International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing mixed convection for effective thermal transport in a multi-lid-driven cavity with a heated obstacle","authors":"V. Navaneethakrishnan ,&nbsp;S. Sridhar ,&nbsp;Selvan Bellan ,&nbsp;M. Muthtamilselvan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study numerically explores the interaction between multi-lid shear and buoyancy forces in an air-filled square cavity containing a centrally placed heated obstacle of varying aspect ratio. Shear is imposed by driving all four cavity walls, with the vertical boundaries moving upward and the horizontal walls moving to the right, and is characterized by the Reynolds number (<span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span>). Thermal forcing is introduced by maintaining the obstacle at a constant higher temperature relative to the cavity walls, quantified by the Grashof number (<span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></math></span>). The governing mass, momentum and energy equations, under the Boussinesq approximation, are solved using the finite volume method over a broad range of <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></math></span>, with mixed convection regimes defined by <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>. Emphasis is placed on the influence of obstacle aspect ratio on the competition between shear-driven circulation, buoyancy-induced plumes, and their combined effects on thermal transport. Results reveal that the relative strength of <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></math></span> governs the dominant transport mechanism. For <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>≪</mo><mi>G</mi><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, buoyancy dominates with vertically ascending plumes, whereas higher <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> produces diagonal circulations that enhance mixing. Thermal transport is strongly regime-dependent because tall obstacles are more effective in buoyancy-favored conditions, while moderately tall and wide obstacles yield higher thermal transport under shear-dominated, high-intensity conditions. The results have potential applications in enhancing convective thermal transport for efficient thermal regulation across industrial, environmental, and energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on combined thermal protection performance of film cooling with silica aerogel","authors":"Fei He,&nbsp;Caiyi He,&nbsp;Shupeng Xie,&nbsp;Yatong Zhao,&nbsp;Juntao Xv,&nbsp;Mu Li,&nbsp;Tianle Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal insulation capability and stability of thermal protection materials in high-temperature environments are critical to the aero-engine thermal protection. This study uses silica aerogel (SA) as thermal barrier coating (TBC) to investigate its combined thermal protection performance with film cooling. Firstly, thermal conductivity test shows SA can maintain a quite low conductivity value (0.018–0.034 W/(m K)) under a large temperature range, confirming its excellent insulation capability.<!--> <!-->Subsequently, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted on single film cooling, single SA passive cooling, and SA-film combined cooling under various operating conditions, and the active–passive combined thermal protection characteristics were systematically analyzed<!--> <!-->at different SA thickness and coolant blowing ratios. Results indicate that SA-film combined cooling exhibits excellent thermal protection capability, and the cooling efficiency at different zones is significantly enhanced. The combined cooling structure’s internal efficiency increases with SA thickness and blowing ratio, but excessive SA thickness impairs surface temperature uniformity and hot-side surface cooling efficiency. Non-uniform SA thickness can significantly reduce the counter-rotating vortex pair downstream of the film holes while enhancing the anti-counter-rotating vortex pair, and improve the active cooling efficiency. The SA-film combined cooling structure with graded increasing SA thickness maintains high cooling efficiency within the film plate while minimizing the coating surface temperature, achieving optimal comprehensive cooling effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a field synergy-based variable cross-section cold plate for enhanced thermal management of lithium-ion batteries at high discharge rates","authors":"Xiao-Fan Ping ,&nbsp;Chun-Yu Guan ,&nbsp;Jin-Huan Pu ,&nbsp;Xuan-Kai Zhang ,&nbsp;Xi Cao ,&nbsp;Ming-Yi Liu ,&nbsp;Ce Wang ,&nbsp;Long Li ,&nbsp;Jing-Feng Shi ,&nbsp;Er-Sheng You ,&nbsp;Ying-Huan Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A field synergy-guided design approach is proposed for the development of a variable cross-section serpentine-channel cold plate (SCP) to improve the thermal management performance of lithium-ion battery systems operating under high discharge rates. A validated numerical model is developed to evaluate the heat transfer behavior and coolant flow characteristics within the system. The thermal limitations of a conventional single SCP (SSCP) are systematically investigated across a range of inlet temperatures and coolant mass flow rates. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel variable cross-section double-channel SCP (VCDSCP) is introduced based on the field synergy principle. Guided by this principle, the VCDSCP is designed by redistributing the coolant flow and locally adjusting the channel cross-sections to reduce the velocity–temperature gradient synergy angle, particularly in high-temperature regions of the battery. Comparative results demonstrate that the VCDSCP achieves a significantly lower and more uniformly distributed synergy angle than the SSCP, leading to improved temperature control. Under high load conditions, the VCDSCP reduces the maximum battery temperature and temperature difference by 0.54 K (1.7 %) and 0.62 K (10.1 %), respectively. Furthermore, at a coolant mass flow rate of 0.2 g∙s⁻¹, the design achieves up to 80.8 % reduction in pressure drop and a 25.5 % improvement in performance evaluation criteria. These results suggest that the proposed VCDSCP offers substantial advantages for next-generation battery thermal management systems with high operational demands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics of distilled water and ethanol in electrospray surface cooling","authors":"Jiyeop Kim,&nbsp;Munhee Lee,&nbsp;Jung Goo Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrospray surface cooling is an emerging and effective technology for thermal management in high-performance electronic and advanced engineering systems. This study investigates and compares the heat transfer performance of distilled water and ethanol as environmentally friendly working fluids in electrospray cooling. The effects of varying flow rate and spray mode on heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, and enhancement factor were systematically examined. The results show that distilled water provides superior heat transfer performance due to its higher specific heat capacity. Additionally, increases in both flow rate and applied voltage significantly enhanced all evaluated heat transfer parameters for both fluids. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing fluid selection and operating conditions in electrospray surface cooling systems, thereby contributing to the development of high-performance thermal management technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of film cooling on turbine blades with different profiles","authors":"Jialin Liu ,&nbsp;Guoqing Li ,&nbsp;Chenfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Bai ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xingen Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Film cooling is a commonly used method to solve the high turbine inlet temperature for aero-engines. In recent decades, many studies on film cooling have been conducted based on various blade profiles. In order to summarize the film cooling performance of different blade profiles and provide help for subsequent film cooling design, an overview is conducted in this paper that highlights the effects of different blade profiles. Due to variations in secondary flow structures within the blade passages of different profiles, a comparative analysis is provided on the influence of secondary flow on film cooling performance. Through comparing film cooling performance of different profiles, local regions of high heat flux are formed in different parts of the blade surface under the influence of the passage vortex, leakage vortex, and inlet swirl. The size and location of these high heat flux regions are related to the profile geometry. Further research on film cooling could be conducted based on more complex bowed and twist blades, with precise and targeted design for high heat flux areas on the blade surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order model of the global atmospheric climate","authors":"Vassili Kitsios ,&nbsp;Laurent Cordier ,&nbsp;Terence J. O’Kane","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A reduced-order model (ROM) of the global atmosphere is developed by projecting the hydrostatic equations of motion onto three-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes. This approach transforms a system of partial differential equations dependent upon time and space, into a system of ordinary differential equations dependent upon only time and POD mode index. This massively reduces the dimensionality of the problem. Here we adopt the Climate Analysis Forecast Ensemble reanalysis dataset (CAFE-60), comprising of 96 realisations of the dynamically coupled atmosphere and ocean each month. Two POD bases are calculated from the atmospheric data, one for the velocity vector field, and another for the scalar temperature field. The POD ROM coefficients are calculated using a regression approach, with model errors accounted for via stochastic parameterisation. Temporal integrations of the POD ROM with dynamically coupled temperature and velocity fields are undertaken over a recent 40-year period. The statistical properties of the underlying data are broadly reproduced within the resolved modes for a range of truncation levels. Additionally, as more modes are retained in the POD ROM, the correlation of surface variance maps between the underlying data and the spatially reconstructed POD ROM output, approaches unity. The POD ROM coefficient learning and temporal integrations are completed in minutes on a laptop, as compared to the months of supercomputer time required to generate CAFE-60.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi objective heat dissipation space optimization feedback control algorithm based on threshold triggering","authors":"Qian Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia Kang ,&nbsp;Xing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the trend of VR devices toward high-density integration and miniaturization, the collaborative heat dissipation challenges for multiple heat sources in compact spaces have emerged as a critical bottleneck constraining device performance. This study addresses the scientific question of “how to predict the minimal heat dissipation space for high heat flux electronic devices while ensuring safe thresholds for chip junction temperature and exhaust air temperature under coupled thermal-resource conditions in VR devices.” To tackle this, a systematic thermal management framework based on multi-physics coupling was established. This model includes dimensional selection criteria for graphene layers, a one-dimensional steady-state thermal analysis for flow in narrow channels, and thermal diffusion expressions for the MgAl framework. Third, a triple-nested optimization architecture is designed. It leverages coordinated feedback mechanisms across inner-loop multi-physics balancing, middle-loop channel parameter adjustment, and outer-loop fan characteristic optimization to dynamically match thermal performance with spatial constraints. The results demonstrate a 27.2% reduction in the required heat dissipation space volume for typical VR modules. Consequently, this work provides a theoretical tool for the synergistic co-optimization of spatial volume and thermal feasibility under fixed performance constraints in VR thermal management. The proposed threshold-triggered mechanism is also extendable to thermal design in other compact electronics, such as smart wearables and micro machine vision systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of thermal and hydraulic performance in multi-layer microchannel heat sinks with various flow configurations","authors":"Hassan Abdelaty ,&nbsp;Ahmed Omera ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdelgawad","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-phase coolant flow in multi-layer microchannel heat sinks offers an effective alternative for removal of high heat fluxes generated by electronic devices and similar applications. This passive cooling technique enhances heat transfer without requiring additional external power, making it an attractive alternative to single-layer configurations. This study investigates the impact of number of layers and flow configurations on both thermal and hydraulic performances of microchannel heat sinks under a uniform heat flux up to 23.5 W/cm². Four layers and three flow configurations, parallel, counter, and crossflow were investigated. Experiments were conducted on CNC-machined, pure copper channels with square cross-sections (500 μm × 500 μm). The evaluation focused on key performance metrics, including pressure drop, surface temperature distribution, and thermal resistance. The results demonstrate significant improvements in thermal performance compared to single-layer heat sinks under identical testing conditions. Specifically, at the lowest flow rate, the thermal resistance is reduced by 9.7%, 21%, and 25.2% for the Double, Triple and Four-layer configurations, respectively, compared to the single layer one. In addition, Flow arrangement was found to influence performance, with increased flow in lower layers yielding enhanced temperature uniformity, reduced surface temperature, and lower thermal resistance. Furthermore, increasing number of layers has a significant influence on the pressure drop. Specifically, transitioning from Single-layer to Double-, Triple-, and Four-layer configurations results in pressure drop reductions of 41.2%, 55.3%, and 67.3%, respectively, at the maximum tested flow rate of 5.075 g/s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RANS CFD applied to 2D canonical shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction","authors":"Paul Canoville,&nbsp;Andrew Lewis","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In high-speed flight, Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction (SWTBLI) commonly occurs in a wide range of external and internal flow problems affecting aircraft, missiles, rockets, and other projectiles. The fundamental physics of SWTBLI are often best examined in canonical situations. A Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method prediction tool for simulating high-speed SWTBLI flow fields for 2D canonical configurations was enhanced in this research. RANS CFD method simulations are extensively used for engineering prediction of SWTBLI in high-speed flows. However, in the presence of strong shockwaves significant disagreement with experimental data is typically observed as all pertinent flow physics are not suitably captured by standard RANS simulations. Methods allowing for the effects of shock unsteadiness and variable turbulent Prandtl number PrT are integrated into the turbulence models of the RANS CFD method developed in this research to capture more of the pertinent flow physics associated at SWTBLI regions and so improve the calculations. Overall, results obtained from the modified turbulence models show a substantial improvement in prediction of key aerothermodynamic parameters for the strong SWTBLI flow test cases assessed as compared to results obtained using the standard turbulence closure models. For the oblique impinging shockwave configuration test case undertaken for example, the computed reattachment shock region peak surface heat flux error margin achieved against experiment by the standard models was demonstrated to be as high as 400% approximately. This error margin was reduced to as low as 15% by the modified models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of turbulent concentric annular pipe flow using one-dimensional turbulence (ODT): Part 1: Momentum transfer","authors":"Pei-Yun Tsai,&nbsp;Marten Klein,&nbsp;Heiko Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Turbulent concentric coaxial (annular) pipe flow is numerically investigated using a stochastic one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model as standalone tool. The dimensionally reduced ODT domain enables fully resolved numerical simulations of the flow across the radial gap between the cylindrical inner wall and the cylindrical outer wall. The model is calibrated with available reference data at low bulk Reynolds number <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>h</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>8900</mn></mrow></math></span> for a wide (radius ratio <span><math><mrow><mi>η</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>) and a moderate (<span><math><mrow><mi>η</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span>) gap. Making use of the model’s predictive capabilities, radius ratio and Reynolds number effects are investigated, reaching bulk Reynolds numbers as large as <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>h</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Despite the large <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>h</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> values reached, spanwise wall-curvature effects remain sensible in the momentum boundary layer. The effects are more pronounced for larger wall curvature and to leading orders restricted to the convex cylindrical inner wall. Wall-curvature corrections to the law of the wall are obtained for both the viscous and Reynolds-stress dominated regions by fitting analytically derived expressions for the flow profile to the stochastic simulation data, demonstrating physical compatibility with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes flow. Second-order and detailed fluctuation statistics demonstrate the permeating and nonlocal influence of spanwise wall curvature on the turbulent boundary layer. Surrogate model output in terms of conditional eddy event statistics reveals that the disparity between the near-inner and near-outer wall turbulence increases with Reynolds number for small radius ratios, suggesting that annular pipe flows require wall-curvature-aware wall models even at very large Reynolds numbers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}