Genetic variability and ecosystem services of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss): A two-decadal systematic study for harnessing global sustainable goals

Neem is native to the Indian subcontinent and recognized globally for its ethno-medicinal and bio-pesticidal properties. The increasing global demand for Neem and its derivatives has intrigued researchers worldwide to concentrate on its medicinal, agrochemical, and industrial applications. Despite its high significance, a thorough understanding of the genetic potential and ecosystem services of this species remains insufficient till date. In this systematic review, we have utilized two decades of literatures from the Web of Science database from 2000 to 2024. We identified 696 articles after applying inclusion-exclusion criteria structured by PRISMA. The primary aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive knowledge base for the current research landscape regarding the genetics and ecology of Neem and how its potential can be used to sustainably mitigate global problems. The analysis of existing literatures identified highest contributions from India with expanding interests in international collaborations among the researchers. This study highlighted existence of ample genetic variability in natural Neem population across the globe and explored various ecosystem services provided by Neem, facilitating the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals. The co-occurrence analysis and thematic mapping of keywords showcased Neem’s efficacy in agroforestry and integrated pest management practices. The uniqueness of this study is integration of qualitative synthesis and in-depth systematic review, which guarantees a comprehensive understanding of global research trends in Neem and its future prospects. Further, this study identified several remaining gaps in tree-breeding, improvement and population ecology of Neem that warrant further investigation as future research prospects.