Trees, Forests and People最新文献

{"title":"A review of private forest owner typologies with potential to contribute to social milieu research in forest policy","authors":"Peter K. Aurenhammer,&nbsp;Max Krott","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores recent research on private forest owner (PFO) typologies in forest policy, particularly those moving beyond traditional socio-demographic and structural factors, to assess their potential contribution to social milieu research in forestry. While PFO typology research is well-established and diverse, social milieu studies in forestry remain relatively novel and geographically limited, with most work conducted in Germany. Given the increasing relevance of social milieu approaches in the social sciences, this review investigates how recent PFO studies might inform the theoretical, methodological, and empirical development of milieu research.</div><div>We identified over 20 contemporary PFO studies that demonstrate strong conceptual overlaps with social milieu frameworks, particularly regarding social networks, personality traits and values, prosocial behaviour, lifestyle, social influences, place attachment, and identity. These studies often employ mixed-method designs, offering added value to social milieu research, which has primarily relied on large-scale quantitative surveys. Methodologically, such approaches enhance data triangulation and support the operationalisation of milieu concepts in both academic and applied settings.</div><div>Empirically, PFO studies contribute valuable data on both general social and forest related dimensions (e.g., attitudes, activities and networks), facilitating cross-domain integration. Furthermore, their broader geographical scope can complement the currently German-centric milieu literature.</div><div>In conclusion, PFO typology research and social milieu research are mutually beneficial. PFO studies can inform and enhance social milieu approaches in forestry, while milieu frameworks offer PFO research a richer lens through which to understand forest owner diversity in a changing societal context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100868"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest tree breeding under the global environmental change: Challenges and opportunities","authors":"Chenglin Li ,&nbsp;Baochen Li ,&nbsp;Wenxuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiebei Jiang ,&nbsp;Jieshi Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests are essential for global ecological, economic, and social stability; however, they are increasingly threatened by global environmental changes. Traditional breeding methods like marker-assisted and genomic selections have long been used in forest tree improvement to address these challenges. However, the long generation times and complex genetics of forest trees limit their effectiveness. Molecular genetic breeding of forest trees has emerged as a transformative strategy to enhance resilience and adaptability. Gene-editing technology advances, such as CRISPR-Cas9, have enabled precise genetic modifications to improve traits such as drought tolerance, pest resistance, and growth rates. Additionally, innovative techniques, such as gene and cell engineering, are being explored to increase genetic diversity and enhance tree performance under changing environmental conditions. However, challenges, such as regulatory concerns, scalability, and trait stability, remain. We examined the current state of the molecular genetic breeding of forest trees, highlighting their unique roles in addressing specific challenges. We evaluated the advantages and limitations of traditional and innovative approaches, emphasizing the need for their integration to develop tree varieties capable of thriving under global environmental change. These efforts are vital for sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration enhancement, ultimately contributing to forest ecosystems' long-term health and stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100867"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional uses and importance of Strychnos L. (Loganiaceae): A cross-cultural and spatial variation study in Benin","authors":"Donald Djidohokpin ,&nbsp;Gbèwonmèdéa Hospice Dassou ,&nbsp;Gnimansou Abraham Favi ,&nbsp;Octave Mathieu Zountangni ,&nbsp;Jéronime Marie-Ange Sènami Ouachinou ,&nbsp;Judicael Makponsè ,&nbsp;Ghyslain Kpetikou ,&nbsp;Gbèkponhami Monique Tossou ,&nbsp;Hounnankpon Yédomonhan ,&nbsp;Aristide Cossi Adomou","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Strychnos</em> spp. are multipurpose wild plants widely distributed across sub-Saharan countries. Their fruits, seeds, and stems are the most exploited parts, which exposes them to local extinction risk. Unfortunately, they have been scientifically neglected in Benin. To contribute to their valorization and sustainable management, this study aimed to (i) document the use knowledge of <em>Strychnos</em> spp. in Benin and (ii) assess the differences and consensus in their uses among people communities, and across bioclimatic zones in Benin. We conducted semi-structured interviews among 11 communities and three bioclimatic zones with 666 dialog partners. Detailed information about uses and homemade herbal remedies regarding the medicinal category was collected. Data were analyzed through the citation frequencies and homemade remedy report (HR) using Excel. Correspondence analysis was performed in the R program to establish relationships between communities, species, and uses. Diagrams were also performed directly online using RAWGraphs to show correlations between people communities and species, bioclimatic zones and species, and bioclimatic zones and uses, respectively. Nine species of <em>Strychnos</em>, designated by a total of 89 local names, are used by local populations. All plant parts were reported. They are involved in 90 uses, distributed into 7 categories of which medicinal uses were the most important (64.09 %). The uses varied among people communities, and across the bioclimatic zones. The study confirms that <em>Strychnos</em> spp. are socio-economically important species in Benin. Findings suggest that many threats affect these species, notably lianas, which are narrowly distributed or confined to forests in southern Benin. Research, policy, and community-based programs are urgently needed to conserve this interesting genus and support human well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100865"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disturbance intensity drives structural, compositional and diversity attributes in tropical dry forests of Central India","authors":"Satendra Kumar Rathaude ,&nbsp;Shairq Irtiqa ,&nbsp;P.P. Abdul Rahim ,&nbsp;Zishan Ahmad Wani ,&nbsp;Subashree Kothandaraman ,&nbsp;Javid Ahmad Dar","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disturbance intensity plays an important role in influencing the structural and functional dynamics of ecosystems. The present study was undertaken in the tropical dry deciduous forests of Central India under varying disturbance intensities to understand their influence on structure, diversity and compositional attributes. In total, 242 rectangular plots of 0.5 ha each (50 <em>m</em> × 100 m) were laid in each 8 km² grid for phytosociological analyses and assessment of disturbance factors and levels. The plots were categorized into four types based on the level of disturbance intensity: 0–20 % {undisturbed forest (UDF)}, 21–40 % {least disturbed forest (LDF)}, 41–60 % {moderately disturbed forest (MDF)} and &gt;60 % {highly disturbed forest (HDF)}. Among the 242 plots, 48, 56, 72 and 66 plots come under UDF, LDF, MDF and HDF categories respectively. The predominant disturbance factors in HDF were fire and fuelwood collection, whereas in the case of MDF, grazing and cut stems were dominant. A total of 202 species (120 genera, 45 families) of adult trees (≥10 diameter at breast height (DBH)) were recorded across the disturbance intensity gradient, with highest species richness in UDF (175 species) and the lowest in HDF (145 species). A significant variation in the stand structure, species composition, richness and tree diversity (Shannon (H′) and Simpson (D) index) has been found across the disturbance intensity gradients. The plots with the highest disturbance intensity (HDF) had the significantly lowest tree density (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), basal area (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), species richness (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and tree diversity: H′ (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01), D (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) than UDF, LDF and MDF intensity gradients. The diameter-class distribution showed high percentage of small-sized (11–30 cm) trees in UDF (68 %) and LDF (60 %), whereas the medium-sized trees (31–60 cm) were high in MDF (48 %) and HDF (53 %) respectively. The current findings highlight the profound impact of varying disturbance intensities on stand structure, composition and diversity, emphasizing an urgent need for restoration, protection, conservation, and sustainable management for long-term ecosystem services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100864"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a low-cost crate-based tree-propagation system on the field performance of framework species when initiating lowland tropical forest restoration","authors":"Preeyaphat Chaiklang ,&nbsp;Stephen Elliott ,&nbsp;Sutthathorn Chairuangsri ,&nbsp;Pimonrat Tiansawat","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The need for cost-effective nursery techniques that maximize planted tree performance is growing, to meet surging demand from forest-ecosystem restoration projects around the tropics. We tested the hypothesis that propagating trees in polybags in bottle-crates promotes air root-pruning, thus stimulating root development and improving 1^st-year performance of trees, planted to restore tropical forest. Working with five framework tree species (those that catalyse forest-ecosystem restoration), in a small-scale nursery in southern Thailand, we compared: 1) saplings in polybags in crates on the ground (COG) and 2) the same, raised on wire benches (COB), with 3) a control: non-crated polybags on the ground (CON). Sapling growth and survival were recorded monthly for 358 days, after which root dry weight and architecture were assessed. Saplings were then planted in a restoration plot, and their survival and growth monitored over the first growing season. In the nursery, crating substantially reduced shoot:root ratios (on average by 59.4 %, with COG). In the field, crating significantly increased mean height growth of almost all species, by up to 71.0 % and crown expansion by up to 32.5 %. The COB and COG treatments increased mean sapling performance index (combined growth &amp; survival, across species), from the control value of 56.5 to 81.8 and 82.6 respectively (P=0.017 and 0.005), with COG being the most cost-effective method (saving 4-5 cents per tree). Crating is recommended for producing saplings for forest restoration and potentially for agroforestry, community forestry etc. The system repurposes a commonplace resource (discarded crates)—a more environmentally-friendly solution than importing purpose-made root-trainers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100862"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling meteorological drivers of leaf phenology in the Western Ghats, India","authors":"Karun Jose ,&nbsp;Nasla Najeeb ,&nbsp;Aritra Bandopadhyay ,&nbsp;Chandra Prakash Singh ,&nbsp;Rajiv Kumar Chaturvedi","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenology, the study of periodic biological events in relation to biotic and abiotic factors, is a critical indicator of ecosystem dynamics, influencing carbon cycling, vegetation productivity, and ecosystem responses to climate change. The current study investigates phenological dynamics and net primary productivity (NPP) trends across tropical forests in the Central Western Ghats, India, emphasizing the role of climatic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, precipitation, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Using satellite-derived MODIS NDVI data and near-surface remote sensing data from PhenoCam, the study shows a significant delay in leaf flushing (7 days/decade) and advancement of leaf fall (13 days/decade) in tropical semi-evergreen forests, which experience a shortened length of seasons by 17 days/ decade. However, the dry deciduous and thorn forests show an increasing season length of 7 days/decade. The climatic variables, such as minimum temperature and relative humidity, drive leaf flushing, while maximum temperature and PAR control leaf senescence in these forest types during a short period of preseason length. The study also shows a closer alignment between MODIS and PhenoCam-derived phenological metrics for the tropical semi-evergreen forests. A declining NPP trend is observed in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests (−4.0 × 10⁻³ kg C/m². year), contrasting with increases in dry deciduous and thorn forests, with annual temperature significantly controlling NPP trends (r ∼ -0.6, <em>p</em> = 0.001). Additionally, soil moisture shows a positive correlation with NPP in dry forest areas. This is the first comprehensive study from the Central Western Ghats that integrates satellite and near-surface phenological observations with a wide range of climatic variables to examine forest phenology and productivity. The findings offer novel insights into the climate sensitivity of tropical forest ecosystems and provide a valuable scientific basis for climate-resilient forest conservation and management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100861"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dormant season submergence as a predictor of forest seedling survival in a connected floodplain","authors":"John E. Tracy ,&nbsp;Ajay Sharma ,&nbsp;Stephanie Bohlman ,&nbsp;Love Kumar ,&nbsp;Daniel J. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydroperiod predicts forest species composition within floodplains, which influences productivity of connected ecosystems and supports people through critical ecosystem services. Therefore, understanding tree species responses to changes in hydroperiod is critical for maintaining these systems. Trees are most vulnerable to stressors during their seedling stage, and the seasonality of floods can influence their response. Many species are considered tolerant of dormant season floods, but some experience reduced productivity and survival, which can influence competition and species composition. In lower elevation swamps of the Apalachicola River floodplain (Florida, USA), anthropogenically altered hydroperiod may predict observed species composition shifts from more flood-tolerant species, such as water tupelo (<em>Nyssa aquatica</em>) and pop ash (<em>Fraxinus caroliniana</em>) to less flood-tolerant competitors, such as water hickory (<em>Carya aquatica</em>) and overcup oak (<em>Quercus lyrata</em>). In a controlled experiment, we tested the hypothesis that dormant season seedling submergence affects survival and leaf flushing rates of these species differently and that shorter durations of seedling submergence allow increased survival of the less flood tolerant species, potentially increasing competition in floodplain swamps. We observed no differences in survival or rates of leaf flush among species after all treatment durations ranging between one and four months. Seven-month-old seedlings of these common competitors are similarly tolerant of dormant season flood events, when the Apalachicola floodplain is connected, and water conditions are aerobic. High water events are poor predictors of survival for established seedlings, but further investigations of tolerance to aerobic and hypoxic conditions by younger seedlings may reveal differing species adaptations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100858"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a special self-adaptive auxetic structure for protecting tree trunks from external damage","authors":"Dejan Tomažinčič,&nbsp;Jernej Klemenc","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this research is to present the development of an innovative tree protection structure. With the increasing population of wild animals, the number of tree trunk damages is rising. Similarly, frequent damages occur during intensive forestry operations and timber harvesting, where bark abrasions and direct mechanical injuries are common. For this purpose, a wire wrapping structure was developed, which allows for easy direct installation around the tree trunk. Numerical simulations were used in the design and optimisation of the protective net. An important innovation is the introduction of an auxetic structure, which allows for spatial expansion that is synchronous with the natural process of tree growth. Such structure also stretches along two axes as the trunk thickens, which is the exact opposite of how conventional materials behave. Due to the use of a steel-wire base, the structure is sturdy and durable with a good protective effect. On the other hand, the cellular pattern results in spring properties, which contribute to a moderate and constant surface pressure on the tree bark. The protective structure was experimentally manufactured and tested on an affected conifer tree Abies alba. Over a period of three years, it contributed to the stable recovery process of the tree's damaged bark and prevented further damage attempts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100860"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersal mode mediates the seed functional traits of woody plants’ responses to urbanization in remnant forest patches","authors":"Minglu Guo ,&nbsp;Zijin Wang ,&nbsp;Yanjun Zheng ,&nbsp;Ying Pan ,&nbsp;Jingyi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban remnant forests are essential for biodiversity conservation within city landscapes, facing direct impacts from urbanization and indirect changes from surrounding land use alterations that affect seed dispersal and plant diversity. This study focuses on the impacts of urbanization on woody plants in Guiyang, China, emphasizing seed functional traits to understand plant adaptive strategies and support urban biodiversity conservation. We surveyed woody plants across 120 plots in 15 remnant forest patches, examining five seed traits and their modes of dispersal. Results reveal that shrubs in such forests possess smaller seeds and lower yields, with a preponderance of seeds dispersed by birds rather than by wind or over short distances, unlike tree communities. Urbanization notably diminishes important seed traits like mass and length in trees, particularly for species with limited dispersal reach, while bird-dispersed species see an increase in quantity of seed but a reduction in seed mass. Meanwhile, seed yield rate in tree communities increased, but decreased in shrub communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that urbanization influences on seed traits are mediated by dispersal mechanisms and edge effects in trees, but only dispersal mechanisms in shrubs. The study concludes that the dispersal mode significantly mediates how seed functional traits of woody plants respond to urbanization in these forest remnants. Urban planning should therefore prioritize enhancing green corridors to facilitate natural seed dispersal and boost animal diversity, which could improve dispersal outcomes and contribute to maintaining and restoring plant diversity in urban forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100859"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of farm households’ participation in collective forest management: The case of Chilimo Gaji Forest, central highlands of Ethiopia","authors":"Mahilet Yewendwesen ,&nbsp;Fekadu Beyene ,&nbsp;Jema Haji ,&nbsp;Muluken Gezahegn","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Collective Forest Management (CFM) is essential for enhancing forest management effectiveness and ensuring equitable sharing of the benefits and services derived from forest resources among the farm households. Acknowledging this importance of forests for rural livelihoods and the national economy, the study indicates that participation is often inconsistent and suboptimal, raising concerns about sustainability and management effectiveness. This research examines the determinant factors that affect the farm households participation in CFM in the chilimo gaji forest, analyzing cross-sectional data from 365 randomly selected households. A double-hurdle model was employed for data analysis. The result demonstrate how demographic, socio-economic, institutional and biophysical factors impact both the decision to participate and the level of participation among farm households. Overall, the findings reveal that education, membership duration, access to training, access to forest resource, access to extension services, and perceptions of economic incentives are positively and significantly affect the participation decision and level of participation in CFM. The study shows disparities among farm households in participation levels, which can lead to unequal access to forest resource. Therefore, the study recommends that policymakers enhance households’ participation in CFM by improving training and capacity-building programs to overcome barriers to engagement, as well as implementing economic incentives and support mechanisms is crucial to motivate households to participate in CFM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100855"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}