International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow最新文献

{"title":"Research on modeling In-Hole large scale roughness elements of film cooling holes to replicate film cooling performance","authors":"Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Pingting Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Sun ,&nbsp;Simou Sun ,&nbsp;Junkui Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing (AM) enables advanced design freedom for turbine film cooling components but concurrently introduces significant in-hole surface roughness, which critically affects cooling performance. Accurately modeling these large-scale roughness features is essential for predictive simulations, yet the validity of various modeling approaches remains insufficiently explored. This study numerically investigates three distinct roughness modeling methodologies: the equivalent sand-grain roughness (<em>k_s</em>) method, a stepped roughness method, and an analog roughness method based on an autocorrelation function. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the performance of these models was benchmarked against a synthetically generated “real roughness” hole at blowing ratios (<em>M</em>) of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. Results reveal that the in-hole roughness creates asymmetric velocity distributions, altering downstream vortex structures and, in some cases, enhancing lateral average film cooling effectiveness (<em>η_l</em>) compared to a smooth hole. Notably, only the analog roughness model generated via the autocorrelation function successfully replicated the performance and flow physics of the “real roughness” hole. In contrast, the equivalent sand-grain and stepped roughness models predicted a degradation in cooling effectiveness, failing to capture the complex underlying flow phenomena. This work demonstrates the potential of the autocorrelation function approach as a promising tool for characterizing the aero-thermal impact of large-scale AM-induced roughness, highlighting the limitations of simpler, conventional models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The optimized design and heat transfer characteristics of helical groove tubes: A study based on parameter estimation, continuous adjoint optimization, and physics-informed neural networks","authors":"Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Wan ,&nbsp;Hongchao Wang ,&nbsp;Gang Che ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Tingbo Du ,&nbsp;Chaofan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the heat transfer performance of heat exchange tubes and address the research gap in the coupling of structural parameters, operating parameters, and energy efficiency indicators between Parameter Estimation (PE) and Continuous Adjoint Optimization (CADJ) in heat exchange tubes, this study focuses on the helical groove tube in a novel gas-phase rotary shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The study sequentially applies PE and CADJ methods for optimization design, resulting in a new type of highly efficient heat exchange tube. Based on the thermal performance-to-pressure drop loss ratio, Computational Fluid Dynamics software is used to quantitatively assess the heat exchange tube’s energy efficiency and systematically analyze its heat transfer characteristics. Additionally, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) is employed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and reconstruct the two-dimensional temperature field, thereby cross-validating the CFD results in the absence of experimental validation and enhancing the robustness of the optimized design conclusions. The results indicate a strong correlation between various parameters, including tube inner diameter, groove depth, pitch, air velocity, inlet fluid temperature, and tube wall temperature, and the heat transfer characteristics, with correlation coefficients of 0.9799, 0.9957, 0.9897, and 0.9989, respectively. It was found that enhancing the Nusselt number comes at the cost of increased pressure drop. Compared to the helical groove tube, the novel heat exchanger tube exhibits superior performance in both heat transfer efficiency and energy efficiency, with improvements in the Nusselt number, pressure drop, and the ratio of thermal efficiency to pressure drop by 22.03 %, 22.88 %, and 58.51 %, respectively. The superior performance of the new heat exchanger tube is attributed to the continuous optimization of the helical groove tube’s inner wall morphology using the CADJ method, which maintains the basic structure of the internal helical ribs. This optimization strengthens the vortex flow structure while effectively preserving the smooth flow path of the fluid. Additionally, in the absence of experimental validation, the discrepancy between the PINN-reconstructed temperature field and the CFD solution remains on the order of 10⁻¹, indicating that employing PINN for cross-validation and auxiliary assessment of CFD results provides a simple yet efficient alternative approach. This study presents a reasonable, novel, and practical optimization strategy to improve the heat transfer performance and energy efficiency of heat exchange tubes, offering significant practical application value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the mixing characteristics of the multi-strut ejector","authors":"Wei Ye,&nbsp;Tao Liang,&nbsp;Wanwu Xu,&nbsp;Zhiyan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mixing layer array in the MSE exhibits complex and unique behaviors. To address this gap, this study develops a slidable pitot pressure rake with a 2 mm horizontal resolution to characterize the mixing features of the MSE under both starting and operating modes. Additionally, a new method is proposed to define the edges, thickness, and thickness growth rate of the mixing layer. Results indicate that under operating mode, the convective Mach number (<em>Mc</em>) ranges from 1.03 to 1.21, while the static pressure ratio at the nozzle outlet<em>(PR</em>) varies between 0.493 and 0.763. Unlike the traditional growth trends, the mixing layer array in the MSE undergoes a synergistic evolution involving positive growth, expansion, and negative growth. The corresponding flow field are analyzed. Specifically, the growth rate of mixing layer thickness (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span>) ranges from −0.139 to 0.245 at the <em>PR</em> = 0.513, <em>Mc</em> = 1.18 condition. While <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span> ranges from −0.045 to 0.144 at the <em>PR</em> = 0.763, <em>Mc</em> = 1.03 condition. Besides, the mixing layer array covers the secondary flow path at <em>x/l_a</em> ∈ [2.857, 4.571] under small <em>PR</em> conditions, but it is not observed until <em>x/l_a</em> = 9.714 under large <em>PR</em> conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and experimental study of a jet impingement oven and its application to bread baking","authors":"Ömer Abacı ,&nbsp;Esin Selçuk ,&nbsp;Özgül Altay ,&nbsp;Funda Erdem Şahnali ,&nbsp;S.Nur Dirim ,&nbsp;Utku Şentürk ,&nbsp;Figen Kaymak-Ertekin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the operational characteristics of a novel jet impingement oven through a combined numerical and experimental approach with an emphasis on its application in bread baking. The oven is designed for domestic use. It features arrays of air jets that enhance convective heat transfer. Computational simulations were carried out to model airflow, heat transfer and thermostatic control mechanisms. Results were validated using experimental measurements of jet velocities and temperature distributions. The bread baking process was simulated using a mathematical model incorporating phase change phenomena which was validated against experimental baking trials. Results demonstrate the capability of the device to deliver high rates of heat transfer thereby reduced baking times compared to conventional ovens. These findings suggest that jet impingement technology is a promising solution for improving thermal processes in domestic baking applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor experimental investigation of actively air cooled photovoltaic panel performance under low irradiance conditions","authors":"Mustafa Cem Akar,&nbsp;Musa Demir","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an indoor experimental investigation of an actively air-cooled monocrystalline photovoltaic (PV) panel operating under low and moderate irradiance conditions ranging from 585 to 760 W/m². Unlike many existing studies that predominantly focus on high irradiance levels or standard test conditions (STC), this work addresses irradiance levels representative of realistic operating conditions encountered in regions with low solar potential, such as the Black Sea region of Türkiye. In this context, a laboratory-scale experimental setup was developed, incorporating controlled artificial irradiance, adjustable panel tilt angles of 30° and 45°, regulated airflow corresponding to wind speeds of 0, 4, and 5.5 m/s, and multi-point temperature measurements. The effects of panel temperature, airflow-induced cooling, and tilt angle on electrical performance were systematically evaluated under sub-STC conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that panel temperature is the dominant parameter governing electrical efficiency. When active air cooling is applied, the reduction in panel temperature leads to relative improvements in electrical efficiency in the range of approximately 7–13%. In contrast, the influence of panel tilt angle on electrical efficiency remains below 3% within the investigated range. Furthermore, based on the experimental data, a linear temperature–efficiency relationship, referred to as the Cem experimental model, was developed and validated, showing strong agreement with established theoretical correlations and manufacturer-provided I–V characteristics. Overall, the findings indicate that active air-cooling strategies can effectively stabilize photovoltaic performance even under low irradiance conditions, offering a practical and economically viable alternative to more complex cooling approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-silico study of intratumoural magnetic hyperthermia in thermoporoelastic liver tissues using Fe3O4 nanoparticles","authors":"Stephon De Souze,&nbsp;Victor M. Job,&nbsp;Mahesha Narayana","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the effects of magnetic field strength, nanoparticle magnetization, natural convection, tumour blood retention capacity and tumour rigidity on magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy in malignant liver tissues in a solenoidal magnetic field are considered. The liver tissue region is modelled as a thermoporoelastic healthy liver tissue surrounding a cancerous region. This is achieved by using the Navier–Cauchy equations to describe the deformation of the tissues, Darcy’s law to describe the fluid flow, continuity equation to describe the conservation of mass and the energy equation to describe the temperature distribution within our system. A finite element/finite difference scheme for this system of equations is constructed and implemented via MATLAB R2024a, and the results are simulated graphically. It was found that an increase in magnetic field strength or nanoparticle magnetization significantly increases the tissue temperature and the chance of tissue death within our system. Moreover, it also significantly increases the deformation of the tissues and interstitial blood pressure. Although the blood retention and rigidity of the tumour significantly affect the local blood pressure and the deformation, they have a negligible effect of the temperature and tissue cell death. The major implication of these findings is that the effectiveness of this therapy is not significantly impacted by tumour blood retention capacity or tumour rigidity, but is greatly affected by the magnetic field strength and nanoparticle magnetization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer and time-dependent flow of an impinging jet on a heated substrate mounted vertically downward or vertically upward","authors":"Wang Tianshu,&nbsp;Akane Uemichi,&nbsp;Ken-ichiro Tanoue","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat transfer and time-dependent flow of an impinging jet on a heated substrate mounted vertically downward (<span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>) or vertically upward (<span><math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>) have been studied for various hole diameters of inlet <em>d</em>_H and gas flow rate <em>Q</em>_H2 in order to investigate suitable conditions for chemical vapor deposition (CVD). For the <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span> condition, vortices due to forced convection and natural convection at steady state, except for particular experimental conditions, were almost always observed in the neighborhood of the impinging jet flow. On the other hand, for the <span><math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span> condition, there was no vortex and no “flow separation phenomena” (Shekhar et al., 2014) and the fluid flow was at steady state. The <em>Nu</em> distribution was evaluated by the Richardson number, <em>Ri</em>. The average <em>Nu</em> increased slightly with + <em>Ri</em> for <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span> while the average <em>Nu</em> decreased with −<em>Ri</em> for <span><math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>. In these experimental conditions, there was a suitable condition for CVD for <span>-</span>240 &lt; <em>Ri</em> &lt; <span>-</span>160 whereby the deviation of the Nusselt number along the radial position on the heated substrate was less than 0.2. Time-dependent flow with a time period of 2.7 s was observed due to the collision of fresh hydrogen flow and buoyant upward flow on a heated disc at 0.05 &lt; <em>S</em>_H/<em>S</em>_C (open area ratio of the hole to the cylindrical flow channel) &lt; 0.1 and <em>Ri</em> &lt; 100 for <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second law aerodynamic losses from symmetric turbine blades with and without film cooling","authors":"Phil Ligrani ,&nbsp;Jae Sik Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental results are presented which illustrate magnitudes of second law losses, including spatial-averaged global exergy destruction, which are a result of aerodynamic losses generated from a symmetric turbine blade with film cooling and without film cooling. The approach is unique and different because irreversibilities, which result from different physical phenomena, are presented on the same global exergy destruction basis, providing means for quantitative comparisons regarding relative second law loss contributions from different physical mechanisms. Film cooling results are provided for two configurations: CDH or conical diffused holes, and RCH or round cylindrical holes, with ratios of coolant Mach number to local mainstream Mach number as high as 0.74. Data are also included for three airfoil Mach number distributions (with two subsonic arrangements and one transonic arrangement), three values of turbulence intensity at the test section inlet (on a percentage basis) of 0.9, 5.5, and 16.2, and surfaces with three different levels of roughness, quantified by ratios of equivalent sandgrain roughness to blade chord length <em>k_s/c</em> of 0.0, 0.00069, and 0.00164. Relative to a smooth, symmetric blade at low freestream turbulence intensity and low Mach number, which is also without coolant films, the greatest increases in local entropy creation distributions and exergy destruction are associated with larger Mach numbers, and increased roughness along surfaces. Results also indicate that exergy destruction overall values and local entropy creation increases, which are associated with coolant films, are generally significantly smaller than magnitudes linked with larger roughness on blade surfaces. In addition, the dependences of overall exergy destruction magnitudes, and local entropy creation distributions, on main flow Mach number and inlet intensity of turbulence intensity, change significantly as the magnitude surface roughness along the symmetric turbine blade is altered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on compound heat-transfer enhancement in pin-fin-enhanced double-layer staggered-cavity microchannels","authors":"Tianyu Wu,&nbsp;Yuhao Gao,&nbsp;Xinxin Ren,&nbsp;Jianqiu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To satisfy the ever-increasing heat flux (&gt;1 kW cm⁻²) of high-power microelectronics, we perform steady, laminar CFD simulations (validated against existing experiments with friction-factor deviations within 6.9 % and Nusselt-number deviations within 2.4 %) to compare three microchannel architectures: (i) straight rectangular, (ii) double-layer staggered-cavity, and (iii) staggered-cavity with circular pin–fin ribs. For the first time, systematic parametric sweeps (Re = 100–800, cavity depth = 30–70 µm, cavity-pitch-to-hydraulic-diameter ratio = 0.03–0.12) quantify the synergistic boundary-layer disruption generated by cavity-driven vortices and the jet-impingement/recirculation induced by pin fins. Compared with the straight channel, the composite design increases <em>Nu</em> by 9.6–19.8 % while raising the Darcy friction factor by 26–52 %. When both geometries are compared at equal pumping power (PEC), the composite channel yields superior thermo-hydraulic performance below Re ≈ 300 (maximum PEC = 1.13 at Re = 300, depth = 60 µm, pitch/D_h = 0.06), whereas the cavity-only configuration becomes advantageous at higher Reynolds numbers, offering clear design guidelines for practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross scale study on the evaporation process of wet metallic wire mesh layer and its heat dissipation performance analysis","authors":"Zhongtao Bai,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Jia,&nbsp;Haoran Zhao,&nbsp;Jian Yang,&nbsp;Mei Lin,&nbsp;Qiuwang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface microstructure of a copper mesh was first etched and modified to fabricate an ultra‑thin, hydrophilic wicking core capable of delivering liquid water while dissipating heat through evaporation. At the interfacial scale, a “stepwise wetting” process was for the first time revealed by high‑speed microscopic observation: liquid bridges were observed to nucleate at warp‑weft intersections and subsequently propagate across the mesh node by node, with the subsequent drying stage likewise dominated by the behavior of liquid bridges. The wetting rate of the mesh was found to accelerate with increasing mesh number, while the evaporation process was observed to intensify at higher mesh counts. At the macroscopic scale, a coupled heat‑and‑mass‑transfer model was established, demonstrating that the unsaturated evaporation process can be clearly divided into an externally controlled constant‑rate period (approximately 500 s) and an internally limited falling‑rate period. Evaporation efficiency was effectively enhanced by adopting a graded structure with finer pores at the bottom and coarser pores at the top, combined with reduced layer thickness. For saturated evaporation, the evaporative heat‑transfer coefficient was maintained stable above 30 W· m⁻²· K⁻¹ and conductive thermal resistance was minimized by keeping the stacked structure in a fully saturated state; under such conditions, the overall heat‑transfer coefficient was primarily governed by airflow conditions and structural thickness. Through interfacial‑scale visualization experiments and macroscopic‑scale numerical modeling, a cross‑scale systematic investigation of the evaporation process in moist wire‑mesh thin layers was achieved. Important guidance for the performance optimization of plate‑type heat sinks in transformers is provided by these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}