BioprintingPub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00347
Joseph P. Licata, Helena Slupianek, Shahrizoda Rizokulova, Jonathan A. Gerstenhaber, Peter I. Lelkes
{"title":"Biocompatibility of 3D printed plastics for use in bioreactors","authors":"Joseph P. Licata, Helena Slupianek, Shahrizoda Rizokulova, Jonathan A. Gerstenhaber, Peter I. Lelkes","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Three-dimensional (3D) printing has the potential to be used for rapid-prototyping and inexpensive fabrication of bioreactors for advanced cell and tissue culture. However, the suitability of materials used for 3D printing these bioreactors that will be in direct contact with cells and culture media remains to be established. Many of the most common low-cost materials have not been thoroughly tested under stringent cell culture conditions, especially not with highly sensitive human cell types, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This study aims to characterize some 3D printed plastics, such as thermoplastics and photopolymers, focusing on the toxicity/cytocompatibility of the materials as assessed by hiPSC viability, retention of pluripotency, and cardiogenic differentiation potential. Experiments were conducted in a manner that simulates contact between 3D printed plastics and cell culture media, as found in a 3D printed bioreactor. Both photopolymers tested here reduced the viability of hiPSCs, but not of primary human fibroblasts, highlighting the importance of carrying out these tests with the cells of interest. The thermoplastics did not adversely affect stem cell viability, pluripotency, or cardiac differentiation potential. However, except for Nylon12, all thermoplastics deformed during autoclaving, leading us to choose Nylon12 as the most suitable material for bioreactor fabrication. This study represents a step forward in the use of 3D printing for the rapid, low-cost fabrication of custom-designed bioreactors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article e00347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141302514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00346
Rafay Ul Azeem , Shokraneh K. Moghaddam , Richard Kaye , Malcolm MacKenzie , Vincenzo Di Ilio , Yusuf Umar , Yuen-Ki Cheong
{"title":"3D printing adoption in NHS trusts within the United Kingdom","authors":"Rafay Ul Azeem , Shokraneh K. Moghaddam , Richard Kaye , Malcolm MacKenzie , Vincenzo Di Ilio , Yusuf Umar , Yuen-Ki Cheong","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Additive manufacturing and 3D printing is being widely adopted by the medical industry. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of 3D printing technology in NHS trusts across the UK. Data was collected through a survey using the freedom of information act. The survey revealed that 53 NHS trusts (∼25 %) across the UK are utilising the technology, with a diverse range of strategies and applications. The most common application was the creation of guides and models, used for pre-operative planning, intraoperative guidance, and educational purposes. The study also highlights the regulatory and ethical considerations involved in 3D printing in healthcare. The findings indicate that there are no 3D printing specific standards or guidelines being followed for medical devices and therefore underscores the need for clear and consistent regulatory guidelines to be established. As the 3D printing technology continues to advance, its applications in healthcare are expected to expand rapidly, warranting further research into its impact on patient outcomes and healthcare costs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141279412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00345
Sarang Han , John P. Fisher , Antonios G. Mikos , Katie J. Hogan
{"title":"Polymeric nanomaterials in 3D bioprinting for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications","authors":"Sarang Han , John P. Fisher , Antonios G. Mikos , Katie J. Hogan","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanoparticles have been broadly investigated in 3D bioprinting (3DBP) for various purposes, including drug delivery, enhanced mechanical performance, biocompatibility, and bioactivity.</p><p>While polymeric nanoparticles have been widely studied for functionalization and drug delivery purposes, current reviews lack investigation of their application for 3DBP, where polymeric nanoparticles can also add unique properties in composition and application for 3DBP.</p><p>Both natural and synthetic polymeric nanoparticles have been employed in 3DBP, with natural polymers providing a strong advantage for biocompatibility and bioactivity and synthetic polymers enabling more control over nanomaterial properties. In 3D printed structures, the colloidal network between polymeric nanoparticles can enhance rheological and mechanical properties and printability. Additionally, these nanomaterials may introduce stimuli responsive elements and deliver key biomolecules, including growth factors or medications. This paper discusses the current application of polymeric nanoparticles and highlights their potential in 3DBP for tissue engineering and drug delivery specifically.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article e00345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140905581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2024-04-26DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00344
Joseph R. Loverde , Maria E. Piroli , Kristin H. Gilchrist , Jason Barnhill , J. Kenneth Wickiser , Vincent B. Ho , George J. Klarmann
{"title":"Compression cycling of 3D-printed meniscal tissues in vitro using a custom bioreactor","authors":"Joseph R. Loverde , Maria E. Piroli , Kristin H. Gilchrist , Jason Barnhill , J. Kenneth Wickiser , Vincent B. Ho , George J. Klarmann","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An estimated 750,000 arthroscopic knee operations are performed in the United States each year, and many are due to a torn meniscus. Transplantation with donor tissue is the gold standard of care in cases where the meniscus cannot be repaired. However, there is a limited supply of transplantable tissue, which may not be the ideal size or shape for the recipient. 3D printing and tissue engineering have been used to produce replacement tissue of specified shape and size, but none offer the compressive modulus or durability of adult-derived tissue. While biomechanical loading of engineered tissues is known to increase mechanical strength, no current paradigms provide sufficient strength. Instead, a combinatorial approach addressing both physiological form and function has emerged as a promising strategy. In this work, anisotropic menisci were bioprinted using ink composed of collagen types I & II, chondroitin sulfate, and mesenchymal stem cells. After printing, a custom bioreactor was used to apply cyclic compression within an incubator throughout the culture period. Compression cycled prints containing cells maintained viability for 3 weeks, while the mechanical strength of cellularized prints increased after 1 week. However, print dimensions and mass of cellular prints decreased over time independent of compression, while glycosaminoglycans were lost from the prints into the culture media. The expression of eight genes were significantly altered due to compression cycling. This work demonstrated that bioprinted menisci containing live cells can be successfully compressed over long time periods in culture without cell death, and despite changing print dimensions, cells under compression contributed to meniscal strengthening whereas acellular prints consistently weaken. By optimizing structure, culture conditions, and compression paradigms, the strength of bioprinted menisci may approach that of native tissue, and this combinatorial approach may reduce or eliminate the need for cadaveric tissues for allograft transplants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article e00344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140824360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2024-04-26DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00343
Ruslan Melentiev , Maryna Melentieva , Nan Yu
{"title":"Top 10 directions in lithography 3D printing","authors":"Ruslan Melentiev , Maryna Melentieva , Nan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lithography 3D printing technologies such as stereolithography (SLA), two-photon polymerization (TPP), digital light processing (DLP), and other approaches based on vat photopolymerization effect, have been continuously dominating the 3D printing market creating tremendous impact on global economy and society over the past 30 years. The vibrant question is where lithography 3D printing research is heading now? In this study, we conduct a bibliometric analysis and literature review to identify the top 10 research directions that will drive the development of lithography 3D printing in the following decade. We analyzed metadata of nearly ten thousands articles to reveal the evolution of the hottest keywords, most appreciated articles, and other factors in field of lithography 3D printing over the past 30 years. Based on the mined data and literature review, we envision and discus 10 directions that are either emerging or shall emerge promptly, namely tissue engineering (1), DLP of ceramics (2) and metals (3), volumetric printing (4), microneedles printing (5) 4D printing and smart materials (6), metamaterials (7), hot lithography (8), diamond printing (9), and multimaterial printing (10). Recent advances and challenges of each direction were outlined delivering focal points for further research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article e00343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140807077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent frontiers in biofabrication for respiratory tissue engineering","authors":"Amanda Zimmerling , Nuraina Anisa Dahlan , Yan Zhou , Xiongbiao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Respiratory tissue engineering offers a robust framework for studying cell-cell and host-pathogen interactions in a tissue-like environment and offers a platform for studying lung tissue regeneration and disease mechanisms. However, the challenge of replicating dynamic three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments is a huge obstacle with existing technology. Current animal models and two-dimensional cell culture models do not replicate <em>in vivo</em> conditions seen in human lungs, thus research utilizing these techniques often fails to help alleviate the global burden of respiratory diseases. Respiratory tissue engineering has been drawing significant attention over the past decade. Particularly with the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), many inspiring developments and advances have been reported. This review presents the recent advances of respiratory tissue engineering focusing on 3D bioprinting, organ-on-a-chip, and organoid technologies. It also provides an overview of recent attempts to integrate biomechanical stimulus with the aim of improving the integrity of 3D constructs and enhancing cellular propagation. This review addresses the challenges inherent in existing 3D respiratory models and discusses the future prospects of research in this field, urging continuing innovation and investment toward the success of respiratory tissue engineering and increasing clinical relevance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article e00342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405886624000149/pdfft?md5=22791a8ae640933af1f90e8352d6d332&pid=1-s2.0-S2405886624000149-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140633432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00341
Fariza Mukasheva , Muhammad Moazzam , Bota Yernaimanova , Ahmer Shehzad , Ainur Zhanbassynova , Dmitriy Berillo , Dana Akilbekova
{"title":"Design and characterization of 3D printed pore gradient hydrogel scaffold for bone tissue engineering","authors":"Fariza Mukasheva , Muhammad Moazzam , Bota Yernaimanova , Ahmer Shehzad , Ainur Zhanbassynova , Dmitriy Berillo , Dana Akilbekova","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Macroporous hydrogel scaffolds are widely used in tissue engineering to promote cell growth and proliferation. Aiming to enhance cell seeding efficiency and facilitate the osteodifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, this study demonstrates the fabrication of pore gradient biodegradable hydrogel scaffolds inspired by natural bone structure for bone tissue engineering applications. The scaffolds were fabricated via extrusion-based 3D printing, using sequential deposition of three customized Gelatin/Oxidized Alginate - based inks with subsequent cryogenic crosslinking for permanent structure fixation. The resulting constructs were characterized and featured a continuous gradient morphology with pore sizes ranging from 10 to 300 μm. The gradient scaffolds exhibited improved mechanical stability, with a compression resistance of 149 kPa, as opposed to the non-gradient scaffold's 116 kPa at 70 % strain, and a sustained degradation rate with only a 10 % loss of its initial weight within three weeks. Gradient scaffolds demonstrated a doubling of cell seeding efficiency to 47 % with dense and homogeneously distributed cellular layers, as evidenced by confocal and electron microscopy. Furthermore, the gradient scaffolds demonstrated superior osteodifferentiation, with significantly higher ALP and DMP1 production and enhanced extracellular matrix mineralization compared to gradientless macroporous scaffolds. This study provides insights into the design of macroporous scaffolds and emphasizes the advantages of pore gradient over homogeneous gradientless morphologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140558042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00339
Lan Xuan Phung , Tuan Quang Ta , Vuong-Hung Pham , Minh Thi Hong Nguyen , Truong Do , Trung Kien Nguyen
{"title":"The development of a modular and open-source multi-head 3D bioprinter for fabricating complex structures","authors":"Lan Xuan Phung , Tuan Quang Ta , Vuong-Hung Pham , Minh Thi Hong Nguyen , Truong Do , Trung Kien Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Various 3D bioprinting techniques have been introduced and developed to fabricate biomimetic constructs based on biomaterials or cell-laden bioinks to create functionally engineered tissues or organs for tissue engineering applications. However, single-biomaterial printing techniques often fail to replicate the intricate compositions and diversity found in native tissues. Multi-bioinks or multi-biomaterials in bioprinting can be utilized through either a single printhead or multiple separate printheads. However, the cost of commercially available multi-heads for bioprinting is prohibitively high, hindering their application in tissue engineering endeavors. Additionally, each bioink or biomaterial possesses unique printing characteristics that are best suited for specific printing techniques. The current study presents the development of a modular and cost-effective dual-head position bioprinter based on an open-source approach using Marlin firmware. The highlighted features of the 3D bioprinter include the use of various power sources such as compressed air and electricity for the printheads, the integration of a movable printhead mechanism with a wiper arm to prevent collisions with large printed samples during printing, a printhead adapter, as well as nozzle kits designed in a modular form for easy replacement for specific bio-applications. Therefore, despite the presence of two positions to mount the printheads, the custom-designed bioprinter exhibits the capability to flexibly accommodate four distinct printhead modules and three modular nozzle kits to print various biomaterials, such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and its composites with sodium alginate (SA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydrogel mixtures including SA, gelatin (GL), and k-carrageenan (κ-Carr). Complex tissue scaffolds were successfully fabricated using multi-biomaterials to showcase the versatility of the bioprinter, thereby demonstrating its potential for a wide range of tissue engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140350727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00340
Kaline N. Ferreira , Juliana B. Girón , Gustavo H.M. Gomes , Andrea C.D. Rodas , Jorge V.L. da Silva , Juliana K.M.B. Daguano , Marcos A. Sabino
{"title":"Innovative thermosensitive alginate bioink combining cations for enhanced 3D extrusion bioprinting for tissue engineering","authors":"Kaline N. Ferreira , Juliana B. Girón , Gustavo H.M. Gomes , Andrea C.D. Rodas , Jorge V.L. da Silva , Juliana K.M.B. Daguano , Marcos A. Sabino","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sodium alginate (SA) hydrogels are widely used in 3D extrusion bioprinting, but their isolated use does not meet all the requirements for this application. To overcome this problem, crosslinking with divalent cations and combinations with other polymers, such as gelatin (Gel), are employed to improve their mechanical performance and bioactivity. In this study, we proposed a new concept of pre-crosslinking SA and SA/Gel inks with divalent cations Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup> and their binary mixtures. These inks were successfully formulated and characterized, and it was observed that different ion ratios can impart essential characteristics and properties for 3D extrusion bioprinting. To evaluate the thermosensitive response of these inks, it was included gelatin in a dispersed phase, giving the 3D-printed system a 4D character. The hydrogel with the best mechanical and biological performance was the pre-crosslinked composition with mixtures of divalent Ca<sup>2+</sup>/Co<sup>2+</sup> ions, whereas it was observed through the live/dead assay that the presence of Zn<sup>2+</sup> ions in the hydrogels on day 3 reduced the cell viability. This composition was used to develop a bioink for 4D printing using cell spheroid or single cells, with spheroids presenting better viability after 7 days than single cells. These results emphasize the importance of obtaining a pre-crosslinked bioink with modulated properties by employing divalent ions for 4D biofabrication and that 3D cell culture ensures superior resistance to 3D extrusion bioprinting when compared to single cells. Those characteristics give us an interesting bioink with high potential to be used in regenerative medicine of soft tissues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140347676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BioprintingPub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00337
Jaemyung Shin , Hyunjae Chung , Hitendra Kumar , Kieran Meadows , Simon Park , Justin Chun , Keekyoung Kim
{"title":"3D bioprinting of human iPSC-Derived kidney organoids using a low-cost, high-throughput customizable 3D bioprinting system","authors":"Jaemyung Shin , Hyunjae Chung , Hitendra Kumar , Kieran Meadows , Simon Park , Justin Chun , Keekyoung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The generation of kidney organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells offers various applications such as tissue regeneration, drug screening, and disease modeling. The traditional methodology for generating organoids presents challenges, including labor-intensive procedures, limited scalability, and batch-to-batch variability in organoid quality. To address these obstacles, we have developed a low-cost and readily accessible automated three-dimensional bioprinting platform capable of printing nephron progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells to form kidney organoids. Bioprinted organoids expressed markers for major cell types of the kidney including podocytes, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and endothelial cells. Quantification of nephron-like structures in varying sizes of the organoids was also conducted. This study demonstrates the ability to efficiently generate kidney organoids with as few as 8000 cells. Our low-cost, high-throughput bioprinter holds the potential for fabricating various other organoids and tissue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405886624000095/pdfft?md5=63004f2fdd0521a948c7857e268c11bc&pid=1-s2.0-S2405886624000095-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140160028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}