Trees, Forests and People最新文献

{"title":"Impact of resin tapping on the radial growth and climate sensitivity of naturally- regenerated Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) in Western Nepal","authors":"Bipin Bhattarai ,&nbsp;Narayan Prasad Gaire ,&nbsp;Tek Maraseni ,&nbsp;Bishnu Prasad Devkota ,&nbsp;Badri Bhattarai ,&nbsp;Shankar Tripathi ,&nbsp;Kamal Raj Aryal ,&nbsp;Hari Adhikari","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigated the effect of resin tapping on radial growth and climate sensitivity of naturally regenerated <em>Pinus roxburghii</em> (chirpine) in Western Nepal. We collected core samples (dbh&gt;30cm) from the community forest in the Salyan district: 26 from tapped and 33 from untapped trees situated in similar climatic, topographic, and ecological conditions. A tree-ring width chronology spanning 52 years was developed for both tapped and untapped trees. Statistical analyses, such as Pearson correlation and <em>t</em>-test, were used. Results indicate the untapped trees exhibited significantly higher basal area increment (BAI: <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) than those of tapped trees, indicating that resin tapping negatively impacts tree growth. Furthermore, both tapped and untapped trees exhibited a positive correlation between radial growth and temperatures in May, June, July and August suggesting critical role of temperature in influencing the growth of <em>Pinus roxburghii</em> trees whether they have been tapped for resin or not. The rainfall in January, February, March, April, August, October, and December positively influenced the radial growth of both tapped and untapped trees, with only the rainfall in January having a significant effect on growth. Radial growth is impacted by the resin tapping while decreasing its recovery strength after stress as well. This study highlights the need for alternative resin-tapping practices that minimize negative impacts on tree growth. It also emphasizes the importance of considering rainfall and temperature patterns when planning tapping activities to ensure sustained resin production and promote tree health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest restoration efficiency: A comparative analysis of collectively vs. individually managed forests in Nepal","authors":"Sony Baral ,&nbsp;Saurav Lamichhane ,&nbsp;Bir B. Khanal Chhetri ,&nbsp;Bikash Adhikari ,&nbsp;Kalyan Gauli ,&nbsp;Rebecca M Ford","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Community-based forest management under formal collective arrangements is increasingly recognized as a strategy for landscape restoration worldwide. In Nepal, the leasehold forestry program, one collective management approach, is regarded as a pro-poor global model for forest restoration. However, its impact on the livelihoods of households with varying socio-economic characteristics remains poorly understood, particularly in comparison to individually managed forests of similar type and government ownership. This study compares net income from collectively managed forests with that from comparable individually managed forests, examining the socio-economic factors that influence net income in both restored forest types. We first matched biophysical characteristics of collectively managed (leasehold) forests and individually managed forest, and thereafter, a statistically representative sample (<em>n</em> = 322) of households from collectively managed forests and (<em>n</em> = 152) households from individually managed forests were interviewed. Using a comprehensive regression model, we analyzed the relationship between socio-economic factors and net income, focusing on differences between the two types of forest management. Our findings reveal that households in the collectively managed forest areas earned approximately 30 % more annual net income from forests compared to those in the individually managed forests. Non-farm and collectively managed forest income were significant contributors to household income in collectively managed forest areas, while income from individually managed forests dominated in those areas. Notably, lower economic class households were positively associated with higher net income from forests in both settings. Surprisingly, female-headed households in collectively managed forests reported lower net income compared to those in individually managed forest areas. These results underscore the benefits of the collectively managed system, but also indicate the need to review the program to ensure better access for dependent households.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100792"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in the quality of charcoal from Acacia decurrens (J.C. Wendl.) Willd. with age and longitudinal stem portions","authors":"Minichil Mengistu ,&nbsp;Yashwant S. Rawat ,&nbsp;Anteneh T. Tekleyohannes ,&nbsp;Sisay F. Asfaw","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clean and safe energy use is vital for health, the quality of life and the socio-economic status of households. Charcoal is a primary source of fuel for urban and rural households in Ethiopia. Fast growing trees like <em>Acacia decurrens</em> (J.C. Wendl.) Willd., is nature's gift to the smallholder farmers for soil amelioration, the production of charcoal, fencing and wood for construction. The present study analyzed the physico-chemical and calorific value of <em>Acacia decurrens</em> charcoal of three age groups: 3, 5 and 7 years and three longitudinal stem portions: bottom, middle and top. The results showed a significant age-based variation in moisture content with magnitude ranging from 6.10% to 10.48%, in volatile matter from 20.05% to 26.33%, in ash content from 2.97% to 7.30%, in fixed carbon from 56.29% to 70.51%, in total carbon 82.61% to 90.56% and in basic wood density from 0.71 g‧cm^-3 to 0.91 g‧cm^-3. The mean calorific value of the charcoal of the three ages ranged from 24.89 MJ‧Kg^-1 to 29.29 MJ‧Kg^-1. The physico-chemical properties and calorific values of the charcoal were significantly different in age groups and longitudinal stem portions of <em>Aacacia decurrens</em>. Findings of this study are in line with the fact that with increasing basic wood density quality of charcoal increases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100790"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and strategies in meeting urban tree canopy targets: A scenario discovery analysis to guide urban forest planning in new developments","authors":"Raymundo Marcos Martinez ,&nbsp;Natthanij Soonsawad ,&nbsp;Mariana Dias Baptista ,&nbsp;Stephen Cook ,&nbsp;Guy Barnett ,&nbsp;Joseph Chee ,&nbsp;Tim Field ,&nbsp;Tim Muster","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing urban populations worldwide, new developments face ambitious tree canopy cover targets to mitigate urban heat, reduce stormwater runoff, support biodiversity, and promote health benefits. Achieving substantial tree canopy cover in dense urban areas is challenging due to space constraints and varying species performance. This study explores strategies for achieving a 40 % tree canopy cover target in a new development within the Western Sydney Aerotropolis Precinct, NSW, Australia, using scenario discovery analysis. We identified 54 climate-adapted tree species and analysed 1,372 scenarios considering tree spacing, mortality rates, and open space tree cover requirements. Using i-Tree Eco, we projected annual tree canopy growth over a 50-year period across seven urban typologies. Our results indicate that achieving the 40 % target is feasible only with a diverse mix of Australian native, indigenous, and exotic species and that tree mortality significantly impacts long-term canopy growth. While higher canopy cover in open spaces and effective species selection are crucial, the 40 % target remains difficult to achieve under most scenarios. Strategies to reduce net tree losses, optimise tree spacing, and implement effective landscape design are essential for substantial canopy cover. This research highlights the importance of promoting tree cover growth on private land and provides best practices for urban tree design, establishment, and management, offering insights transferable to other cities globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143360566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomical enumeration of traditional, socio-economic importance plant of Dharbai","authors":"Mariraj Murugan ,&nbsp;Karuppasamy Kalaiselvan ,&nbsp;Jeyalatchagan Sureshkumar ,&nbsp;Rajendran Kalidoss","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The grass family, Poaceae, which encompasses over 11,500 species, is considered among the most significant flowering plants globally. The traditional Dharbai grass, <em>Desmostachya bipinnata</em>, is of religious and socio-economic importance, commonly used in Hindu rituals and as a natural disinfectant. However, its resemblance to <em>Chrysopogon zizanioides</em> and <em>Saccharum spontaneum</em> poses challenges in identification. This paper aims to distinguish between these species through a detailed examination of their morphological and anatomical features. Specimens of <em>Chrysopogon zizanioides</em> and <em>Saccharum spontaneum</em> were collected from Thiruppanandal, Kumbakonam district, Tamil Nadu, India. Both morphological and microscopic examinations were conducted using stereomicroscopes and light microscopes to analyze leaf, stem, root, and inflorescence structures. In terms of reproductive features, three anthers and two feathery stigmas are observed, with an oblong-shaped ovary. In anatomical observations of the leaf cross-section, a single-layer epidermis, hypodermis with sclerenchyma cells, and vascular bundles with phloem and xylem are identified. The culm cross-section shows epidermis, sclerenchyma hypodermis, and apith made of parenchyma. The root cross-section displays distinct layers including epidermis, exodermis, and a central core of xylem and phloem. Traditionally, <em>Chrysopogon zizanioides</em> is utilized for various ailments, including kidney stones and respiratory issues, and features in religious customs. These observations and descriptions of <em>Chrysopogon zizanioides</em> are detailed below, Dense, aromatic roots with erect culms 1–2.5 m tall. Leaf blades are linear and stiff, with jagged margins. The inflorescence is an oblong panicle with spikelet pairs. The structure is similar to <em>S. spontaneum</em> but is distinct in certain vascular arrangements and the presence of amyloplasts in pith cells. Morphological and anatomical features can adequately differentiate <em>Desmostachya bipinnata, Chrysopogon zizanioides,</em> and <em>Saccharum spontaneum.</em> While the three share some common traits, there are notable distinctions. For example, <em>C. zizanioides</em> is characterized by a dense aromatic root, whereas <em>S. spontaneum</em> is distinguished by its serrated leaf margins. The distinct characteristics of the traditional plant <em>Desmostachya bipinnata</em> (Dharbai) have been validated through morphological and anatomical evaluation. This confirmation is crucial for preserving its socio-economic significance and uses in traditional practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100788"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon stock dynamics in biosphere reserves and mountainous forest ecosystems","authors":"Ermias Debie ,&nbsp;Tesfaye Wasihun Abro","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comprehensive knowledge of the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon stocks and their drivers in biosphere reserves and mountainous ecosystems is crucial for developing successful conservation policies and programs. A synthesis of 63 studies reveals a mean decrease of 12.58 % in carbon stocks from 1975 to 2023 due to deforestation for agriculture and forest degradation. Effective policy intervention, enforcement, participatory forest restoration and management, fulfilling local communities’ socioeconomic needs, and sustainable agricultural practices are major to ensuring the sustainability of these ecosystems. The findings highlight the importance of adaptive management, community engagement, and innovative conservation strategies in enhancing carbon sequestration and resilience against climate change. These insights are valuable for policymakers, conservationists, and researchers aiming to balance ecological integrity with socioeconomic development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in Pinus koraiensis plantations are mediated by temperature, humidity, and wind speed","authors":"Lianqiang Li ,&nbsp;Huixia Yang ,&nbsp;Hongyu Li ,&nbsp;Jiatong Sun ,&nbsp;Fuqiang Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil respiration (RS) plays a key role in the carbon cycle which is sensitive to climate change. Therefore, understanding potential regulatory mechanisms of RS and its temperature sensitivity(<em>Q</em>₁₀) in plantations are important. In this study the changes in RS and its <em>Q</em>₁₀ along with their potential environmental driving factors of surface soil of <em>Pinus koraiensis</em> plantations in the Liaodong mountain area of Liaoning Province were studied. The results showed that variation in RS of the plantations is significant and unstable, whereas the variation in <em>Q</em>₁₀ is relatively small and stable. RS was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature, soil moisture, air temperature, and air humidity, and negatively correlated with wind speed; <em>Q</em>₁₀ was significantly positively correlated with air humidity and soil moisture, and negatively correlated with wind speed. Soil moisture and soil temperature accounted for 58 % and 35 % variability in RS, respectively, whereas air humidity and wind speed accounted for 25 % and 11 % variability in <em>Q</em>₁₀, respectively. This study reveals that RS and its <em>Q</em>₁₀ in <em>Pinus koraiensis</em> plantations are significantly mediated by temperature, humidity, and wind speed, and thus, this study has significant implications on soil carbon cycling in plantations under changing climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treeline structure and regeneration pattern in protected and non-protected areas, Indian western Himalaya","authors":"Vikram S. Negi ,&nbsp;Shinny Thakur ,&nbsp;Ravi Pathak ,&nbsp;K.C. Sekar ,&nbsp;V.K. Purohit ,&nbsp;Zishan Ahmad Wani","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Treeline ecotone in the Himalayan region is a relevant ecological indicator of environmental perturbations and anthropogenic disturbances. Given this, six representative sites (3 each in protected and non-protected areas) were selected for assessing forest dynamics and anthropogenic disturbances in treeline ecotone in the western Himalaya. The study reveals that treelines under protected areas show higher species richness (27) and species diversity (3.42) compared to species richness (17) and species diversity (2.22) in the non-protected areas. The average TBA of tree species was higher (36) at protected sites compared to 27 in the non-protected sites. Further, the average density of seedlings (7587) and saplings (633) was higher in protected sites than in non-protected sites (seedlings-1720 &amp; 263-saplings). Thus, the better regeneration of dominant tree species with an expanding population structure in the protected area. This showed the efficient role of protected sites in biodiversity conservation and management. Livestock grazing and fuelwood harvesting were the key human-induced pressures in the non-protected sites. Fuelwood consumption was recorded as a maximum (5.4 kg/capita/day) for Kuti village (3800 m) in the Byans Valley, followed by Sipu (3.4) in Darma Valley and a minimum for Martoli (2.4) in Johar Valley. Anthropogenic disturbances have impacted the regeneration and recruitment of tree species in treeline ecotone in the non-protected sites. An increasing number of seedlings and saplings was observed in an open canopy of treeline ecotone, which indicates an expanding number of seedlings and saplings was observed in the open canopy treeline ecotone, which suggests the possibility of expansion of tree species towards higher elevations. Long-term ecological monitoring and observation are suggested to understand better spatial and temporal changes in treeline ecotone considering climate change and anthropogenic disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100783"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local knowledge on population structure and conservation of Lannea species in Burkina Faso (West Africa)","authors":"Soumaїla Savadogo ,&nbsp;Blandine Marie Ivette Nacoulma ,&nbsp;Anne Mette Lykke ,&nbsp;Larba Hubert Balima ,&nbsp;Adjima Thiombiano","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fruit trees occupy an important place in the daily life of people in West Africa, but the most valuable species are often overexploited and undergo severe threats. This study focused on three <em>Lannea</em> species (<em>Lannea macrocarpa, Lannea acida,</em> and <em>Lannea velutina</em>) with the aim to assess local ecological knowledge on habitats, population dynamics, drivers of degradation and conservation strategies. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 576 informants in 16 localities across the Sudanian and the Sudano-Sahelian climatic zones of Burkina Faso. The majority of respondents (86 %) recognize, reduced rainfall is as the primary driver of <em>Lannea velutina</em> population declines in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. In the Sudanian zone, however, more respondents (75 %) identified bushfires as the main threat to <em>Lannea microcarpa</em> and <em>Lannea acida</em> populations. These changes were more reported by women (63 %) than men (55 %), and the Mossi ethnic group exhibited a particularly detailed knowledge of <em>Lannea</em> population dynamics in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. Conservation efforts are largely supported by traditional cultural practices, with cultural bans for the three <em>Lannea</em> species. Assisted natural regeneration is also practiced for <em>Lannea acida</em> and <em>Lannea microcarpa</em>. The findings revealed significant variations in local perceptions of habitat changes and conservation strategies across climate zones, species, and ethnic groups (<em>p</em>&lt; 0.05), but also stress the potential of building on traditional practices in nature management and conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating, enhancing, and capturing environmental product values – Medicinal and spice plant trade in the Himalayan foothills","authors":"Dipesh Pyakurel ,&nbsp;Carsten Smith-Hall","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a substantial trade in renewable environmental products, including medicinal and spice plants. Yet, their production networks remain largely unknown. Here, using a global production network approach, we unravel the trade for such products in the Himalayan foothills of Nepal, focusing on how values are created, enhanced, and captured. We conducted quantitative interviews with harvesters (<em>n</em> = 25), traders (<em>n</em> = 12), and central wholesalers (<em>n</em> = 2) in 2014–15 and with traders (<em>n</em> = 5) in 2021–22 in Kailali District of Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal. All traders from the district were interviewed in both case years. We found that harvesters created and enhanced value by wild-harvesting, cultivating, and air-drying 10 products from nine species in 2014–15 and 14 products from 13 species in 2021–22. The total annual trade increased from 151 to 340 tons in the period, and the value rose from USD 103,939 to USD 125,800 (in 2021–22 prices). The trade was dominated by the cultivated tejpat leaves (<em>Cinnamomum tamala</em>) and the leaves of kadipatta (<em>Murraya koenigii</em>) in 2021–22. Traders and central wholesalers enhanced value through transport, not processing. Secondary processing in the district was limited, resulting in missed opportunities for added value through processing. Non-firm actors captured value in connection to issuing collection, trade, and export permits. An average of 68 % of volume and 86 % of harvester value were sourced from cultivation, showing the growing importance of these species for supplementary rural income in the lowlands. The process of increased commercialisation reflects similar changes in the neighbouring countries. Finally, we conclude that the global production network approach can be applied to examine the dynamics of South-South trade in renewable environmental products, even in the absence of a lead firm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143092167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}