Trees, Forests and People最新文献

{"title":"Multi-criteria decision analysis using GIS in assessing suitability for a solar-powered biomass briquetting plant in the Gambella region, Ethiopia","authors":"Koat Jing Riek ,&nbsp;Wondwossen Bogale Eremed","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass briquetting presents a promising avenue for alternative cooking energy, enhancing livelihoods, and fostering sustainable development. This study underscores the abundant biomass resources in the Gambella region, primarily composed of savanna and woody savanna, which encompass 77 % of the land area, consisting mainly of forest and agricultural waste. Leveraging these resources can ensure a renewable and sustainable cooking energy supply, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to clean energy and environmental conservation. Consequently, this thesis endeavors to identify optimal sites for establishing solar-powered non-wooden biomass briquetting plants across the region. Various spatial and non-spatial datasets, including solar radiation, slope, land use/land cover (LULC), and proximity to roads, rivers, and towns, were utilized for area delineation and mapping. Parameters such as solar radiation, slope, and river streams were derived from 30 m resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to calculate criteria weights for overlay analysis, resulting in a suitable solar farm site map. The study reveals that land use/land cover exerts the most significant influence, with a weight of 46.58 %, followed by solar radiation strength (20.42 %), slope (15.52 %), proximity to roads (8.26 %), proximity to rivers (5.46 %), and proximity to towns (3.77 %). By integrating parameter suitability and weight assignment in ArcGIS spatial analysis, a suitability map was generated, highlighting highly suitable areas predominantly along the North-South axis through central Gambella. This area covers approximately 12,094.49 km², constituting 47 % of the study area. These findings have practical implications, as they can inform local policymakers and actors in strategically addressing the region's dire need for sustainable cooking energy. This contribution can support the development of localized renewable energy strategies and promote long-term energy security in line with local energy policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100732"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying key actors, barriers and opportunities to lead a transition towards sustainable forest management: an application to the Basque Country, Spain","authors":"Noelia Zafra-Calvo ,&nbsp;Unai Ortega ,&nbsp;Unai Sertutxa ,&nbsp;Céline Moreaux","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The forestry sector is essential for achieving a transition towards sustainability because of the opportunities associated with the transformation of their management and practices. However, forest plantation management is characterised not only by ecological interactions but also by the complex dynamics that arise from the interaction of multiple actors, their knowledge and worldviews, and how actors can overcome barriers and lobby for their values and interests to be represented in policies and management. We illustrate this via a case study: the Basque Country in Spain. Drawing on 33 qualitative in-depth semistructured interviews conducted in 2022 and 2023 with a wide variety of forestry actors, we aim to a) identify who the potential actors are that can trigger a change toward sustainable forest management, b) explore actors’ interactions and knowledge interchange that can foster a transformation toward sustainable forest management, and c) understand the opportunities and barriers that the main actors face to achieve sustainable forest plantation management. Our results show that a) those who may have the ability to induce a change in the forestry sector of the Basque Country are landowners, rangers and private sector companies; b) mutual learning happens in the day-to-day practices of forest plantation management while academic knowledge does not reach policy and practice; and c) barriers are related to managerial, political and individual dimensions that impair the way towards “close to nature” management and a “circular bioeconomy”, such as a perceived lack of supporting policies and knowledge, as well as increasing land abandonment. Opportunities to pose a potential way forward are, among others, forest plantations of native species providing high-quality timber, and opening access to additional markets, such as the ones funding the diversity of contributions that forest plantations may bring to people. Collaboration to overcome barriers for small-scale forest plantation management and actions to promote a stronger feeling of attachment to natural forests and forest plantations are essential to achieve sustainable forest management in the Basque Country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100727"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variable associations of annual biomass increment with age, latitude and germination year in four tree species in Sweden","authors":"Anders Forsman ,&nbsp;Jonatan Isaksson ,&nbsp;Markus Franzén ,&nbsp;Johannes Edvardsson","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests are pivotal for biodiversity, food webs, and human economies, and as carbon sinks their climate change mitigation potential is undisputed. However, whether trees continue to efficiently accumulate biomass at an increasing rate with age, how growth trajectories respond to climate change, and vary with latitude at species range margins is under debate. Here, we combine tree-ring data with biometric equation modeling to analyze how annual biomass increment varies according to tree age, species, latitude, and germination year. We generated 26,225 estimates of annual biomass increments for 136 individual trees, representing two evergreen gymnosperm conifer species (<em>Picea abies</em> (L.) H.Karst., and <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> L.) and two deciduous angiosperm species (<em>Quercus</em> spp. L. and <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L.). Our dataset includes some old trees (range 150 - 405 years), and samples from locations spanning &gt;10° latitude (55.0 - 66.3 °N) in Sweden. Annual biomass increments varied considerably between species, years and among individual trees within stands. On average, biomass increment remained positive throughout the lifespan across trees, species, and latitudes. Age-specific biomass increment was higher in the deciduous than in the evergreen species and declined with increasing latitude within species. For spruce and beech, biomass increment increased significantly with germination year, possibly reflecting faster growth in recent times in response to a warmer climate. The findings have implications for forestry practices aimed at productivity, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100733"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The socioeconomic dimension of forest therapy: A contribution to human well-being and sustainable forest management","authors":"Carsten Mann ,&nbsp;Mónica Hernández-Morcillo ,&nbsp;Harumi Ikei ,&nbsp;Yoshifumi Miyazaki","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests provide a variety of ecosystem services that contribute in various ways to human well-being. In times of land-use pressures, urbanisation, and nature degradation, the societal demand for forest-based therapeutic uses is increasing. Although nature-related therapies and the beneficial effects of nature on health and well-being are an old concept in cultures such as Asia and, more recently, Europe, forest therapy offers are increasingly taking hold in the forest recreation landscape. This Commentary paper identifies recent forest therapy offers and research in Asia and Europe that focus on the therapeutic effects of forests and examine their underlying rationales, practices, and status. In particular, we elaborate the socioeconomic potential of forest therapy to contribute to human health and sustainable forest management. Based on a scoping review on forest therapy offers and research, we found that countries such as Japan and South Korea are ahead of European countries in the professionalization of forest therapy offers and respective studies. While the number of studies that demonstrate the positive health benefits of forests are increasing, there is a lack of understanding the link with forest management approaches and forest and health policies. A lack of socioeconomic evaluation hinders its successful integration into policy frameworks, and prevents its use as an alternative forestry product or preventive medical treatment. For forest therapy to become part of the forestry portfolio and a medical alternative, we recommend:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Interdisciplinary research approaches and new actor alliances that link societal demands for forest therapy with insights from forest management and medical health research,</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Transdisciplinary research and multi-actor approaches to link insights from forest and medical research with practitioners’ skills for forest management, service design, and communication,</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>To identify trade-offs and conflict potentials with forest therapy, for example in relation to timber production or questions of insurance in case of injuries by falling branches etc., that allow to develop integrated and sustainable solutions,</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Policy backup and economic support for forest managers and owners to compensate for their efforts to manage their forests for therapeutic purposes</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Recognition of forest therapy as an explicit part of the forestry portfolio and an alternative medical offer for clinical treatments.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and attitudes about genetically advanced loblolly pine seedlings among foresters and family forest landowners in Georgia, United States","authors":"Matt Pruitt ,&nbsp;Carolina Berget ,&nbsp;Puneet Dwivedi ,&nbsp;Parag Kadam","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to estimate the adoption rate of genetically advanced loblolly pine (<em>Pinus taeda</em>) seedlings and better understand the factors influencing seedling choice among family forest landowners and consulting foresters in Georgia, a major forestry state in the Southern United States. We conducted two online surveys, one for landowners and one for registered foresters in Georgia. Our findings reveal that the adoption rate, self-reported knowledge, and positive perceptions of genetically advanced loblolly pine seedlings were high among respondents of both surveys. The adoption rate was 13.5 % of all managed forestlands by foresters (29.3 % for managed loblolly pine stands) and 18.0 % of all the forestlands (37.4 % of managed loblolly pine stands) owned by family forest landowners. Reasons for adopting among both groups included fast growth and favorable financial outcomes. However, barriers to adoption include cost, beliefs that other factors are equally or more important than the genetics of seedlings, and the need for more evidence. Furthermore, a high proportion of each group expressed an interest in adopting genetically advanced seedlings for increasing carbon revenue over time. Our findings suggest that more research about the related benefits is needed to increase the adoption of genetically advanced loblolly pine seedlings. We also found that communicating these benefits using trusted sources is also necessary. Our study will feed into the growing movement for using better genetics to improve forest productivity and reduce forest health issues in Georgia and beyond, especially on family forestlands, as they supply the majority of roundwood and other forest-based ecosystem services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of prescribed fire on fungal communities in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests in Mediterranean transitional zones","authors":"Natalia Cuberos ,&nbsp;Ignacio Sanz-Benito ,&nbsp;Tatek Dejene ,&nbsp;Pablo Martín-Pinto","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mediterranean region is renowned for its natural susceptibility to wildfires. In recent years, this risk has intensified due to various factors, including climate change and rural abandonment. Castilla y Leon stands out as one of the most severely impacted areas grappling with rural exodus. This evolving scenario accentuates the urgency of implementing forest management strategies to mitigate the escalating threat of wildfires, with a primary focus on fuel reduction. Although prescribed fires represent an efficient and cost-effective tool for wildfire prevention, they remain a contentious subject in Europe. Fungi not only contribute significantly to rural economies but also play a pivotal role in maintaining the equilibrium of forest ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of prescribed burning on <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> soils, with a specific focus on the recovery of fungal populations after such fires. To assess the short-term effects of prescribed fires on soil fungal communities, we collected soil samples from both burned and unburned plots 12 months post-burning to perform genomic DNA analyses. Our findings indicate that prescribed burning does not significantly alter fungal diversity or composition, with only litter saprotrophs showing significantly higher levels of abundance in burned areas than in unburned areas. Valuable edible fungi persisted post-burning, suggesting that prescribed burning could be used to reduce wildfire fuel loads while preserving fungal biodiversity and valuable edible fungi. These results advocate for the use of prescribed burning as a viable, myco-friendly forest management practice, offering a balance between fire prevention and ecological conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are prevailing policy tools effective in conserving ecosystem services under individual private tenure? Challenges and policy gaps in a rapidly urbanizing region","authors":"Behnoosh Abbasnezhad ,&nbsp;Jesse B. Abrams","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forestlands worldwide provide vital ecosystem services (ES) essential for human well-being yet are facing rising threats from land-use/land-cover change. Land ownership patterns and property rights significantly influence land management practices and the protection of ES. Family forest owners (FFOs) are the targets of numerous conservation policies and programs, many of which are built around economic incentives and market-based instruments. This study combines a mail-administered survey with land use-land cover change modeling results to better understand whether FFOs plan to convert their properties, what motivates FFOs to adopt prevailing policies, and what other conservation policy models might be attractive. Our research focuses on FFOs whose parcels are identified as having high conservation values in a rapidly urbanizing watershed. Survey results show strong motivations among FFOs to protect biodiversity, wildlife habitat, and ES while expressing concerns about property taxes, regulations, and land-use threats. Our analysis indicates a relationship between anticipated land transfers or residential development and predicting factors including parcel size, government regulations, and tax concerns. Results reveal a gap between the design of existing conservation programs and FFOs’ interest in adoption. Limited interest in conservation easements and carbon markets underscores the need for more flexible conservation tools aligned with landowner preferences. Moreover, FFOs’ considerable awareness of existing conservation programs, alongside ongoing forest loss in the study region, underscores enrollment obstacles such as minimum-size eligibility requirements, thereby highlighting inadequacy of current frameworks in incentivizing long-term conservation outcomes. The findings from the studied watershed may have broader relevance for regions with similar land ownership patterns, land use dynamics, and political contexts worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100730"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142757126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating public perception and quantitative metrics for improved urban park planning in Isfahan, Iran","authors":"Duraid Fahad Saeed Al-Saedi,&nbsp;Atefeh Chamani","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study delves into the intricate realm of public perception regarding urban parks, aiming to uncover key factors influencing this perception and offer insights for urban planning and park management in Isfahan City, Central Iran. A comprehensive survey was conducted across 63 urban parks, gathering subjective feedback from park visitors on park size, vegetation, and exposure to external disturbances. Objective metrics were the area of the park, the mean and stdev of the Sentinel-2 NDVI as measures of vegetation density and diversity, respectively, distance to other parks and the park perimeter-to-area ratio. Linear and non-linear regression analysis between subjective feedback and objective metrics revealed that satisfaction peaks in parks with sizes of 15 ha or more. Higher vegetation density maximizes satisfaction. Parks with simpler, more regular shapes tend to offer a greater sense of freedom from external disruptions. According to the Generalized Additive Model model (R²= 0.737, explained deviance = 77.1 %), lush and healthy vegetation is often associated with attractive and inviting parks, especially in parks with simpler, more regular shapes that minimize the exposure to (noise and visual) disturbances. Such green and circular park designs can guide urban planners and managers in creating inviting and user-friendly parks, aligning with public expectations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100729"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree species diversity and spatial distribution of carbon stock in forests under different management regimes in Nepal's Western Terai Arc Landscape","authors":"Yadav Uprety ,&nbsp;Bishwa Nath Oli ,&nbsp;Sangram Karki ,&nbsp;Bijay Bashyal ,&nbsp;Raj Kumar Rimal ,&nbsp;Suman Subedi ,&nbsp;Bharat Gotame ,&nbsp;Sangeeta Rajbhandary ,&nbsp;Himlal Baral","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable tree species diversity and carbon stock data are crucial for establishing a baseline and aiding monitoring and management decision-making to ensure ecosystem functions and services, including carbon management. However, such data are not available for many primary forests, especially in developing countries like Nepal. For this study, we generated primary baseline data on tree species diversity, biomass, and carbon stock for forests under different management regimes in one of the critical landscapes of western Nepal. We sampled 94 clusters of concentric circular sample plots placed systematically at the nodes of 3 km by 3 km square grids in biological corridors (managed by community forest user groups) and a national park's buffer zones (managed by buffer zone user groups) to study the tree species composition and estimate the carbon stock. The number of tree species and botanical families reported in different sites did not differ significantly. The basal area was found to be highest in Brahmadev Corridor where tree density per unit area was also highest. Our study sites showed a basal area ranging from 26.42 to 40.65 m²/ha, which is higher than previously reported from similar forests. The total biomass (302.12 to 496 tons/ha) and carbon stock (142 to 233.12 tons/ha), both being highest in Brahmadev Corridor, were within the range of comparable data and national averages. The number of stems in all sites showed the reverse J-shaped pattern, indicating a stable population and good species recruitment. The buffer zones had a large proportion of forest area with the highest carbon stock classes of 300–400 tons/ha. The basal area and diameter at breast height showed a significant positive correlation with carbon stock, indicating that the basal area is a key determinant of carbon stock. Our study provides disaggregated information on tree species diversity, the quality of forests in terms of stem density and size-class distribution, and carbon stock and its distribution in different carbon stock classes in two forest management regimes. In this sense, our study is the first of its kind in providing important insights into forest and carbon management because areas with different carbon stocks need different management prescriptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100728"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness, efficiency, and equity in jurisdictional REDD+ benefit distribution mechanisms: Insights from Jambi province, Indonesia","authors":"Riko Wahyudi ,&nbsp;Wahyu Marjaka ,&nbsp;Christian Silangen ,&nbsp;Muis Fajar ,&nbsp;I. Wayan Susi Dharmawan ,&nbsp;Mariamah","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The jurisdictional REDD+ (JREDD+) mechanism, aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, has been crucial in global climate change mitigation efforts. However, designing effective, efficient, and equitable benefit-distribution policy at the site level remains a challenge. This research assesses three benefit distribution mechanisms in Indonesia for JREDD+ initiatives, facilitated by the Indonesian Environment Fund (IEF). They include: (1) distribution through the provincial revenue and expenditure budget (APBD), (2) distribution through intermediary institutions (LEMTARA), and (3) direct distribution or transfer to beneficiaries. Each mechanism is evaluated on effectiveness, efficiency, and equity, considering bureaucratic processes and stakeholder capacities. The study utilizes public deliberation by involving relevant stakeholders at the national and Jambi province levels and expert judgment by purposively selecting based on certain criteria to help determine the optimal mechanism as the reference for achieving Indonesia's climate mitigation goals and the administrative intricacies involved. The findings suggest that direct distribution to beneficiaries is the most efficient and equitable, although using LEMTARA is deemed slightly more effective for targeted fund allocation. The study provides recommendations for policy makers on enhancing institutional capacities and integrating flexible inclusive mechanisms to optimize JREDD+ benefit distribution at the sub-national level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}