Bioprinting最新文献

{"title":"Nanocomposite hydrogel-based bioinks composed of a fucose-rich polysaccharide and nanocellulose fibers for 3D-bioprinting applications","authors":"Nicole S. Lameirinhas ,&nbsp;João P.F. Carvalho ,&nbsp;Maria C. Teixeira ,&nbsp;Jorge L. Luís ,&nbsp;Asiyah Esmail ,&nbsp;Ricardo J.B. Pinto ,&nbsp;Helena Oliveira ,&nbsp;Filomena Freitas ,&nbsp;José M. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Carla Vilela ,&nbsp;Armando J.D. Silvestre ,&nbsp;Carmen S.R. Freire","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogels are the most common type of bioinks, yet, finding adequate biomaterials to develop suitable bioinks for 3D bioprinting remains challenging. Herein, innovative hydrogel bioinks were developed by combining nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) with a fucose-rich polysaccharide, FucoPol (FP), still unexplored for 3D bioprinting. NFC/FP bioinks with different mass proportions, namely 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1, were prepared and denominated as NFC1FP, NFC2FP, NFC3FP and NFC4FP. A formulation without NFC was also prepared for comparison purposes (NFC0FP). The rheological properties of the bioinks were enhanced by the addition of NFC, as evidenced by the increase in shear viscosity from 1.39 ± 0.03 Pa s (NFC0FP) to 2933.7 ± 137.9 Pa s (ink NFC4FP) and by the 3D printing of complex structures with high shape fidelity (<em>Pr</em> ≈ 0.9). The stability and mechanical properties of the crosslinked hydrogels were also improved, with Young’s modulus increasing from 0.12 ± 0.04 MPa (NFC0FP) to 2.45 ± 0.06 MPa (NFC4FP). The successful 3D bioprinting of both A375 (melanoma) and HaCaT (keratinocyte) cell-laden bioinks translated into elevated cell viabilities (above 88 %) up to 21 days post-bioprinting. These results highlight the potential and versatility of NFC/FP bioinks for the bioprinting of 3D skin tissue analogues for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing of polysaccharide-based formulations: Opportunities for innovation","authors":"Fabian Hernandez-Tenorio ,&nbsp;Edier Múnera-Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Alejandra M. Miranda ,&nbsp;Alex A. Sáez ,&nbsp;Luz Deisy Marín-Palacio ,&nbsp;Catalina Giraldo-Estrada","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D printing is a technology that has gained significant interest due to its versatility in terms of design, as well as the wide variety of materials that can be used for the production of inks. Among the compounds with the greatest importance in the last decade for 3D printing are polysaccharides. These have been positioned as favorable compounds for the formulation of inks due to their properties such as flexibility, non-immunogenicity, pseudoplastic behavior, printability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Therefore, the implementation of polysaccharides in 3D printing promotes innovation in the development of materials and products for medical, food, pharmaceutical, and other applications. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive and exhaustive study of the technological advances in 3D printing of polysaccharide-based formulations. To this end, a bibliometric analysis was presented to establish trends using scientometric indicators that allowed us to delve deeper and identify the most relevant developments in the subject. Through this review, we sought to highlight the importance of polysaccharides and their wide range of applications in 3D printing and hope that it will provide a meaningful basis for the exploration of printable compounds from renewable sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143101940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumatic extrusion-based bioprinting and flow cytometry: A method for analysing chemotherapy efficacy in 3D bioprinted A375 melanoma cell cultures","authors":"Maryke de Villiers,&nbsp;Awie F. Kotzé,&nbsp;Lissinda H. du Plessis","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melanoma, a highly aggressive form of skin cancer, continues to be a significant challenge due to its resistance to conventional chemotherapy treatments and the tendency for metastasis. Advancements in cell culture techniques, especially the transition from 2D cell cultures to more physiologically relevant 3D cell cultures, have provided valuable new insights into cancer biology and chemotherapy drug responses. Although various novel 3D cell culture techniques have been used in melanoma research, standardised and scalable 3D cell culture models suitable for high-throughput pre-clinical drug screening applications are still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a 3D bioprinted melanoma cell culture model that allows the assessment of drug-induced apoptosis through a flow-cytometric analysis method in 96-well plates. To achieve this, the proposed method integrates the BIOX™ pneumatic extrusion-based 3D bioprinter to extrude reproducible cell-laden droplets in a 96-well plate, and an Annexin V/PI flow cytometric analysis technique optimised for 96-well plate format, to enable cell viability and apoptosis quantification in more physiologically relevant 3D bioprinted cell cultures. The proposed method was evaluated on A375 melanoma 2D and 3D bioprinted cell cultures assayed for drug-induced apoptosis through a flow cytometric method. In addition, a resazurin-based analysis method was also used and compared to determine the efficacy of the proposed flow cytometric analysis method. Compared to the 2D cell cultures, the 3D bioprinted cell cultures demonstrated higher levels of resistance to all chemotherapy drugs evaluated. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of the two methods concluded that the flow cytometric evaluation platform is more sensitive in detecting drug dose responses in 3D bioprinted cell culture models. This method is a proposed alternative to quantify drug-induced apoptosis in 3D melanoma research, thereby advancing the pre-clinical application of 3D bioprinting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article e00380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of bioinks for 3D bioprinting of in vitro skeletal muscle constructs","authors":"Rodi Kado Abdalkader ,&nbsp;Kosei Yamauchi ,&nbsp;Satoshi Konishi ,&nbsp;Takuya Fujita","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of 3D bioprinting to construct <em>in vitro</em> skeletal muscle models presents a promising approach; however, selecting an optimal bioink remains a common challenge. This study focuses on the development and characterization of bioinks for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, specifically targeting the creation of accurate skeletal muscle models. By exploring various compositions of alginate, gelatin, fibrinogen, and nanofiber cellulose, we evaluate these formulations based on printability and their support for the growth and differentiation of C2C12 myoblast cells.</div><div>While alginate provided a strong, stable matrix for printing scaffolds embedded with C2C12 cells, it did not effectively promote cell growth and differentiation. The addition of fibrinogen to alginate enhanced cell growth and differentiation but was limited mainly to the scaffold surfaces, even with the inclusion of gelatin as a sacrificial ink. Notably, replacing alginate with nanofiber cellulose (NFC) alongside fibrinogen significantly improved cell growth and differentiation, leading to the formation of mature myotubes. Cell distribution was observed both inside and on the surfaces of the scaffolds, indicating effective spatial cell distribution. Furthermore, the scaffolds were tailored to form skeletal muscle bundles anchored between PDMS pillars for contractility testing. Upon exposure to electrical stimulation, the cells displayed measurable displacement, demonstrating contractile function.</div><div>These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing bioink formulations that promote myoblast growth and differentiation into skeletal muscle <em>in vitro</em>, with potential applications in future neuromuscular disease modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article e00396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143212070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printed cellulose nanofiber-reinforced and iron-crosslinked double network hydrogel composites for tissue engineering applications: Mechanical properties and cellular viability","authors":"Rohit Goyal ,&nbsp;Soumyasri Nikhilesh Mahapatra ,&nbsp;Rashmi Yadav ,&nbsp;Santanu Mitra ,&nbsp;Animesh Samanta ,&nbsp;Anuj Kumar ,&nbsp;Bimlesh Lochab","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing (i.e. 3D printing) is a promising technology for creating three-dimensional (3D) complex tissue-engineered hydrogel structures based on computer digital models resulting from patient-specific anatomical data of the organs. However, besides the printing process, it is worth studying the variation of individual components of the developed hydrogel composites to enable their suitability for tissue engineering. In this work, we shaped 3D printed multi-layered dual (UV- and Fe³⁺ ions)-crosslinked structures using hydrogel-inks composed of polyacrylamide (PAM), alginate (ALG), and cellulose nanofibres (CNFs). For extrusion, ALG in hydrogel precursor ink acted as a viscosity modifier owing to rapid gelation in the presence of low Ca²⁺ ions and CNF provided shear-thinning behavior. With the addition of optimal content of CNF (3 wt%), the mechanical properties of 3D printed composite hydrogel were enhanced and tuned using different fiber orientations. The maximum tensile stress of PAM/ALG_1.5/3CNF composite hydrogel is measured as ∼162 kPa, and maximum tensile toughness as ∼54 kJ/m³ supporting a good fracture resistance. Moreover, CNF-Fe³⁺ loaded 3D printed dual-networked composite hydrogels could disperse energy more efficiently and displayed maximum tensile stress as ∼285 kPa and maximum toughness as ∼200 kJ/m³. Further, In the current study, developed composite structures exhibited enhanced swelling ratio and thermal stability. In addition, finite element (FE) modelling was also exploited to analyze the novel anisotropic composite structures using efficient computational techniques. It is established that varying nanofiber content and fibrils orientation can be utilized to modulate the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics of printed structures. Overall, PAM/ALG_1.5/3CNF-Fe³⁺ printed composite structures present substantial stretchability, enhanced anisotropic mechanical and physicochemical properties with excellent cytocompatibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article e00392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovations in 3D printing of magnesium alloys and composites for biodegradable biomedical devices","authors":"Aditya Nair ,&nbsp;Shruti Gupta ,&nbsp;Aboli Jangitwar ,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnesium is among the plentiful minerals present in natural sources, serving as a crucial macronutrient for the human body, with numerous studies validating its distinctive traits such as remarkable biocompatibility within the human system, diminished stress shielding, and proficient physical and chemical characteristics. These attributes are pivotal elements when employing the mineral in alloys and composites for the fabrication of biomedical components. One particular application involves the utilization of magnesium-based alloys and composites in the creation of coronary stents and bone implants. The ability to manufacture magnesium-based biomedical components with precision and reduced material wastage through additive manufacturing methods has prompted a transition away from the conventional manufacturing processes presently in use. This review aims to offer a thorough assessment of the application of additive manufacturing in producing magnesium alloys and composites for biomedical purposes. The paper comprises a comparative examination of the fabrication methods presently employed for the production of these alloys and composites, with a particular emphasis on various additive manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, it delves into the surface modification of additively manufactured implants, which has shown considerable improvements in biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, which are crucial parameters in the realm of biomedicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article e00390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of medical 3D printing, printable biomaterials, prosthetic and regenerative dental applications","authors":"Mohammed Ahmed Alghauli ,&nbsp;Rola Aljohani ,&nbsp;Waad Aljohani ,&nbsp;Shahad Almutairi ,&nbsp;Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review explores the rapid advancements in additive manufacturing, particularly 3D printing, within dentistry, focusing on bioprinting. It highlights the technology's efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability while comprehensively analyzing its historical development, classification, and applications. The study compares additive manufacturing with conventional subtractive methods like CNC milling and evaluates the materials used. A thorough literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar was conducted, focusing on recent developments in 3D printing and CAD/CAM technologies in dentistry. The review identifies key applications, including surgical guides and root analog implants in implant dentistry, as well as the production of dental models, denture bases, and metal frameworks. Though prosthodontics is in the early stages of adopting 3D printing, advancements in materials and technologies are paving the way for its broader application. This review provides valuable insights for researchers and developers, emphasizing the potential of additive manufacturing to become a dominant chairside production method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article e00395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of organ-on-a-chip using microfluidics","authors":"S. Ying-Jin ,&nbsp;I. Yuste ,&nbsp;E. González-Burgos ,&nbsp;D.R. Serrano","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of microfluidic devices represents a significant advancement beyond conventional techniques in the development of innovative <em>in vitro</em> assays. Microfluidic chips are specialized devices that precisely control fluids at the microscale level through intricate microchannels, enabling the replication of physical and chemical conditions. When combined with tissue engineering, these chips have evolved into highly specialized tools known as Organ-on-a-Chip (OoC) devices, which can simulate the physiology and functionality of various human tissues and organs. OoC devices are cutting-edge technologies that integrate a biological component representing the target organ with a microfluidic component that mimics blood flow. This combination allows for the replication of biological structures with a more accurate representation of the <em>in vivo</em> physiological cellular microenvironment, which can be finely tuned by adjusting the flow rate and composition. As a result, novel microfluidic models for <em>in vitro</em> research can overcome the limitations of traditional 2D and 3D static cell cultures, enabling faster clinical translation and more precise predictions of the efficacy, safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of new drugs. This review will discuss various techniques for fabricating OoCs and their applications in mimicking different physiological microenvironments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article e00394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-material 3D bioprinting of human stem cells to engineer complex human corneal structures with stroma and epithelium","authors":"P. Puistola ,&nbsp;S. Huhtanen ,&nbsp;K. Hopia ,&nbsp;S. Miettinen ,&nbsp;A. Mörö ,&nbsp;H. Skottman","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing cost-effective and scalable multi-material bioprinting technologies that combine multiple cell types is crucial to produce biomimetic, complex human tissue substitutes and overcome the scarcity of transplantable tissues. These technological developments can revolutionize the treatment of several conditions currently dependent on donor tissues, such as corneal blindness. Here, corneal structures consisting of two layers, stroma and epithelium, were manufactured by extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. To take steps towards clinical translation of bioprinting, three clinically compatible hyaluronic acid based bioinks were combined with human adipose tissue and induced pluripotent stem cell derived cell types. Each of the three bioinks was customized to suit the needs of different cells and to provide mechanical stability for the bioprinted structure. Along with offering a 3D environment with excellent cytocompatibility, these bioprinted corneal structures facilitated cellular interactions and network formation, which are essential for creating functional tissue substitutes. Consequently, this study provides important insight on how to bring together the technical aspects of multi-material bioprinting as well as the biological relevance and scalability of the bioprinted constructs, advancing the field of additive manufacturing for clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article e00391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjusting degradation rate, mechanical properties and bioactivity of 3D-Printed biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds by silk fibroin/ platelet-rich plasma lysate coating for regeneration of craniofacial bone defects","authors":"Samira Tajvar ,&nbsp;Afra Hadjizadeh ,&nbsp;Saeed Saber Samandari ,&nbsp;Shohreh Mashayekhan","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite many advances, reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects has faced many challenges due to their complex anatomy. For this purpose, in recent decades, researchers have focused on developing biomimetic and patient-specific engineered tissues. In this study, we developed scaffolds designed specifically for craniofacial bone defects, featuring optimal mechanical properties and degradation rates. To this end, porous scaffolds based on Na- and Mg-doped carbonated hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were prepared using 3D printing. The printed scaffolds were then coated with silk fibroin (SF) and human platelet-rich plasma lysate (HPL). The degradation rate of the scaffolds was optimized in terms of HA to β-TCP ratio, pore size, and layers of the SF coating. Mechanical tests showed that the Young's modulus, compressive strength, and toughness of the scaffolds increased from 0.093 ± 0.006 GPa, 2.939 ± 0.54 MPa and 8.531 ± 1.092 MJ m⁻³ to 0.228 ± 0.029 GPa, 52.521 ± 5.29 MPa and 237.757 ± 18.754 MJ m⁻³ (P &lt; 0.001), respectively by coating with SF. To investigate the regenerative potential of the scaffolds, the behavior of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adipose tissue on the samples was evaluated. The results showed that treatment of scaffolds with HPL promoted cell viability and adhesion and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, which makes biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)/SF/HPL composite scaffolds promising bone substitutes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article e00389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}