Trees, Forests and People最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the recovery of tropical forest structure, canopy closure and above-ground carbon during restoration: Comparing conventional with instrument-based metrics","authors":"Waiprach Suwannarat ,&nbsp;Stephen Elliott ,&nbsp;Worayut Takaew ,&nbsp;Pornpawee Laohasom ,&nbsp;Watit Khokthong","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon accumulation and structural development are key indicators of the progress of forest-ecosystem restoration. However current techniques of quantifying them are time-consuming, labor-intensive and costly. Therefore, we tested four instrument-based metrics (vegetation area index (VAI) from terrestrial LiDAR (light detection and ranging), leaf area index (LAI) from a plant-canopy analyser, and canopy cover, from both hemispherical photography (CC_HP) and a densiometer (CC_D)), as alternatives to conventional metrics (above-ground carbon (AGC), tree stocking density (TSD) and basal area (BA)), derived from manual measurements of trees. The study sites were: a control (pre-restoration conditions), 1½- and 11½-year-old forest, both undergoing restoration by the framework species method (FSM), and primary forest of indeterminate age (restoration target). VAI, LAI and CC_D, clearly distinguished among the control site and 1½- and 11½-year-old-restoration (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). CC_HP failed to distinguish the control plot from young restoration. All four metrics correlated well (<em>r</em> <em>=</em> 0.58–0.80) with conventional metrics (above-ground carbon (AGC), tree stocking density (TSD) and basal area (BA)), when data were combined across all plots, although plot-level correlations weakened, with increasing structural development. Furthermore, the instrument-based metrics failed to reflect a doubling in AGC between 11½-year-old restoration and the reference forest, by under-estimating increases in structural development beyond canopy closure. CC_D is recommended for monitoring structural development, during early forest restoration, due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of use and minimal disturbance of the forest understory. After canopy closure, AGC remains the most useful metric to gauge how closely restoration achieves reference-forest structure. After 11½ years of implementing the FSM, AGC had reached 49 % (65.9 tC/ha, ±SD 30.44) of the reference forest level (137.4 tC/ha, ±SD 83.19).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100928"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ash trees in Great Britain: How might land-managers respond to a new threat?","authors":"C. Hall ,&nbsp;M. Marzano ,&nbsp;B. Karlsdóttir ,&nbsp;T. Clarke ,&nbsp;A.J. Dyke ,&nbsp;J. Morris ,&nbsp;N. Brown ,&nbsp;V. Alonso-Chávez ,&nbsp;A.E. Milne ,&nbsp;L. O’Brien","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ash trees across Great Britain are under increasing threat from pests and diseases as ash dieback (ADB) continues to spread and intensify in impact. Meanwhile, concerns grow throughout Europe about the westward spread of emerald ash borer (EAB). Should EAB be discovered in Great Britain, decisions taken by managers of ash trees will be crucial to their survival, given the threat they already face from ADB. This study has investigated the likely responses of land-managers to EAB, their willingness to implement surveillance for EAB, their knowledge of EAB, and the importance of ash trees to them. An online questionnaire was conducted in 2021 with diverse land-managers across Great Britain. Analysis of 368 completed questionnaires revealed some of the potential influences on decisions that land-managers might make concerning surveillance and management for EAB. These include: the personal importance of ash trees to land-managers, their perceptions of EAB risk, previous experience with ADB, self-reported knowledge of EAB, and management aims for the trees. Overall, the results demonstrate a range of likely responses to EAB. Understanding likely responses will help policymakers better plan for the potential arrival of EAB by highlighting where and how interventions and support might be most effective. Findings have practical value for land-managers and decision-makers, policy relevance for governance, and also add to the evidence about land-manager decision-making when faced with dual environmental threats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100915"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agronomic and economic sustainability perspectives in coffee-based agroforestry system (Coffea arabica L.) in Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru","authors":"Marlen A. Grandez-Alberca ,&nbsp;Alexander Cotrina-Sanchez ,&nbsp;Nixon Haro ,&nbsp;Jhon A. Zabaleta-Santisteban ,&nbsp;Teodoro B. Silva-Melendez ,&nbsp;Jose A. Sanchez-Vega ,&nbsp;Angel J. Medina-Medina ,&nbsp;Katerin M. Tuesta-Trauco ,&nbsp;Abner S. Rivera-Fernandez ,&nbsp;Milagros Granda-Santos ,&nbsp;Manuel Oliva-Cruz ,&nbsp;Ligia García ,&nbsp;Elgar Barboza","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coffee-based agroforestry systems (AFS) represent a sustainable alternative for enhancing resilience and productivity in tropical regions. However, limited studies have systematically evaluated the combined agronomic and economic factors influencing their success, particularly in Andean forest regions of Peru. This study aimed to assess tree composition, soil parameters, pest incidence, and economic performance in AFS located in Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, in the northwest of Peru. Fifteen plots were selected through non-probabilistic purposive sampling. Tree composition was analyzed using the Importance Value Index (IVI), while soil fertility, pest incidence, and profitability were evaluated. Key species included timber species such as <em>Eucalyptus globulus</em> (13.5 % IVI) and <em>Cedrela montana</em> (11.3 % IVI), along with <em>Inga edulis</em> (12.9 % IVI), the latter being more strongly associated with improvements in soil organic matter content (2.8–5.7 %) and reduced pest incidence under moderate shade conditions (30–45 %). Soil pH (5.2–6.7) and carbon content showed positive correlations with tree diversity. Economically, production costs ranged from 1300 to 1400 USD, with incomes between 2400 and 3200 USD; 66.7 % of plots achieved benefit/cost ratios greater than 2. Regression analysis revealed that shade cover had a significant positive effect on profitability (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), while transportation and processing costs negatively impacted outcomes. These results reinforce the role of coffee-based AFS as a viable strategy for smallholders, integrating ecological services with economic sustainability, and supporting current efforts toward climate-resilient agricultural policies in Peru.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100924"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing carbon sequestration in urban Miyawaki forests of south India: Implications for climate mitigation planning and land suitability","authors":"Anirban Roy ,&nbsp;Merlin Lopus ,&nbsp;Sruthi Surendran ,&nbsp;Amit Kushwaha ,&nbsp;K.A. Sreejith ,&nbsp;K.C. Akhila ,&nbsp;G. Anna ,&nbsp;P. Saranga ,&nbsp;N. Sethulakhsmi ,&nbsp;Deepak Jaiswal","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Globally, plantation forests are widely recognized as an effective solution to combat land degradation. One such approach of creating plantation forest is the Miyawaki method of afforestation and reforestation, which involves dense planting of native species. This study investigates the carbon sequestration potential of three Miyawaki forests aged 2, 4, and 5 years in the south Indian cities of Bengaluru and Palakkad. We conducted field sampling to measure tree attributes, including Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and height, which were used to calculate the above-ground biomass (AGB) using species-specific equations. Carbon storage and sequestration rates were then estimated using the same allometric approach, combined with the age of the Miyawaki forest stands. Our findings reveal that the annual growth rate of forest biomass increases significantly with age, resulting in a total biomass accumulation of 165.7 Mg C/ha within five years of planting. Additionally, carbon sequestration rates showed a rapid increase with forest age, with the 2-year-old forest sequestering 5.284 Mg C/ha-yr, the 4-year-old forest sequestering 20.042 Mg C/ ha-yr, and the 5-year-old forest sequestering 33.084 Mg C/ha-yr. We also identified over 200,000 km² of underutilized marginal land with climatic conditions similar to those of the study sites, offering vast potential for expanding Miyawaki forest interventions. In this context, the Miyawaki method could be positioned within policy interventions aimed at climate mitigation in India and beyond, considering the relevant biophysical and ecological factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100925"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does camphor tree affect the wind and pollutants in the street canyon:a novel CFD method based on a point cloud algorithm?","authors":"Le Wang ,&nbsp;Xilian Luo ,&nbsp;Qingyi Wang ,&nbsp;Liyu Tang ,&nbsp;Zhaolin Gu ,&nbsp;Shiyu Duan ,&nbsp;Zeyi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of camphor trees on airflow and pollutant dispersion in street canyons. As innovative research, it utilizes three-dimensional point cloud measurement data to extract and reconstruct tree TB (trunk and branches), establishing a mathematical model for the resistance source term that accurately describes the external morphology of the tree crown and the discontinuous, non-uniform characteristics of the internal leaves. This method addresses the challenges associated with accurately characterizing tree features. Based on this novel methodology, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of various tree characteristics and layouts on the wind environment and pollutant distribution in street canyons. The results indicated that the irregular distribution of camphor tree TB and crowns leads to significant differences in airflow patterns, flow velocities, and pollutant concentration across different cross sections of the street canyon. Whether only camphor tree TB or whole camphor trees (including crowns and TB) are present, neglecting the influence of tree TB results in an overestimation of the average airflow velocity and an underestimation of the average pollutant concentration at the canyon's bottom. This effect is particularly pronounced in areas with only tree TB, leading to a 14 % reduction in average airflow velocity. The obstruction effect of TB on airflow is diminished by the resistance effect of leaves. Furthermore, when considering the influence of camphor tree crown layout, the crown positioned in the middle of the street canyon has the most significant impact on airflow dynamics. The crown near the leeward side effectively increases airflow velocity and significantly reduces pollutant concentration at the bottom compared to the crown near the windward side.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100923"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation in ethnobotanical knowledge of Prunus cerasoides among different ethnic groups, religions and culture in Nepal","authors":"Dipak Khadka ,&nbsp;Ripu M. Kunwar ,&nbsp;Rainer W. Bussmann ,&nbsp;Sijar Bhatta ,&nbsp;Sanu R. Maharjan ,&nbsp;Dafang Cui ,&nbsp;Shi Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Societies, ecosystems and species, including medicinal plants worldwide, are increasingly impacted by the changing context of ecology, land use, socio-economy and climate. All these groups have been adapting to these adversaries. However, conventional adaptation strategies to these changes may not always be effective at helping people or ecosystems to reduce their vulnerabilities. We conducted this study to understand and bolster the ethnobotanical adaptation knowledge regarding using <em>Prunus cerasoides</em> in the trajectory of socio-cultural changes in Nepal. We surveyed 713 participants from eastern, central, and western Nepal to collect primary data. We calculated the species use fidelity level (%) to understand the commonly used plant reports. The Jaccard similarity index was used to investigate the cross-cultural use of <em>P. cerasoides</em> among different sample groups. The Kruskal Wallis test was employed to test the difference in knowledge levels within religion and ethnicity. Out of recorded 11 different use categories of <em>P. cerasoides</em>, eight categories had significant fidelity levels, which include cooking/heating (87.94 %), house construction (86.40 %), livestock feed (84.57 %), culture (79.38 %), food (44.32 %), medicine (26.37 %), apiculture (22.72 %), and agriculture (5.05 %). The species’ uses shared by various religious and ethnic groups differed significantly. In the religious group, Hindus used the species more consistently (median=5 and interquartile range (IQR)=1); likewise, among the ethnicities, Chettri and Thakuri used species more consistently than other ethnic groups (median = 5 and interquartile range (IQR)=1). Among the religious groups, there is a significant difference in fidelity level of culture, livestock feed, food, cooking /heating energy, apiculture, and others. However, in changing contexts, <em>P. cerasoides</em> faces increasing conservation challenges as socioeconomic transformations, deculturation and abandonment of agricultural lands and traditional practices have become <strong>prevalent</strong> in recent decades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100919"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial autonomy and income for emergencies drive women at the Sekyere Afram Plains District of Ghana to produce charcoal","authors":"Lawrence Kwabena Brobbey,&nbsp;Frank Kwaku Agyei,&nbsp;Joana Akua Serwaa Ameyaw","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although gender norms prevent females from accessing specific forest resources in some sub-Saharan African countries, some women defy the norms to engage in activities traditionally reserved for males. However, few studies have examined the factors that motivate females to defy gender norms. We investigated factors motivating some women in the Sekyere Afram Plains District of Ghana to produce charcoal as their male counterparts and the challenges they face in the production process. We collected data through surveys in 61 charcoal-producing households, focus group discussions, and field observations in three communities in the district. Desire to be financially independent of husbands, provide food for families in the slack season when new crops are not matured for household consumption, and attend critical social events like funerals and weddings motivate the women to produce charcoal. The women circumvent gender norms through collective labor arrangements, support from male family members, and deliberate efforts to resist social stigma. However, they face significant constraints, including the declining number of trees in their operational areas, forcing them to travel long distances in search of trees, health risks, and price volatility in the charcoal market. The study contributes to emerging literature on gender and natural resource governance by showing how women's adaptive strategies reshape normative boundaries in forest-based livelihoods, and underscores the complex interplay between gender, economic necessity, and environmental change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100920"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early ecological shifts of soil fungal communities after a historic megafire in the Sierra de la Culebra","authors":"Jorge Víctor Maurice-Lira,&nbsp;Claudia Prada-Polo,&nbsp;Dante Bertocci,&nbsp;Ignacio Sanz-Benito,&nbsp;Pablo Martín-Pinto","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Megafires represent an escalating global challenge, with Mediterranean regions particularly vulnerable due to intensifying droughts and rising temperatures. Studying the impacts of megafire on biodiversity and ecosystem services is crucial for strengthening resilience against this phenomenon. In this study, we evaluated the short-term impact of Spain’s largest recorded megafire on soil fungal diversity. We hypothesized: (i) fungal richness and abundance would be lower in burned plots than in control plots; (ii) saprotrophic species and ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) would exhibit divergent abundance trends; and (iii) indicator taxa associated with post-fire environments would be significantly linked to burned plots. To assess the validity of these hypotheses, next-generation sequencing techniques were applied. A total of 3025 operational taxonomic units were identified, of which 2188 were assigned at the genus or species level, spanning 18 phyla. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla. Taxa were grouped into 20 trophic guilds, with saprotrophic fungi (67 %) and ECM fungi (18 %) dominating. Diversity indices considering relative abundances (Shannon and Pielou Evenness) were significantly lower in burned plots. Multivariate analyses revealed differences in fungal composition and functional groups. ECM taxa were significantly associated with unburned soils, whereas several saprotrophic groups were associated with burned plots, demonstrating divergent trends between these guilds in post-fire environments. Moreover, some pyrophilic taxa were identified as indicators of burned plots. Edible taxa were significantly affected, potentially threatening rural economies. Our findings provide robust insights into how megafires threaten both fungal diversity and its ecosystem services and emphasize the need for effective fire-prevention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100918"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing opportunities to upscale forest landscape restoration in Indonesia","authors":"Sugeng Budiharta ,&nbsp;Karen D. Holl","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indonesia must upscale forest landscape restoration (FLR) efforts to meet its ambitious targets, including absorbing more carbon from forests than emitted by 2030. We review the status quo of forest degradation and FLR efforts, regulations, and funding in Indonesia to identify opportunities for upscaling. We develop a framework to better align FLR funding and benefits and guide broader contributions from global and national private sectors to finance and implement these efforts. Until now, FLR projects primarily have been led and funded by government institutions with the main goal of rehabilitating critical lands to mitigate flooding and landslides. These alone are unlikely to achieve the scale required to meet national and global restoration pledges. One opportunity to upscale FLR in Indonesia is facilitating natural recovery to restore the &gt;43 million ha of secondary forest. However, harnessing this opportunity requires a paradigm change in the government definition of degraded areas, expanding the current deforestation moratorium to include secondary forests, improving land tenure clarity, and revising and streamlining government regulations to facilitate non-governmental actors in FLR. Two existing institutional arrangements, social forestry and ecosystem restoration concessions, could be expanded to at least 2–3x the current extent, along with increasing the state forest land area available for FLR. Such arrangements could be funded from international and domestic sources through carbon markets, direct funding from donors and investors, and compensation schemes within company operations. Moreover, better coordination is needed among governmental, non-governmental, and academic actors and local communities to develop robust, equitable, and long-term FLR programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100917"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participatory mapping of the forest community stakeholders in Europe focusing on forest genetic resources, forest reproductive material, and protected forests","authors":"T. Rogelja ,&nbsp;L. Secco ,&nbsp;F. Lefèvre ,&nbsp;E. Beuker ,&nbsp;M. Westergren ,&nbsp;B. Fady ,&nbsp;S.C. González-Martínez ,&nbsp;T. Myking ,&nbsp;L.E. Pâques ,&nbsp;C. Rellstab ,&nbsp;G.G. Vendramin ,&nbsp;T. Chauvin ,&nbsp;M. van Loo ,&nbsp;U. Ovaska ,&nbsp;J. Giacomoni ,&nbsp;A. Japelj ,&nbsp;A.M. Farsakoglou ,&nbsp;H. Konrad ,&nbsp;S. Caiolo ,&nbsp;A. Desgroux ,&nbsp;M. Masiero","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genetic diversity of forest trees, as provided by Forest Genetic Resources (FGR) and being the basis for the production of Forest Reproductive Material (FRM), is fundamental for maintaining forest resilience, adaptability, health, productivity, and biological diversity. Despite their importance, stakeholder governance of genetic diversity remains under-studied. This study aims to address this gap by mapping the forest stakeholder landscape FGR governance. Using the Quadruple Helix Approach, we categorised stakeholders into academia, industry, government, and civil society identifying relevant sub-communities. The mapping process involved iterative revisions through expert consultations, workshops, and literature scoping. Results show that the FGR sub-community is situated between strict conservation efforts and applied forestry, supporting both genetic conservation and productive forest management. The FRM sub-community, dealing specifically with the production and deployment of FRM, prioritises tree breeding, seed production, and afforestation/reforestation programmes. Meanwhile, the Protected Forests (PF) sub-community focuses on strict nature conservation, advocating minimal human intervention while facing pressures from resource extraction, tourism, and land-use conflicts. The diverging attitudes and values of close-to-nature forest management, intensive forestry, and strict protections, respectively, exist within same stakeholder groups, as well as among different ones, and are spanning all sub-communities. The study uncovers key tensions such as competing land-use priorities between forestry, agriculture, infrastructure and energy sectors, limited flow of knowledge between stakeholder categories and governance misalignments between local, national, and international regulations. The findings are particularly relevant for policymakers, forest managers, forest nurseries, conservation organisations, and industry stakeholders to balance conservation with sustainable forest utilisation. By integrating stakeholder perspectives and highlighting key governance challenges, this study shows where a common ground can be found and where divergent opinions are strong, opening the way for more integrated strategies and policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}