, and maintaining quality control. Additionally, the lack of standardized regulatory and ethical frameworks for clinical approval complicates progress. This review explores the key 3D printing techniques, materials, and trends relevant to pharmaceuticals, while addressing resource constraints, intellectual property issues, and regulatory hurdles. It concludes by identifying future directions for research and development, emphasizing the need to optimize these technologies for widespread pharmaceutical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e00367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}