International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation of cold ejecting characteristics and primary-secondary flow interaction in a strut-jet RBCC flowpath","authors":"Feiteng Luo ,&nbsp;Dahao Yao ,&nbsp;Xinke Li ,&nbsp;Zhenming Qu ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Chen ,&nbsp;Yaosong Long ,&nbsp;Qiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Zixue Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on a typical strut-jet Rocket-Based Combined Cycle (RBCC) engine’s characteristic flow channel model, extensive cold jet entrainment experiments were carried out over a broad range of conditions, involving different ejector inlet configurations and strut-jet configurations. The study has provided an understanding of the entrainment air intake characteristics, as well as the interaction features and patterns between the primary and secondary flows. The research findings indicate that as the mass rate of primary flow and total pressure ratio increase, the Mach number of the secondary flow gradually increases, and the flow rate increases to a certain maximum value, while the entrainment ratio continues to decrease monotonically. Dimensional analysis shows that increasing the contraction ratio and contraction angle of the ejector inlet configuration can enhance the entrainment capability of the primary flow at low total pressure ratios, but the impact is smaller at high total pressure ratios. The strut-jet configuration with a single rectangular nozzle has a stronger entrainment capability compared to the configuration with a double circular nozzle. It can increase the mass flux ratio by 10% to 40% under the same mass rate of primary flow and nozzle throat area, and the structure with a wavy groove at the trailing edge of the strut is conducive to enhancing the entrainment capability. As the total pressure ratio between the primary and secondary flows increases, the velocity ratio and convective Mach number show a decreasing trend, while the static pressure ratio and density ratio increase. Ejector inlet configurations with a larger contraction ratio and double circular nozzle configurations lead to higher velocity ratios and convective Mach numbers, but lower static pressure and density ratios. These variations in parameter gradients determine the primary-secondary flow interaction processes and characteristics from the initial state perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109981"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bulk nanobubbles-colloid fluid electroconvection","authors":"Francisco J. Arias","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have caught the attention of scientific and engineering community owing to their singular physicochemical features. One of these features is their strong electric charge which is believed to play an important role in their unexpected stability. The electric charge of BNBs open an unexplored possibility for heat and fluid flow. Here and in complete analogy with <em>ferrofluids</em>, it is investigated the induced electroconvection for a colloidal dispersion of subdomain electric BNBs (<em>bulk nanobubbles-colloid fluid</em>) in a liquid carrier — whose concentration is high enough to show a collective behavior similar than that shown by magnetic particles in a ferrofluid, and under the influence of an electrical field. Utilizing a simplified model an expression for the electroconvective Rayleigh number was derived.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109907"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-wall characteristics of non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers on rough walls","authors":"Junlin Yuan,&nbsp;Matthew Gatzek,&nbsp;Saurabh Pargal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineering models of rough-wall turbulent flows rely on reduced model of the near-wall layer of flow modified by roughness (i.e. the roughness sublayer) to provide boundary conditions to the flow above. Understanding sublayer response to pressure gradients and the pressure gradient history is crucial for developing physics-based turbulence closures. This work examines characteristics of the roughness sublayer using roughness-resolved simulation data of two flat-plate boundary layers: one direct numerical simulation with strong non-equilibrium favorable pressure gradients (Yuan and Piomelli, 2015) and a large-eddy simulation with a suction-blowing freestream that induces both adverse and favorable pressure gradients. The sublayer thickness <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is found to be constant in attached-flow regions, regardless of pressure gradients. When using a set of sublayer scales (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) for normalization (where <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is the local streamwise mean velocity at the elevation <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), an overall self-similarity is observed for the total drag, mean velocity, and dispersive stresses inside the sublayer, suggesting that the time-mean flow is in quasi-equilibrium despite varying pressure gradients. For the Reynolds stress profiles, self-similarity under the present normalization is not present in general, but the Reynolds stress anisotropy appears to satisfy the weak-equilibrium condition. The observed invariance properties of the roughness sublayer flow indicate potential for extending existing sublayer-unresolved turbulence models to rough-wall non-equilibrium flows and provide a way to assess existing roughness treatments in turbulence models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109937"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the mixing process within the two-strut supersonic ejector","authors":"Tao Liang,&nbsp;Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Dongdong Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiyan Li,&nbsp;Wei Ye,&nbsp;Gang Li,&nbsp;Wanwu Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Free supersonic mixing layers have garnered considerable attention, while research on supersonic mixing layers in confined spaces remains limited. Therefore, in this paper, the supersonic mixing process within a two-strut supersonic ejector is investigated using numerical methods. The flow structure and mixing characteristics are analyzed in terms of mass, velocity, and total energy. Moreover, the influence of entrainment ratio and total temperature ratio on the mixing process is examined. Results indicate that the mixing process within the ejector is affected by the expansion of the primary flow and the contraction of wall, impacting flow parameters in non-mixing regions. Specifically, the acceleration of secondary flow in these regions leads to the formation of a Fabri choking area, altering the growth rate of the mixing layer thickness from rapid to slower progression. Analysis of mass thickness, velocity thickness, and total energy thickness reveals similar growth trends, with velocity thickness being the largest. However, velocity mixing uniformity does not accurately reflect the mixing degree, as momentum transfer alone does not account for velocity changes. Moreover, decreasing entrainment ratio and total temperature ratio result in higher convective Mach numbers and lower velocity ratios, thereby promoting mixing process between primary and secondary flows. Nevertheless, the significant increase in secondary flow temperature causes the Fabri choking region to vanish, which benefits the mixing process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tall building clusters in urban canopies: An experimental analysis of wake and dispersion characteristics","authors":"Abhishek Mishra ,&nbsp;Dianfang Bi ,&nbsp;Matteo Carpentieri ,&nbsp;Janet Barlow ,&nbsp;Alan Robins ,&nbsp;Marco Placidi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to understand flow and dispersion characteristics of tall building clusters surrounded by different surface roughness using simultaneous 3D laser Doppler anemometry and fast flame ionisation detector measurements for velocity and pollutant concentration measurements, respectively. Two different surface roughnesses, Suburban roughness elements (height equal to 20 mm), and Urban roughness (height of 70 mm) were considered to mimic two different urban canopy depths. Wake velocity measurements show a higher streamwise and wall-normal velocity component for the Urban case due to enhanced channelling effects between buildings. The wake recovery downstream of the cluster is influenced by the vertical as well as the lateral shear layer it generates. When the cluster is surrounded by the Urban blocks, a strong upwash is observed, which brings near-wall low-momentum fluid upward, leading to the delay in the wake recovery in the near-wake regime compared to the Suburban roughness case. This phenomenon contributes to stretching the near-, transition and far-wake regions of the tall building clusters defined by Mishra et al. (2023). The strong vertical motion significantly influences the pollutant dispersion characteristics, with the cluster wake immersed in the deeper canopy witnessing a higher vertical spread of the plume than the Suburban case.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109960"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on enhanced cooling effectiveness for gas turbine blade leading edge with internal ridged swirl chamber and TPMS effusion holes","authors":"Qiuru Zuo ,&nbsp;Yu Rao ,&nbsp;Kirttayoth Yeranee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The leading edge of gas turbine blades experiences the highest thermal loads and significant aerodynamic forces, making it a primary focus of cooling research. This study proposes a novel swirl cooling model featuring internal ridged walls and Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) effusion to enhance leading-edge cooling efficiency. Three comparative leading-edge cooling models are additively manufactured using Ti-6Al-4 V to achieve a Biot number of approximately 0.11, matching typical values in actual gas turbine operations. This ensures thermal similarity between the experimental models and engine conditions, which is essential for accurately capturing the combined effects of internal cooling and film cooling. The three models include normal jet impingement with cylindrical film cooling, ridged swirl cooling with cylindrical film cooling, and ridged swirl cooling with TPMS effusion. Infrared thermography is employed to evaluate overall cooling effectiveness across a blowing ratio range of 0.67 to 2.0. Experimental results reveal that normal jet impingement and ridged swirl cooling with cylindrical film holes concentrate cooling near the tip region due to the high coolant discharge from the film holes. In contrast, ridged swirl cooling with TPMS effusion provides the most uniform cooling distribution across the entire leading edge. Within the studied blowing ratio range, ridged swirl cooling with cylindrical film holes exhibits 6.5 %–7.8 % higher cooling effectiveness compared to normal jet impingement with film holes, while ridged swirl cooling with TPMS effusion achieves an even greater improvement of 8.8 %–16.8 %. Additionally, compared to ridged swirl cooling with film holes, ridged swirl cooling with TPMS effusion demonstrates a 2.1 %–9.3 % enhancement in cooling effectiveness. Moreover, TPMS effusion cooling achieves the lowest discharge coefficient while maintaining comparable total pressure loss to other models. The results indicate that TPMS effusion significantly enhances leading-edge cooling at a blowing ratio of 2.0. This improvement is attributed to the TPMS structure’s ability to avoid jet detachment commonly seen in conventional holes at high blowing ratios. Its porous geometry promotes uniform coolant ejection and lateral mixing, reducing jet momentum and enhancing surface attachment for improved cooling effectiveness. Increasing the porosity of the effusion holes may further improve cooling efficiency and reduce coolant pressure loss. A numerical analysis using the SST k-ω turbulence model is conducted to examine the leading-edge vortex structures. The results show that ridged swirl-film cooling suppresses flow development, reduces jet velocity, and modifies vortex structures to enhance thermal protection. The TPMS effusion further improves coolant distribution, enhances film uniformity, and increases wall coverage, leading to superior cooling performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct numerical simulation of vortex structures and fluctuating energy transfer in boundary layers with streamwise-adjacent roughness elements","authors":"Weihao Ling ,&nbsp;Song Gao ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Wang ,&nbsp;Min Zeng ,&nbsp;Wenlin Huang ,&nbsp;Guang Xi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Roughness elements on a smooth surface can promote transition within the boundary layer. It is crucial to elucidate the flow field structure changes for surface heat transfer and flow resistance control. To investigate the impact of streamwise adjacent roughness elements on plate boundary layer, this study conducts direct numerical simulation of flows over upstream roughness element characterized by three distinct shapes and downstream cylinder. The changes of the downstream vortex structures and fluctuating flow field caused by different upstream element shapes are revealed by specifically analyzing the streamwise vorticity stimulating term, first and second moments of velocity, fluctuating kinetic energy distributions and budget, fluctuating velocity anisotropy, and the coherent structures. The findings indicate that both the mixing enhancement of round head and the ramp’s intense shear can diminish the wavelength of downstream spanwise vortices resulting in a denser hairpin vortex cluster and make the central low-speed region more compact. The following enhanced downstream streamwise vortex pair exerts a lifting effect on the boundary layer, which weakens the interaction between the energetic structures induced by the upstream roughness element and the downstream cylinder. This reduction is reflected in smaller production and dissipation terms within the fluctuating kinetic energy budget near the roughness element height. In the fluctuating velocity anisotropy contours, the reduction is manifested far downstream as the distinct unidirectional developing regions and the middle isotropic regions. The robust shear of the ramp fosters the generation of spanwise and streamwise vorticity, thereby stimulating the formation of hairpin vortex clusters. Concurrently, the flow encircling the rounded head efficiently blends coherent structures across varying elevations. This blending phenomenon extends its influence into the far downstream region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109979"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoelectric waste heat recovery from rotary kiln shell: an experimentally validated transient multiphysics computational model","authors":"Muhammad Naveed Gull ,&nbsp;Taqi Ahmad Cheema ,&nbsp;Khuram Pervez Amber ,&nbsp;Naeem Uz Zaman ,&nbsp;Aleksey Ni ,&nbsp;Cheol Woo Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A significant amount of thermal energy is lost through rotary kiln shells. Recovering this waste heat presents a promising opportunity for sustainable energy generation and efficiency enhancement. The present study proposes a thermoelectric generator (TEGs) based waste heat recovery (WHR) system to generate supplementary power to effectively recover waste heat from the rotary kiln shell. An experimentally validated transient Multiphysics computational model is employed to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the WHR system. The performance of the system is evaluated by placing the TEG module consisting of series and parallel configured TEG arrays at different axial, circumferential and radial positions around the kiln shell. The axial position of the TEG module varies along the whole kiln length, which is divided into three zones: initial (0–0.33 m), mid-section (0.33–0.66 m), and end zone (0.66–0.99 m), while for circumferential positions, 60, 90, and 120 degree locations are selected. Water at a constant flowrate of 2.5 L/min and an inlet temperature of 28 °C is circulating in the water blocks placed at the cold face of TEGs to dissipate the heat. The findings of the study suggest that the initial zone in the axial direction, the circumferential location at 90 degrees, and the lowered distance in the radial direction as the locations of maximum electric potential and power generation, around the kiln shell. Moreover, the TEG module’s thermoelectric conversion efficiency and power density were found to peak in the zone closer to the heat source. The proposed Multiphysics computational model may be used as a benchmark for future kiln heat recovery studies, using a TEG module around the kiln shell.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of the zigzag and spiral bubble ascension: The alternating steering and continuous chase effects of the side reflux on the bottom surface","authors":"He Liu 刘贺 ,&nbsp;Yajing Yang 杨亚晶 ,&nbsp;Yanju Wei 魏衍举","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The zigzag and spiral trajectories observed during bubble ascent in quiescent water are revisited through a combined experimental and numerical investigation. A strong coupling is identified among the bypass flow, bubble shape evolution, and lateral path. In particular, the flow along the bubble’s lower surface induces periodic shape transitions—from a backslash (“ ”) to a “V” and then to a forward slash (“ /”), corresponding to lateral deflections in motion. While alternating steering from the “ V”-shaped interface contributes to the zigzag pattern, further analysis reveals that the bypass flow splits at the stagnation point, forming a pair of counter-rotating streams. Their competition near the bubble’s bottom induces transverse internal flow and rolling torque, which are identified as the primary drivers of path instability. This mechanism provides an alternative to classical explanations based on vortex shedding, which is shown here to be a consequence rather than a cause. Moreover, the orientation of the competing surface flows determines the trajectory type: in-plane competition results in zigzag motion, while out-of-plane interaction leads to spiraling. These findings suggest a unified framework linking shape dynamics, interfacial flow, and bubble trajectory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109980"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of thermal boundary configuration on phase transition heat transfer characteristics of carbon dioxide in confined geometries","authors":"Yong Li ,&nbsp;Linwei Wen ,&nbsp;Jun Xia ,&nbsp;Yingchun Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Shen ,&nbsp;Bolun Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiajie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of varying heat source configurations on the multiphase flow dynamics and phase-change heat transfer characteristics of carbon dioxide within a sealed cavity. Comprehensive numerical simulations were performed to analyze the temporal evolution of temperature, pressure, and vapor volume fraction over a 0.04 s duration for three distinct heat source arrangements: (1) a cylindrical enclosure with a fully immersed heating element (model one), (2) an axial heat source configuration (model two), and (3) a circumferential heat source arrangement (model three). The findings reveal that continuous heating of the carbon dioxide by the heat source induces progressive increases in temperature, pressure, and vapor volume fraction. While pressure exhibits a gradual and spatially homogeneous distribution over time, both temperature and gas-phase volume fractions demonstrate non-uniform spatial distributions. The heat source arrangement significantly influences these thermodynamic and phase-change parameters, with the axial configuration showing the least deviation from the baseline model. Notably, the circumferential arrangement enhances heat transfer efficiency by increasing the contact area with liquid carbon dioxide, thereby accelerating vaporization. At 0.04 s, model three attained a peak pressure of 112.86 MPa, surpassing model one (104.5 MPa) and model two (100.654 MPa). These results underscore the superior performance of the circumferential heat source configuration in terms of pressure buildup rate, pressure distribution uniformity, and vapor volume fraction change dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 109974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}