International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study and correlation fit on boiling heat transfer coefficients of R134a/ethane mixtures","authors":"Hongyu Lv ,&nbsp;Ning Mao ,&nbsp;Meng Qi ,&nbsp;Yu Hou ,&nbsp;Tianbiao He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-azeotropic mixtures, characterized by temperature glide, can effectively enhance the heat transfer efficiency of the Organic Rankine Cycle. A thorough understanding of their heat transfer characteristics is essential for the rational design of evaporator structures and the overall enhancement of system efficiency. This study investigates the boiling heat transfer behavior of R134a/ethane mixtures in a horizontal tube. The deviations of the experimental and numerical results are compared, and the effects of various operating parameters on the heat transfer coefficient are assessed. The experimental conditions include a heat flux range of 1–4.7 kW/m², mass flow rate of 28–37 kg/(m²·s), inlet temperature of 235–248 K, inlet pressure of 0.4–0.75 MPa, and vapor quality between 0.06 and 0.95. Experimental results are compared with predictions from existing correlations, and new modified correlations are proposed. The results indicate that increasing both heat flux and mass flux leads to a consistent rise in heat transfer coefficients. Meanwhile, high mass flow rate can accelerate the wetting rate of the mixture on the pipe wall, thereby increasing its critical vapor quality. Higher inlet pressures increase the vapor-to-liquid density ratio, which negatively impacts heat transfer. Conversely, higher inlet temperatures enhance nucleate boiling and convective heat transfer. The ethane mole fraction positively impacts heat transfer coefficient owing to its superior thermal conductivity, reduced vapor density, lower liquid viscosity, and decreased latent heat of vaporization compared to R134a. A modified correlation, based on experimental data, is presented for predicting the heat transfer coefficient of mixtures. This new correlation predicts 84.2 % of the experimental data within ±20 % error, with an average error rate of 10.6 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109999"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wall-modeled large-eddy simulations of shock-turbulent boundary layer interactions with wall heating and cooling","authors":"Vanessa Rubien,&nbsp;Ivan Bermejo-Moreno","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wall-modeled large-eddy simulations (WMLES) of supersonic turbulent boundary layers with and without shock wave interactions and wall heat transfer are performed, and the results are compared against reference experimental and DNS data. The main objective is to evaluate the performance of equilibrium wall models to accurately capture thermal transport, unsteady low-frequency motions, and complex patterns of boundary layer separation. Separated shock/turbulent boundary layer interactions (STBLI) and shock-free turbulent boundary layer cases are simulated with a freestream Mach number of approximately 2.3 and momentum-thickness Reynolds numbers of <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> over cooled, adiabatic, and heated walls. Results show that WMLES exhibit a qualitative agreement with DNS data in patterns of flow separation induced by strong STBLIs with wall heat transfer, whereby wall heating/cooling enlarges/reduces the extent of separated flow. The quantitative accuracy of heat transfer prediction is significantly affected by the choice of WMLES parameters. In particular, a reduction of the wall-model exchange height in the STBLI region significantly improves the prediction of friction and heat-flux coefficients in the separated flow regions for the cases considered in this study. Wall pressure power spectral densities show an elongation of low frequency motion associated with flow separation for the heated wall compared to the adiabatic wall. The influence of the subgrid-scale (SGS) model parameter and the wall-model turbulent Prandtl number is also assessed for flows with and without shock waves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-layer cylindrical array of pin–fin microchannels with heat dissipation capacity up to 1200 W/cm2","authors":"Ci Ao ,&nbsp;Bo Xu ,&nbsp;Zhenqian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancement of miniaturization and highly integrated microelectronic systems, the increasing heat flux in hotspot areas elevates the risk of thermal failure in chips. In light of this, a novel alternating cylindrical pin–fin array has been embedded in a double-layer cross-flow microchannel heat sink to enhance heat transfer. The research objectives of this study are to ensure that the hotspot temperature does not exceed the safe operating temperature of the chip under high heat flux conditions, while achieving optimal temperature uniformity and minimized pressure drop. To this end, the study first investigates the effects of different boundary conditions on the thermal performance of cross-flow microchannel heat sinks, and compares the heat transfer performance between cylindrical pin–fin microchannel heat sinks and conventional double-layer microchannel heat sinks. The results demonstrate that a cylindrical pin–fin array double-layer cross-flow microchannel heat sink using deionized water as coolant successfully removes a heat flux of 1200 W/cm² from a 2 × 2 mm² hotspot area. Notably, the arrangement of counter-flow in the upper and lower layers resolves the temperature gradient along the flow direction observed in unidirectional flow systems. Compared to co-flow microchannel heat sinks, the cross-flow configuration improves temperature uniformity by 1.15 %, and enhances the heat transfer coefficient to 35.56 kW/m²·K. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation exists between the heat transfer coefficient and Reynolds number. Variations in Re values induce a maximum pressure drop of 6.5 kPa while reducing the total thermal resistance to 0.44 K·cm²/W (conductive resistance: 0.238 K·cm²/W; convective resistance: 0.123 K·cm²/W).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 110003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer and flow characteristics of a novel double wall cooling design embedded by primitive-type triply periodic minimal surface structures","authors":"Liwei Ma ,&nbsp;Zhizhao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jianhua Wang ,&nbsp;Ran Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work proposes novel double wall cooling designs for modern gas turbines, where the traditional pin-fins are substituted by triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. A series of numerical simulations have been carried out to study the flow, heat transfer and temperature gradient (thermal stress for mechanical implications) behaviors for these novel configurations, which are validated against experimental data by infrared thermal imaging in a hot-gas wind tunnel. Results show that compared to the traditional pin–fin double wall structure, the internal convective heat transfer rate can be enhanced up to 57.9% by the TPMS design, which leads to an over 10% enhancement for overall cooling effectiveness. Proper design of TPMS structure could also reduce pressure loss, e.g., the P-B-0.6 configuration demonstrates a 2.7% reduction in pressure loss at the discussed condition. These advantages are correlated with the enlarged heat transfer area and the smooth pore-size curvatures that could decrease the turbulent dissipation loss. Further analysis revealed that TPMS designs could improve the temperature uniformity in the target surface, decrease the temperature gradient within the solid domains, and thereby reduce the thermal stress. The effect of porosity, TPMS type and mass flow ratio are further discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 110005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topology optimization of thermal-fluid systems with non-uniform thermal loads using a novel objective function","authors":"Xiangzhuang Kong ,&nbsp;Hongming Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanxia Du ,&nbsp;Xian Wang ,&nbsp;Guangming Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Topology optimization transcends the limitations of traditional engineering design and enables innovative structural concepts. This study integrates the adjoint lattices Boltzmann method with the Level-set method to perform a topology optimization on the convective heat transfer under non-uniform thermal loads. Firstly, a novel objective function is proposed, which achieves a tight coupling of forward parameters in the adjoint problem and the optimization performance can be improved accordingly. With the GPU acceleration, a tenfold increase in optimization efficiency is achieved. Secondly, by decoupling the evolution and boundary equations of the forward LBE, the adjoint LBE could be derived efficiently and it enhances the simplicity and generality of the adjoint LBM. Finally, the topology optimization under various thermal loads is investigated based on our proposed method. The results indicate that the optimized structures are significantly influenced by the distributions of thermal loads. The solid tends to concentrate in the high heat-flux regions to ensure a high efficiency of heat transfer in the area, since the low porosity leads to high-velocity flow to enhance the convective heat transfer. According to the optimized structures, there are two reasons for the enhanced heat transfer capability, one is the increased temperature gradient in the thermal boundary layer and the other is the increased tortuosity in high heat flux regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109998"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144763765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal-hydraulic performance and multi-objective design optimization of a microchannel heat sink with hollow twisted tapes","authors":"Yang Yuan ,&nbsp;Wen Liu ,&nbsp;Pingnan Huang ,&nbsp;Nan Wu ,&nbsp;Chaozhong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing power density and miniaturization of modern electronics require highly efficient thermal management solutions. Although twisted tapes are commonly used to improve heat transfer in macro-scale devices, their use in microscale devices like microchannel heat sinks (MHS) has not been thoroughly investigated. A microchannel heat sink (MHS) with hollow twisted tapes was designed in this paper, and its thermal–hydraulic performance was investigated by numerical simulation method. The results showed that compared to the thermal–hydraulic performance of traditional twisted tape, the hollow twisted tape achieves an 80 % decrease in pressure drop with a 19 % reduction in <em>Nu</em>. Response surface analysis on the designed MHS indicate that reduction of tape pitch and hollow core diameter significantly increases <em>Nu</em> and <em>f</em>, while a decrease in thickness and length leads to a decrease in <em>Nu</em> and <em>f</em>. To maximize the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) and minimize the friction factor (<em>f</em>), multi-objective design optimization of the twisted tape was conducted through the standard second-order response surface method and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). At a <em>Re</em> = 500, the optimized structure results in a 19 % increase in <em>Nu</em>, a 24 % decrease in <em>f</em>, and a 27 % increase in Figure of Merit (<em>FoM</em>). These results are helpful for the design of microchannel heat sinks in industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109993"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144763766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on mixed convection of liquid metal GaInSn","authors":"Jian-Dong Zhou ,&nbsp;Yu-Hao Tang ,&nbsp;Jia-Jun Wu ,&nbsp;Juan-Cheng Yang ,&nbsp;Ming-Jiu Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixed convection is of great importance for the thermal–hydraulic characteristics of nuclear fast reactors and nuclear fusion blankets. In the present study, the liquid metal mixed convection is experimentally studied by adopting GaInSn, which remains in a liquid state at room temperature. The test section is a duct with a cross-area of 50 mm × 50 mm and a length of 3 m made of stainless steel. By installing the thermocouples, flow meter, and differential pressure transducers on the experimental system, the corresponding flow and heat transfer characteristics can be identified with considering the influence of flow rate and heat flux density. The present results show that, compared to forced convection, the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) of mixed convection decreased first and then increased with the increase of Reynolds number (<em>Re</em>). There exists a critical <em>Re</em>_c when <em>Nu</em> reaches a minimum value, and <em>Re</em>_c increases with the increase of the Grashof number (<em>Gr</em>). It is a consequence of flow layering, plume sweeping, and bulk heat entrapment, due to the competition between buoyancy and shear forces, which can be described by the Richardson number (<em>Ri</em>). The change tendency of <em>Nu</em> as a function of <em>Ri</em> indicates that the threshold value of <em>Ri</em>_c is around 1. An empirical correlation is obtained to predict <em>Nu</em> for GaInSn mixed convection when <em>Pe</em> &lt; 1000. The variation of the local <em>Nu</em> in flow direction indicates the existence of the onset of mixed convection in the flow direction, which is further confirmed by the power spectral density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109995"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel three-dimensional topology-optimized cold plate design for lithium-ion battery thermal management based on Murray’s law","authors":"Jiao Wang ,&nbsp;Shengke Tang ,&nbsp;Zilong Song ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Fan ,&nbsp;Chuang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flow channel design of liquid cold plates is a critical aspect of battery thermal management systems. This study aims to develop a novel 3D topology-optimized cold plate design method based on Murray’s law to enhance the thermal management performance of lithium-ion batteries. To address the limitations of the conventional approach that directly stretches 2D topology optimization results to form 3D cold plates, a new design strategy involving secondary optimization based on Murray’s law is proposed to generate scientifically improved 3D cold plate structures. Numerical simulations are employed to systematically investigate the effects of cold plate type, inlet mass flow rate, coolant and ambient temperatures, and channel depth on the performance of the cold plates. The optimal channel depth for each hydraulic diameter is identified. The results indicate that, under identical conditions, the optimized cold plate (OP) achieves a heat transfer coefficient improvement of up to 122.12 % compared to the conventional stretched plate (SP), significantly enhancing battery temperature control. Moreover, the Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) of the OP increases by up to 55.36 % relative to the SP, and can be further improved by 34.84 % through channel depth optimization. The study also reveals that for each inlet hydraulic diameter, the optimal channel depth is 0.5 mm greater than that of the corresponding SP. This research provides a new optimization approach and methodology for the efficient design of cold plates in lithium-ion battery thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization of transient boundary heat transfer of supercritical CO2 through-flow in mini-channel under top heating","authors":"Gang Zeng ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Haizhuan Yuan ,&nbsp;Yanping Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The top-heated heat transfer dynamics of supercritical CO₂ (sCO₂) are critical for applications like power cycles, nuclear reactor cooling, duct heat exchangers, solar energy, and spacecraft thermal management. This study focuses on the experimental measurement of the transient boundary heat transfer behavior of sCO₂ inside a mini-channel under local heat flux from above. The flow starts from the pre-existing turbulent dynamics, followed by local heating from upper walls. A pixelated phase-shifting interferometer was employed to observed the test object, enabling quantitative analysis of the thermal boundary layer influenced by the combination of buoyancy effects and local top heating. The results reveal that: (1) the density stratification (∼0.7 kg/m³), predominantly formed in the upper region as the low-density fluid heatedly flows upward, significantly suppresses the generation of convention; (2) increased heat flux enhances the density shifts and buoyancy, accelerating lighter/hotter fluid perturbations and broadening the spectrum of secondary flows across the entire observed window; (3) relatively larger density shifts but smaller temperature gradients are observed under supercritical conditions (∼0.9 kg/m³, ∼0.006 K) compared to subcritical ones (∼0.25 kg/m³, ∼1.1 K), yielding more pronounces secondary flows and thermal stratification along the midline of the vertical axis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109994"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of entrainment and mixing in a supersonic air ejector using Large-Eddy Simulation","authors":"R. Debroeyer ,&nbsp;T. Toulorge ,&nbsp;M. Rasquin ,&nbsp;G. Winckelmans ,&nbsp;Y. Bartosiewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interest towards supersonic ejectors as replacement for compressors in various industrial applications has grown over the last decade. In contrast with the simplicity of their working principle, the turbulent phenomena responsible for the entrainment and mixing are still not fully understood nor well captured by numerical simulations. Indeed, mostly Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations have been performed up to now, where the unsteady phenomena responsible for the entrainment are solely modeled using an effective turbulent viscosity, and that also needs calibration. This work aims at providing the tools to improve the understanding and design of those devices by analyzing the instantaneous and averaged fields from a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of a supersonic air ejector. First, the structure of the mixing layers is analyzed, showing a very early transition to turbulence in the shear layers and the necessity to properly capture the associated fluctuations. The impact of turbulence injection in the primary flow is also discussed. Then, the post-processing tools, using total exergy fluxes, are presented. The exergy fluxes between the streams in the mixing duct are computed, and are compared to their incomplete counterpart obtained using RANS simulation results. The observed discrepancies are shown to be due to the large differences in the turbulent shear stress and turbulent heat flux through the shear layer between the RANS and LES results. A new criterion to measure the completion of the mixing between the flows is introduced thanks to a novel decomposition of the total exergy flux. Finally, the complete mixing of both streams, as newly defined, is shown not to be a sufficient condition to find the optimum performance of the ejector, e.g. a maximum compression at the maximum flow rate of the secondary stream. This optimum is found to be much more dependent on the balance between shear stress between streams and wall-friction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109978"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}