Trees, Forests and People最新文献

{"title":"SFI fiber sourcing certification associated with suspended sediment load reductions in Georgia, USA","authors":"Catherine Cooper ,&nbsp;Parag Kadam ,&nbsp;C. Rhett Jackson ,&nbsp;Gary L. Hawkins ,&nbsp;Puneet Dwivedi","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Sustainable Forestry Initiative Fiber Sourcing Standard (SFI-FSS) is a market-based certification that promotes responsible forestry by requiring certified mills to procure wood only from trained loggers and suppliers who are implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) across the supply chain. None of the previous studies have analyzed the association of the degree of SFI-FSS adoption with improved water quality. This study examines the impact of increased coverage of SFI-FSS certified mill sourcing areas (wood baskets) on suspended sediment concentration (SSC, mg/L) and sediment load (kg/ha/yr) in watersheds across Georgia, USA. Using a spatially explicit methodology, we analyzed data from 28 United States Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring stations, incorporating information on mill certification status, land cover (forest/crop), and hydrological discharge (cubic feet per second, cfs) over a 19-year period (2001–2019). A multiple linear regression model with area and time-fixed effects was used to assess the relationship between SFI-FSS mill presence and sediment load in watersheds overlapping the mill wood baskets. A 1 % increase in SFI-FSS certified mill sourcing area within a watershed is associated with a 3.5 kg/ha/yr reduction in median suspended sediment load (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). This relationship indicates that increasing SFI-FSS certification coverage correlates with improved water quality by reducing sedimentation. Forest cover (%) also exhibited a significant inverse relationship with sediment load, reinforcing the well-documented role of forests in water filtration and sediment retention. These findings provide empirical support for the role of SFI-FSS certification programs in promoting water quality benefits. As certification programs continue to expand, their potential to contribute to sustainable watershed management should be further explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100880"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardization of tree species in agroforestry systems of Coffea arabica L. at different altitudes in Amazonas, Peru","authors":"Nixon Haro ,&nbsp;Gerson Meza-Mori ,&nbsp;Jaqueline Llomeli Zuta Lopez ,&nbsp;Elí Pariente ,&nbsp;Heyton Deyvi Garcia Cruz ,&nbsp;Lily Juarez-Contreras ,&nbsp;Elver Coronel Castro ,&nbsp;Rosalynn Yohanna Rivera Lopez ,&nbsp;Manuel Oliva-Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coffee is a key crop for the Peruvian economy, and agroforestry systems (AFS) have been promoted as a sustainable strategy for its production. However, the selection of optimal tree species remains a challenge. This study evaluated the impact of different tree species on coffee productivity, sensory quality and edaphic properties in AFS with <em>Coffea arabica L.</em> in the Amazon region, Peru. The research was carried out in three altitudinal levels: low (1200–1500 masl), intermedium (1500–1800 masl) and high (&gt;1800 masl), in plots located in Lonya Grande, Rodriguez de Mendoza, Camporredondo and Pisuquia. Thirty-one species were analyzed in terms of canopy cover provided, pest incidence (<em>Hemileia vastatrix</em> and <em>Hypothenemus hampei</em>), soil characteristics (pH, N, P, K, C) organic matter (O.M), cation exchange capacity (C. E. C), electrical conductivity (E. C) and coffee yield. For the analysis, Random Forest was used to determine the importance of the variables, followed by the TOPSIS method to prioritize the most suitable species at each altitude. At low altitudes, <em>Mespilodaphne quixos</em> and <em>Psidium guajava</em> presented canopy cover of 21 % and 35 %, pH of 6.04 and 5.56, and yields above 80 %. At intermedium altitude, <em>Inga densiflora</em> stood out with 52 % canopy cover, C.E.C of 32 meq/100 g and a yield of 83.25 %. At high altitudes, <em>Inga edulis</em> and <em>Cedrela fissilis</em> provided average canopy cover of 40 % and 56 %, respectively. These species were also associated with soil carbon content above 3 % and cup scores above 82 points. The results ort the identification of key tree species for the implementation of sustainable coffee agroforestry systems, contributing to improve productivity and ecosystem conservation in the Amazon region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100878"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding peat swamp forest transitions: sustainability strategies and livelihood adaptation in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia","authors":"Nur Arifatul Ulya ,&nbsp;Ari Nurlia ,&nbsp;Bambang Tejo Premono ,&nbsp;Efendi Agus Waluyo ,&nbsp;Syafrul Yunardy ,&nbsp;Edwin Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peat swamp forests (PSF) are vital natural resources for local livelihood dynamics, which are impacted by both natural and policy factors. In order to manage vulnerabilities and maintain their standard of living, rural communities surrounding PSF adapt by making use of the available capital. This article uses a case study in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, to explore how the PSF shift has affected the livelihoods of nearby villagers. To accomplish these goals, we conducted a narrative review in order to collect data and information. Natural resource extraction, cultivation, and product processing occur across a range of time spans, with variations in the quantity and kind of commodities, as well as PSF deterioration and company management. The livelihood diversification and agriculture intensification strategies are typically combined by the local population in PSF areas. We contend that the key to diversifying livelihoods is ownership and access to financial and natural wealth. For community groups that lack access to cash, migration is a calculated choice. Strengthening the knowledge base through capacity-building initiatives is necessary to intensify the blending of traditional and non-traditional livelihood methods. In order to manage PSF in a cooperative and inclusive manner, the government must encourage community involvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100869"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest cover restoration analysis using remote sensing and machine learning in central Malawi","authors":"Jabulani Nyengere ,&nbsp;Precious Masuku ,&nbsp;Sylvester Chikabvumbwa ,&nbsp;Weston Mwase ,&nbsp;Msaiwale Kathewera ,&nbsp;Allena Laura Njala ,&nbsp;Wilson Tchongwe ,&nbsp;Isaac Tchuwa ,&nbsp;Tiwonge I Mzumara ,&nbsp;Chikondi Chisenga ,&nbsp;Wilfred Kadewa ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Chinkaka ,&nbsp;Harineck Tholo","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human well-being, yet they are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures. Over the past two decades (2000–2020), Malawi has experienced a 21 % decline in forest cover, necessitating urgent and effective restoration strategies. Community-led forest regeneration initiatives have emerged as a viable solution to counteract this degradation. This study employs remote sensing and machine learning techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions in a village forest area in central Malawi. Utilizing a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm applied to time-series Landsat and high-resolution imagery (2003–2023), we quantify land cover changes, while Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) trends serve as indicators of ecological recovery. Our results reveal a significant transformation of the landscape, including a 61.2 % reduction in bare land and a 57.8 % decline in grassland, coupled with a remarkable 305.6 % increase in tree cover. NDVI values evolved from indicating degraded surfaces (-0.12 in 2003) to sustained positive indices (0.10–0.42 by 2023), signifying ecosystem revitalization. Nearly 58.4 % of previously bare land transitioned into grassland, while 60.28 % developed into tree cover, underscoring the synergy between natural ecological processes and community-driven conservation strategies, such as reforestation and the cessation of encroachment in protected forest areas. The integration of SVM demonstrated high classification accuracy (&gt;92 %), confirming its reliability in monitoring landscape recovery. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of participatory governance and targeted policy enforcement in fostering forest restoration. To sustain these gains, we advocate for the broader implementation of community-based conservation models, enhanced by Geographic Information Technology (GIT), to harmonize socio-economic development with ecological resilience. The success of this study presents a scalable and replicable framework for forest restoration, highlighting the critical role of collaborative stewardship, advanced monitoring, and adaptive governance in mitigating deforestation-induced environmental challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100873"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the dynamic impact of formal and perceived land rights on fruit tree cultivation: Exploring the moderating role of forest ecology, gender, and land acquisition method","authors":"Akalu Assfaw Wolde","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Secure land rights are essential for encouraging long-term agricultural investment, particularly in developing countries. Fruit trees, in turn, play a critical role in livelihoods due to their nutritional, economic, and environmental benefits. However, the specific effects of secure land tenure—measured through both formal and perceived land rights—on fruit tree cultivation in Ethiopia remain underexplored. In addition, there is limited understanding of how gender, local land use, and modes of land acquisition moderate this relationship. This study addresses these gaps using nationally representative panel data. The results show that secure land rights, whether formal or perceived, significantly promote fruit tree cultivation, both in terms of the number of trees and the likelihood of tree adoption on a plot. Notably, this impact strengthens over time. However, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effect varies considerably depending on environmental and social factors, including local land use, gender, and land acquisition methods. Specifically, the study finds that the impact of secure land rights is more pronounced in communities located within forest ecosystems than in non-forest areas. These findings support the economic theory of property rights by demonstrating that secure land tenure fosters fruit tree cultivation, contributing to sustainable agriculture. The study underscores the importance of policies that enhance tenure security by reducing costs and expanding access to land certification. Moreover, addressing gender disparities through targeted interventions could empower women plot holders to exercise property rights more effectively, thereby boosting investment and improving economic outcomes in Ethiopia and similar settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100871"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adapting to change: Visitor patterns in national parks across the pandemic timeline","authors":"Dehui Christina Geng ,&nbsp;Mingze Chen ,&nbsp;Harry Seely ,&nbsp;Howie W. Harshaw ,&nbsp;Christopher Gaston ,&nbsp;Wanli Wu ,&nbsp;Guangyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted visitor behaviour and forest tourism management, introducing new visitor patterns that persist in the post-COVID-19 period. As critical components of national parks, forests and tree-dominated natural environments have gained renewed attention for their role in promoting mental and physical health during public health crises. This study analysed pandemic-induced shifts in visitor activity and movement patterns from a temporal-spatial perspective in Banff, Jasper, Yoho and Kootenay National Parks using social media big data from pre, <em>peri</em>, and post COVID-19. Temporal analysis of social media posts aligned with official park attendance trends (2019–2023), validating big data as a reliable indicator. Results show a long-term behaviour shift toward nature-immersive activities in remote and forested wilderness areas, reduced traffics on historically popular routes, and emerging between-park connectivity. Seasonal and spatial visitation patterns became less centralised, increasing conservation pressures in ecologically sensitive forested areas and necessitating proactive infrastructure, zoning, and transit management. This research fills the knowledge gap on pandemic-driven visitation trends using big data, offering the implications extend beyond the current pandemic for effective and prompt park resources and tourism management, balancing conservation and public well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100874"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial analysis of land use and cover changes: Implications of green legacy initiative on climate action in Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Zenebe Reta Roba ,&nbsp;Mitiku Badasa Moisa ,&nbsp;Tigist Girum Aymeku ,&nbsp;Damena Edae Daba ,&nbsp;Dessalegn Obsi Gemeda","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Analyzing land use land cover change is crucial for understanding the impacts of human activities on the natural environment. The government of Ethiopia has launched the Green Legacy Initiative (GLI) in June 2019 to minimize the impacts of climate change. . This study investigates the relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and land cover indices, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Barren Index (NDBaI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Landsat imagery from 1993 (TM), 2003 (ETM+), and 2023 (OLI/TIRS) was utilized to calculate LST, NDVI, NDBaI, and NDWI, leveraging both thermal and multispectral data to assess the initiative's effects on temperature regulation. The results reveal substantial land cover changes between 1993 and 2023. Specifically, forest land increased from 492.4 km² (12.5%) to 837.3 km² (21.3 %), while barren land declined from 97.4 km² (2.5 %) to 64.6 km² (1.6 %). These shifts highlight the effectiveness of the GLI in promoting afforestation and curbing land degradation. Furthermore, a significant reduction in LST by 2.3 °C was observed between 2003 and 2023, largely attributed to these large-scale afforestation efforts. Strong negative correlations were found between LST and both the NDVI (R² = 0.98) and the NDWI (R² = 0.97), highlighting that increased vegetation and water bodies are associated with lower temperatures. Conversely, a positive correlation was noted between LST and the NDBaI (R² = 0.91), indicating that barren land is linked to higher temperatures. Therefore, policymakers and environmental analysts should enhance vegetation cover to mitigate the effects of rising temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100875"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating wind damage vulnerability into long-term forest planning: An optimisation-based model for spatial decision support","authors":"Karin Öhman ,&nbsp;IreneDe Pellegrin Llorente ,&nbsp;Teresa Fustel ,&nbsp;Inka Bohlin ,&nbsp;Tomas Lämås ,&nbsp;Jeannette Eggers","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vulnerability of forests to wind damage depends to a large degree on the characteristics of the specific stand and its neighboring stands, making forest management a key action in modifying the forest's wind damage vulnerability. Thus, by strategically planning where and when different forest management activities are scheduled to happen, forest managers can influence a forest's vulnerability to wind damage. In this study, we present a long-term forest planning model that identifies optimal forest management activities accounting for this specific vulnerability. The main decision in the model concerns the management of each individual stand throughout the planning horizon when the objective is to fulfil traditional long-term forest management goals and also to reduce the vulnerability to wind damage. In the model, consideration of wind damage is included by banning management activities such as final fellings in stands adjacent to highly vulnerable stands. Furthermore, the optimization model applied is specifically structured to be solvable using exact solution techniques. The model is evaluated for a case study area of 2450 hectares in southern Sweden for a 70-year planning horizon. Results suggest that it is possible to incorporate wind damage considerations into a long-term harvest scheduling problem. The proposed model excels in its ability to offer flexibility, allowing users to freely modify the settings in the model to choose their definition of vulnerability to wind damage. In addition, the model can be included in a traditional decision support system for forest planning utilizing exact solution techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100870"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of physiological responses to topping in tropical tree species","authors":"Nut Panyain ,&nbsp;Nisa Leksungnoen ,&nbsp;Tushar Andriyas ,&nbsp;Weerasin Sonjaroon ,&nbsp;Thammarat Yoojongdee ,&nbsp;Yroryong Channun ,&nbsp;Phrontip Wongnaikot ,&nbsp;Niti Thammajit ,&nbsp;Suthaporn Chongdi ,&nbsp;Ponthep Meunpong","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban tree management practices, including pruning, are crucial in maintaining safety, aesthetics, and urban ecological benefits. This study examines the physiological responses of two tropical tree species, <em>Dipterocarpus alatus</em>, and <em>Hopea odorata</em>, to topping cuts, a heavy pruning technique commonly used in urban areas of Thailand. The study assessed key physiological parameters—net photosynthesis (<em>Pn</em>), stomatal conductance (<em>Gs</em>), transpiration rate (<em>E</em>), water use efficiency (<em>WUE</em>), and leaf water potential (<em>LWP</em>)—over 12 months, conducted in a forest plantation. Results revealed species-specific responses, with <em>D. alatus</em> showing resilience to topping cuts and minimal physiological changes, while <em>H. odorata</em> exhibited heightened sensitivity, including increased <em>Gs, Pn</em>, and <em>E</em> following crown removal. Seasonal variations, combined with urban stressors such as dust and drought, exacerbate tree stress and influence recovery dynamics. These findings underscore the detrimental effects of topping cuts on tropical trees, emphasizing the necessity to avoid this practice and adhere to tree pruning standards in urban tree management. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of tropical tree responses to pruning, providing essential guidance for sustainable urban forestry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100872"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relevance of social-milieus for forest policy research – insights from a Germany-focused review","authors":"Peter K. Aurenhammer,&nbsp;Maximilian Glormann,&nbsp;Patrick Strüber,&nbsp;Max Krott","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the relevance and integration potential of social milieu approaches - particularly the Sinus Milieus framework - within forest policy research. Drawing on a literature review focused primarily on Germany, it synthesises insights from forest-related studies, as well as from other sectors such as environmental behaviour, transport, and media use. While traditional forest policy and private forest owner (PFO) studies have emphasised socio-demographic and structural variables, emerging evidence suggests that social milieus may offer improved explanatory power for forest-related attitudes and behaviours.</div><div>Results show that only a limited number of studies have applied social milieu typologies to forestry, relying mostly on quantitative methods, revealing differences between PFOs and the broader population in their affiliation with distinct social milieus. Evidence from other sectors underscores the potential of milieu approaches to enhance explanatory value. The review also highlights how such studies can inform the definition, operationalisation, and identification of milieus. However, differences in forest-related attitudes and behaviours among PFOs from different milieus, as well as the overall explanatory value of milieus, remain underexplored. Additionally, findings from non-milieu PFO research - covering social networks, values, identity, and personality traits - conceptually align with milieu-based frameworks and offer integration potential.</div><div>The paper identifies both methodological and empirical opportunities and challenges. Mixed-methods approaches and transdisciplinary formats, such as learning labs and focus groups, are needed to capture the complexity of forestry-distant milieus. Ultimately, social milieus offer a promising typological lens that can support more inclusive, differentiated, and effective forest policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100866"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}