Trees, Forests and People最新文献

{"title":"What incentives motivate smallholder farmers to reduce deforestation? Evidence from Nigeria's rainforest region","authors":"Chizoba Obianuju Oranu ,&nbsp;Charles Jumbe ,&nbsp;Innocent Pangapanga-Phiri ,&nbsp;Nnaemeka Chukwuone","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deforestation has persistently undermined forests' critical role in providing environmental services and livelihood support. In developing countries like Nigeria, small-scale agriculture significantly drives deforestation. This study analyzes farmers' preferences for incentives to reduce deforestation and its influencing factors using data from 634 smallholder farmers in Cross Rivers State, located in Nigeria's rainforest region. The Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) was used to analyze farmers’ preference for financial incentives, while the multinomial probit model was used to analyze farmers’ preference for non-financial incentives and their influencing factors. The results suggest that farmers have differential preferences for incentives, with 38 percent and 42 percent having a preference for financial and non-financial incentives, respectively. The farmers' choice of non-financial incentives includes providing farm processing facilities, farm inputs, employment opportunities for youths and entrepreneurship training programs. Interestingly, 20 percent of the farmers were unwilling to accept any incentives but would rather continue clearing new forest areas. Furthermore, the findings suggest that farmers' socioeconomic and institutional factors significantly shape their choice of incentives. We argue that providing homogenous incentives for farmers may not necessarily address agricultural driven deforestation. Hence, incentive policies should account for the diversity in smallholder farmers’ preferences for sustainable deforestation reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100833"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the implications of selective harvesting for forest dynamics: A longitudinal analysis of Sal dominated community forests","authors":"Sony Baral ,&nbsp;Mathias Neumann ,&nbsp;Khagendra Prasad Joshi ,&nbsp;Bijendra Basnyat ,&nbsp;Harald Vacik","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selective harvesting is one of the oldest and most widely used forest management systems, yet its ecological impacts in community-managed forests remain underexplored. This study investigated how forest dynamics has changed due to selection harvesting system in Nepal using data from permanent plots measured over two decades (2005–2022), largely focusing on basal area, tree density and regeneration conditions. Results indicate an increase in basal area from 13.4 to 23.1 m²/ha, accompanied by a significant decline in small-sized trees (&lt;10 cm DBH) and minimal growth in older tree numbers, leading to a stand structure shift from an inverse J-shaped to a bell-shaped distribution. Regeneration conditions specifically for saplings were poor and declining, with few saplings (&lt;2 cm DBH) advancing to higher-diameter classes. A linear mixed-effects model revealed a positive relationship between removal rates and regeneration, but a negative association in Sal <em>(Shorea robusta)</em>-dominated forests (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). These findings underscore the need for adaptive management tailored to stand conditions. Furthermore, management interventions such targeted thinning and strategic canopy openings are particularly important to enhance regeneration and ensure sustainable production in the community-managed forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100832"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143631954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of protective devices for the direct seeding of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)","authors":"Morgan D. Wingo,&nbsp;Anna L. Rose,&nbsp;Timothy H. Chesnut,&nbsp;Martin L. Cipollini","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most tree species, including longleaf pine (<em>Pinus palustris</em> Mill.; LLP) are established by planting seedlings during reforestation. Direct seeding could be a viable alternative; however, seed predation by various animals might be an impediment. While LLP are typically planted using nursery-grown plugs with high survival rates, planting these in certain sites may be difficult, and the appropriate genotype for a given site may not always be available. We expect that LLP seed and early seedling survival might reach acceptable rates when directly planted seeds are protected by shelters. We thus evaluated the effectiveness of degradable shelters (Seed Crowns™) for use in direct seeding of LLP. This project was carried out at two sites in middle Georgia and four sites on the Berry College campus near Rome, Georgia. At the middle Georgia sites, seeds were planted within shelters (no unprotected controls) across five subplots with varying numbers of planting spots at each site as a general test of field implementation. At Berry College, from 65 to 80 shelters were installed at each site along with 15 to 20 control spots (unprotected seeds). At the two middle Georgia sites respectively, 35 % and 77 % of seeds planted were living seedlings after ∼5 months and 52 % and 90 % of spots had at least one survivor. Across the Berry College sites after 5 months, sheltered seeds had an 86 %, 14 %, and 24 % improvement over controls in seeds (or seed coats) present, seedlings alive, and spots with at least one survivor, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that direct seedling using these shelters may be a viable option for restoring longleaf pines when other considerations prevent or disfavor the use of containerized seedlings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100828"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling within-territory habitat selection by Lilfordi Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordii from GPS tracking: Implications for conservation and forest management","authors":"Iker Pardo ,&nbsp;David Campión ,&nbsp;Miguel Mari Elósegui ,&nbsp;Diego Villanúa","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Lilfordi Woodpecker (<em>Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordii</em>), a subspecies of the White-Backed Woodpecker, is considered one of the rarest and most endangered woodpeckers in Europe. Understanding the habitat requirements of the Lilfordi Woodpecker is crucial to making the management of forests compatible with its conservation. While many studies have identified some habitat features that the White-Backed Woodpecker preferentially uses, it remains unclear whether the Lilfordi Woodpecker subspecies behaves the same way. We conducted a comparative analysis of presence/absence plots, delineated by GPS tracking data from a previous study, in 10 % of the territories found in the Western Pyrenees (Spain). Our results corroborate the primary role of deadwood (snags and logs) variables in determining the presence of the Lilfordi Woodpecker. However, we found that the subspecies could select less mature forest stands than previously assumed (and observed for the nominal species). Furthermore, provided that, at least, 4 snags (DBH &gt; 20 cm) and 17m³ of logs per hectare are available, beech forests can be suitable for the Lilfordi Woodpecker. Importantly, our findings are easy to transfer to management, thus establishing the guidelines to regulate forestry exploitation to promote the species’ conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100831"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change-induced shifts in the ecological niches of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) and Vitellaria paradoxa CF Gaertn, two species of agroforestry parks in Benin, West Africa","authors":"Chaffra Charles Yabi,&nbsp;Jacques Idohou Kadjogbé Ayena,&nbsp;Séverin Biaou,&nbsp;Serge Adomou,&nbsp;Thierry Dèhouégnon Houehanou,&nbsp;Gérard Nounagnon Gouwakinnou","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the effects of climate change on species distribution patterns is fundamental to biogeography and evolutionary ecology, especiallyfor socio-economically important agroforestry species such as <em>Parkia biglobosa</em> R.Br. ex Benth and <em>Vitellaria paradoxa</em> CF Gaertn. However, gaps remain regarding the evolution of ecological niches of these widespread species. This study examines the effects of climate change on <em>P. biglobosa</em> and V<em>. paradoxa</em>, two key species of agroforestry parklands in Benin. By integrating intraspecific variation into niche modeling, three homogeneous subgroups (North, Center, and South) were identified and analyzed under current and future climate conditions. Maximum Entropy Modeling (MaxEnt), was used, chosen for its predictive power and flexibility in correcting for data bias. Climate projections were based on common socio-economic scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5), representing a moderate mitigation scenario and a high emissions scenario, respectively. The results showed significant climate change effects across subgroups for both species, mediated by temperature and humidity. Under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, the northern subgroup of <em>P. biglobosa</em> exhibited habitat shifts towards the central and southern subgroup regions, while the central and southern subgroups showed predictive habitat loss. For V<em>. paradoxa</em>, this scenario predicted significant habitat loss for the northern and central subgroups, while the southern subgroup demonstrated habitat expansion along altitudinal gradients. The more severe SSP-5–8.5 scenario predicted extensive habitat loss for both species. The Sudano-Guinean and Guineo-Congo zones remain climatically suitable for both species under future projections. The most pronounced interspecific niche overlap occurred between the northern and southern subgroups, indicating considerable ecological similarity. These results highlight the need for climate-adaptive management strategies in agroforestry systems with particular emphasis on subgroups facing imminent habitat loss. Future research directions should explore adaptive management approaches while maintaining essential ecosystem services and supporting local livelihoods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100830"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The community perception of mistletoe management for Vachellia woodlands conservation:A case study in AlUla county, Saudi Arabia","authors":"Hazem S. Kassem ,&nbsp;Thobayet S. Alshahrani ,&nbsp;Abdulaziz M. Assaeed ,&nbsp;Ayman A. Abdulkarem ,&nbsp;Lourens van Essen ,&nbsp;László Patkó ,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Abd-ElGawad","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The woodlands in arid regions are considered very important ecosystems that provide various ecological and economic services. The sustainable management programs for this ecosystem, such as mistletoe interventions relies on integrating socio-cultural valuations of ecosystem services with ecological assessments. However, limited research has been conducted on community perceptions of mistletoe management. This study aims to determine the perceptions of the community in the AlUla county, Saudi Arabia, regarding the effect of mistletoe (<em>Plicosepalus acaciae</em>) on <em>Vachellia</em> woodlands and the current status of management practices, implemented and suggested for co-management with relevant authorities. An analytical framework was designed to analyze community-based management across three main areas: perception of mistletoe, the extent of its spread, and approaches to its management. Through a combination of field observations, tree surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions, the study offers valuable insights into the effects of mistletoe and management strategies. The empirical findings reveal that the local community has a stronger perception of mistletoe's adverse effects on trees, infection levels in wadis (valleys), and its transmission between trees compared to pastoralists. Most of the local community has observed mistletoe for 15–20 years, confirming the infection's progression over time. The study findings also revealed that, historically, the community has managed mistletoe in different ways, including feeding it to camels, using it in traditional medicine, and harvesting it for therapeutic purposes. The community has offered promising suggestions to enhance mistletoe control efforts, such as collaborating with pharmaceutical companies to develop business plans for mistletoe collection, conducting experiments to evaluate its potential as animal feed, and providing incentives to encourage mechanical control methods. A deeper understanding of community perceptions offers valuable insights for policymakers in decision-making and the design of collaborative mistletoe management plans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100829"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance to canopy edge and tree trunk proximity affect understory temperature and humidity in urban tree stands","authors":"Ignacio C. Fernández ,&nbsp;Joaquín Merino ,&nbsp;Thomas Koplow-Villavicencio","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is increasing extreme temperatures in urban areas, degrading environmental quality and threatening the health of vulnerable human populations. Planting trees has become a key strategy for regulating urban temperatures, particularly for reducing heat extremes during hot weather. Trees provide shade and increase moisture, lowering below-canopy temperatures. This cooling effect could be enhanced by planting trees in groups. However, information on how the spatial arrangement of trees within tree stands influences below-canopy microclimatic conditions in urban areas is scarce. In this study, we evaluate how below-canopy temperature and relative humidity are affected by the spatial arrangement of trees within urban tree stands, specifically testing the impact of distances to the canopy edge and tree trunks on these microclimatic variables. We assessed these relationships by collecting empirical data from five even-aged tree stands, located in an urban park in Santiago, Chile. A 10 × 10 m grid of 25 sensors was used to measure below-canopy climatic variables, and the distance from each sensor to the edge of the canopy and to the closest tree trunks was recorded. Data was collected on three different days for each stand on warm, sunny days, and linear mixed models were applied to test the relationships. Our results show that all tree stands reduce below-canopy temperatures compared to surrounding areas. Additionally, we identified distance-dependent effects of tree canopy and trunks on below-canopy temperatures and relative humidity, with a relatively larger effect of distance to the canopy cover. However, these results varied significantly between stands, with some stands showing no effects. Increasing our understanding of how the spatial arrangement of trees influences their cooling capacity is crucial for planning urban vegetation to mitigate rising temperatures in urban areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100826"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) palm land-use system: A potential key tool for enhancing carbon stock and floristic diversity in a dry zone tropical landscape","authors":"Nalina Gnanavelrajah ,&nbsp;Sathasivam Theepika ,&nbsp;Jeyavanan Karthigesu ,&nbsp;Selvarajah Raveendran","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The threat of global warming, biodiversity loss, and land degradation highlight the urgency of identifying sustainable land use systems that serve as climate-adaptive solutions. This study assessed the carbon stock and floristic diversity of the <em>Borassus flabellifer</em> (Palmyrah palm) land uses under 14 different soil series in the Jaffna district of Sri Lanka. A total of 75 sampling quadrats (10 m × 10 m) were surveyed, collecting data on the number of Palmyrah palms and other flora species and, the height. Soil samples were collected at three depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) for organic carbon analysis. Carbon stock in biomass was estimated using standard allometric equations, and total carbon stock was calculated by summing biomass (above-ground and below-ground) and soil carbon. The study found that soil organic carbon percentage of surface layer (0 – 30 cm) in different soil series ranged from 0.31 to 1.61 %. The topmost layer (0 – 10 cm) had higher average soil organic carbon stock (12.25 Mg C ha^-1) than sub surface layers (10 – 20 cm – 11.57 Mg C ha^-1), 20 – 30 cm – 10.11 Mg C ha^-1). A total of 22 floral species belonging to 13 families were identified in the surveyed quadrats. Shannan Weaver index (SWI) and the evenness were 1.2 and 0.74, respectively indicating moderate biodiversity levels. The average values of Palmyrah palm density, biomass carbon stock, soil carbon stock, and total carbon stock were 914 ± 179 stems ha^-1, 72.48 ± 15.11 Mg C ha^-1, 36.05 ± 15.81 Mg C ha^-1, and 108.53 ± 21.47 Mg C ha^-1, respectively. These findings highlight Palmyrah palm land use as a significant carbon sink with substantial potential for biodiversity conservation. Promoting this land use system could contribute to sustainable climate mitigation and adaptation strategies in regions facing similar ecological challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100827"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconciling different interests in the Hutan Harapan rainforest ecosystem restoration management in Sumatra, Indonesia","authors":"Mangarah Silalahi ,&nbsp;Dodik R. Nurrochmat ,&nbsp;Rhett D. Harrison ,&nbsp;Irdika Mansur ,&nbsp;Thomas A. Walsh ,&nbsp;Habibi","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hutan Harapan is the last remaining lowland tropical rainforest in Sumatra, with an area of ca. 100,000 ha (hectares). It was granted by the Ministry of Forestry to a private company (PT REKI) with an Ecosystem Restoration Concession (ERC) license to carry out forest restoration. ERC is a new market-oriented policy option in Indonesia that promotes private investment in restoring and managing production forests to reverse deforestation and contribute to ambitious global restoration targets. Despite being a logged-over area, Hutan Harapan is still rich in biodiversity, home to the Batin Sembilan indigenous people and the Malay tribe, as well as many migrants. However, Hutan Harapan has become a forest island surrounded by oil palm plantations, monoculture industrial timber estates, and agricultural lands. As a result, Hutan Harapan has become highly accessible and exposed to threats such as encroachment, illegal logging, poaching, and forest fires. This study presents lessons from PT REKI's experience in the forest in addressing complex issues and threats with different management approaches. Stakeholder analysis, participation and social capital theory, and ladder participation theory are used to analyze the forest management approach taken by PT REKI. This company has implemented stakeholder engagement strategies in its operations, used social capital in conflict resolution and law enforcement, conducted tiered participation, and promoted multipurpose forest management to address threats, deforestation, encroachment, forest fires, and other illegal activities. Using these approaches, PT REKI has delivered a remarkably positive outcome, as evidenced by declining rates of deforestation and illegal activities, effective conflict resolution, prevention of forest and land fires, and garnering support from surrounding concessionaires and other stakeholders. It has resulted in land use stabilization, reduced social costs, a positive corporate image, and broader stakeholder support, instilling hope for the future of forest management. PT REKI, however, still faces many challenges due to heightened social pressures, wildlife poaching, and land clearing for oil palm development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100823"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Gayo agroforestry coffee characteristics and carbon stock potential in Mumuger social forestry area, Central Aceh Regency","authors":"Rahmat Pramulya ,&nbsp;Dahlan Dahlan ,&nbsp;Rahmat Asy'Ari ,&nbsp;Ardya Hwardaya Gustawan ,&nbsp;Ali Dzulfigar ,&nbsp;Elida Novita ,&nbsp;Adi Sutrisno ,&nbsp;Devi Maulida Rahmah","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coffee agroforestry has become a nature-based solution for controlling climate change impacts while, providing access to sustainable forest utilization for rural farmers, especially for the governance of social forestry policies in Indonesia. Ecosystem services established in coffee agroforestry provide high-carbon stocks that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Statistical and spatial information on carbon stocks in coffee agroforestry in the Sumatran tropical forest region, especially above ground carbon (AGC), is still very limited. Therefore, this study aims to assess the available carbon stocks in Gayo coffee agroforestry in Mumuger Social Forestry Area, Central Aceh Regency, with the help of combining multi-source data (Landsat-Sentinel-NICFI imagery) and involving machine learning algorithms in estimation modelling. The agroforestry carbon stock distributed in the study area has 72.31 ± 48.46 Mg C ha^-1, which is dominated by the Leucaena-coffee agroforestry combination. There are 13 species at the overstory level that contribute carbon stock values up to 198 Mg C ha^-1. Based on modelling tests of carbon stock estimation using 37 predictors, the two best machine-learning algorithms were RF and SVM, with R² reaching 0.83 and 0.85. Carbon stock quantification information and remote sensing machine learning approaches play a strategic role in studying the impacts of agroforestry systems and as a policy evaluation in social forestry governance that can contribute to climate change mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100818"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}