International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow最新文献

{"title":"Three-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order model of the global atmospheric climate","authors":"Vassili Kitsios ,&nbsp;Laurent Cordier ,&nbsp;Terence J. O’Kane","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A reduced-order model (ROM) of the global atmosphere is developed by projecting the hydrostatic equations of motion onto three-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes. This approach transforms a system of partial differential equations dependent upon time and space, into a system of ordinary differential equations dependent upon only time and POD mode index. This massively reduces the dimensionality of the problem. Here we adopt the Climate Analysis Forecast Ensemble reanalysis dataset (CAFE-60), comprising of 96 realisations of the dynamically coupled atmosphere and ocean each month. Two POD bases are calculated from the atmospheric data, one for the velocity vector field, and another for the scalar temperature field. The POD ROM coefficients are calculated using a regression approach, with model errors accounted for via stochastic parameterisation. Temporal integrations of the POD ROM with dynamically coupled temperature and velocity fields are undertaken over a recent 40-year period. The statistical properties of the underlying data are broadly reproduced within the resolved modes for a range of truncation levels. Additionally, as more modes are retained in the POD ROM, the correlation of surface variance maps between the underlying data and the spatially reconstructed POD ROM output, approaches unity. The POD ROM coefficient learning and temporal integrations are completed in minutes on a laptop, as compared to the months of supercomputer time required to generate CAFE-60.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi objective heat dissipation space optimization feedback control algorithm based on threshold triggering","authors":"Qian Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia Kang ,&nbsp;Xing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the trend of VR devices toward high-density integration and miniaturization, the collaborative heat dissipation challenges for multiple heat sources in compact spaces have emerged as a critical bottleneck constraining device performance. This study addresses the scientific question of “how to predict the minimal heat dissipation space for high heat flux electronic devices while ensuring safe thresholds for chip junction temperature and exhaust air temperature under coupled thermal-resource conditions in VR devices.” To tackle this, a systematic thermal management framework based on multi-physics coupling was established. This model includes dimensional selection criteria for graphene layers, a one-dimensional steady-state thermal analysis for flow in narrow channels, and thermal diffusion expressions for the MgAl framework. Third, a triple-nested optimization architecture is designed. It leverages coordinated feedback mechanisms across inner-loop multi-physics balancing, middle-loop channel parameter adjustment, and outer-loop fan characteristic optimization to dynamically match thermal performance with spatial constraints. The results demonstrate a 27.2% reduction in the required heat dissipation space volume for typical VR modules. Consequently, this work provides a theoretical tool for the synergistic co-optimization of spatial volume and thermal feasibility under fixed performance constraints in VR thermal management. The proposed threshold-triggered mechanism is also extendable to thermal design in other compact electronics, such as smart wearables and micro machine vision systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of thermal and hydraulic performance in multi-layer microchannel heat sinks with various flow configurations","authors":"Hassan Abdelaty ,&nbsp;Ahmed Omera ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdelgawad","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-phase coolant flow in multi-layer microchannel heat sinks offers an effective alternative for removal of high heat fluxes generated by electronic devices and similar applications. This passive cooling technique enhances heat transfer without requiring additional external power, making it an attractive alternative to single-layer configurations. This study investigates the impact of number of layers and flow configurations on both thermal and hydraulic performances of microchannel heat sinks under a uniform heat flux up to 23.5 W/cm². Four layers and three flow configurations, parallel, counter, and crossflow were investigated. Experiments were conducted on CNC-machined, pure copper channels with square cross-sections (500 μm × 500 μm). The evaluation focused on key performance metrics, including pressure drop, surface temperature distribution, and thermal resistance. The results demonstrate significant improvements in thermal performance compared to single-layer heat sinks under identical testing conditions. Specifically, at the lowest flow rate, the thermal resistance is reduced by 9.7%, 21%, and 25.2% for the Double, Triple and Four-layer configurations, respectively, compared to the single layer one. In addition, Flow arrangement was found to influence performance, with increased flow in lower layers yielding enhanced temperature uniformity, reduced surface temperature, and lower thermal resistance. Furthermore, increasing number of layers has a significant influence on the pressure drop. Specifically, transitioning from Single-layer to Double-, Triple-, and Four-layer configurations results in pressure drop reductions of 41.2%, 55.3%, and 67.3%, respectively, at the maximum tested flow rate of 5.075 g/s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RANS CFD applied to 2D canonical shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction","authors":"Paul Canoville,&nbsp;Andrew Lewis","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In high-speed flight, Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction (SWTBLI) commonly occurs in a wide range of external and internal flow problems affecting aircraft, missiles, rockets, and other projectiles. The fundamental physics of SWTBLI are often best examined in canonical situations. A Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method prediction tool for simulating high-speed SWTBLI flow fields for 2D canonical configurations was enhanced in this research. RANS CFD method simulations are extensively used for engineering prediction of SWTBLI in high-speed flows. However, in the presence of strong shockwaves significant disagreement with experimental data is typically observed as all pertinent flow physics are not suitably captured by standard RANS simulations. Methods allowing for the effects of shock unsteadiness and variable turbulent Prandtl number PrT are integrated into the turbulence models of the RANS CFD method developed in this research to capture more of the pertinent flow physics associated at SWTBLI regions and so improve the calculations. Overall, results obtained from the modified turbulence models show a substantial improvement in prediction of key aerothermodynamic parameters for the strong SWTBLI flow test cases assessed as compared to results obtained using the standard turbulence closure models. For the oblique impinging shockwave configuration test case undertaken for example, the computed reattachment shock region peak surface heat flux error margin achieved against experiment by the standard models was demonstrated to be as high as 400% approximately. This error margin was reduced to as low as 15% by the modified models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of turbulent concentric annular pipe flow using one-dimensional turbulence (ODT): Part 1: Momentum transfer","authors":"Pei-Yun Tsai,&nbsp;Marten Klein,&nbsp;Heiko Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Turbulent concentric coaxial (annular) pipe flow is numerically investigated using a stochastic one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model as standalone tool. The dimensionally reduced ODT domain enables fully resolved numerical simulations of the flow across the radial gap between the cylindrical inner wall and the cylindrical outer wall. The model is calibrated with available reference data at low bulk Reynolds number <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>h</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>8900</mn></mrow></math></span> for a wide (radius ratio <span><math><mrow><mi>η</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>) and a moderate (<span><math><mrow><mi>η</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span>) gap. Making use of the model’s predictive capabilities, radius ratio and Reynolds number effects are investigated, reaching bulk Reynolds numbers as large as <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>h</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Despite the large <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>h</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> values reached, spanwise wall-curvature effects remain sensible in the momentum boundary layer. The effects are more pronounced for larger wall curvature and to leading orders restricted to the convex cylindrical inner wall. Wall-curvature corrections to the law of the wall are obtained for both the viscous and Reynolds-stress dominated regions by fitting analytically derived expressions for the flow profile to the stochastic simulation data, demonstrating physical compatibility with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes flow. Second-order and detailed fluctuation statistics demonstrate the permeating and nonlocal influence of spanwise wall curvature on the turbulent boundary layer. Surrogate model output in terms of conditional eddy event statistics reveals that the disparity between the near-inner and near-outer wall turbulence increases with Reynolds number for small radius ratios, suggesting that annular pipe flows require wall-curvature-aware wall models even at very large Reynolds numbers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel air-assisted spray cooling approach using water–acetone mixtures for enhanced photovoltaic thermal management","authors":"Adem Kilic,&nbsp;Kenan Yakut,&nbsp;Muhammet Harun Osta,&nbsp;Ahmet Numan Özakin,&nbsp;Hassen Ghaly","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for sustainable energy has highlighted the need for advanced thermal management in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Excess heat accumulated on PV surfaces reduces carrier mobility and output voltage, thereby limiting energy conversion efficiency. Therefore, innovative cooling strategies that enhance heat transfer while maintaining economic feasibility are crucial for next-generation solar technologies. Various methods, including finned surfaces, phase-change materials, liquid films, and sprays, have been proposed for PV cooling, with air-assisted sprays standing out due to their high heat transfer and low energy demand. However, most existing air-assisted spray cooling studies have focused on pure water, ethanol, or nanofluids, while the thermal behavior of water–acetone binary mixtures remains insufficiently investigated. In this study, an air-assisted spray cooling system using water–acetone mixtures containing 0–45% acetone was experimentally and numerically examined. Four different nozzles were tested, and pressure-fed full-cone nozzles were found to produce smaller droplets and achieve higher heat transfer coefficients. Experiments were conducted under approximately 1000 W/m² irradiance, with a constant air flow rate of 4 m³/h and liquid flow rates between 150 and 800 mL/min. CFD results showed strong agreement with experimental data, with temperature deviations below 2 °C and time differences under 10%. Increasing the liquid flow rate and acetone content reduced the cooling time from 320 s (pure water) to 77 s. Owing to rapid evaporation, 400–600 mL/min flow rates and 15–30% acetone mixtures provided 9–22% faster cooling with only 190–380 USD additional annual operating cost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Friction-factor and Nusselt-number correlations for low-Reynolds-number flow in curved and helical rectangular channels","authors":"Robert J. Kee,&nbsp;Kasra Taghikhani,&nbsp;Huayang Zhu,&nbsp;Oyvind Nilsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper derives friction-factor Re<span><math><mi>f</mi></math></span> and Nusselt-number Nu correlations for laminar, fully developed, parallel flow in curved rectangular channels. The correlations depend on the channel geometry as characterized by two dimensionless parameters—the channel aspect ratio <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> and the radius of curvature <span><math><mi>ξ</mi></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>ξ</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span>). The analysis shows that the dimensionless correlations can be derived from an eigenvalue of the dimensionless conservation equations. The computational approach solves dimensionless circumferential momentum and thermal-energy equations with a high-resolution finite-element method. The analysis is restricted to parallel flow, with the circumferential velocity being the only velocity component (i.e., there are no radial and axial velocities). This assumption necessarily eliminates the possibility of Dean vortices, which are present in curved channels under flow circumstances that include high Reynolds numbers and small radius of curvature. The results are validated by comparisons with known limiting cases and with three-dimensional computational-fluid-dynamics simulations. The paper reports quantitative fits to the derived correlations (i.e., Re<span><math><mi>f</mi></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></math></span>) and Nu(<span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></math></span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new nonlinear dissipative boundary condition for internal incompressible flows","authors":"Jacek Szumbarski ,&nbsp;Jakub Gałecki","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a numerical methodology for modeling unsteady flows of viscous incompressible fluids within internal domains containing multiple inlet and outlet sections. A new formulation for dissipative boundary conditions, incorporating nonlinear terms, is introduced. The approach enables the imposition of time-dependent flow rates and/or section-averaged pressures at the domain boundaries. The solution technique relies on the instantaneous superposition of Stokes problems. Fluid motion unsteadiness is addressed by combining Backward Differentiation Formulae (BDF) schemes with Operator-Integration-Factor splitting (OIFS) and polynomial extrapolation to manage the model’s nonlinearities. Numerical simulation results, generated using a spectral element solver applied to a two-dimensional test case, are also detailed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swirl air jets for high heat transfer in solar collectors","authors":"Nagendra Kumar,&nbsp;Satyender Singh,&nbsp;Sanjay Kumar,&nbsp;Ranchan Chauhan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present experimental work, an array of swirl air jets impinging on hot absorber plate is investigated to improve the heat transfer in solar air heater. Swirling nozzles are designed and 3D printed to obtain different velocity and diameter of the air swirls. Various geometrical parameters related to swirling nozzles, such as height of nozzle <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>30</mn><mi>m</mi><mi>m</mi><mo>≤</mo><mi>H</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>50</mn><mi>m</mi><mi>m</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and number of helix <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>ξ</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> for three different types of nozzles, i.e., smooth non-swirling (N₁), with twisted tap helix (N₂), and with twisted tap helix and central tube (N₃). The nozzle, N₃ presents a novel design that incorporates both smooth in the center and swirl (helix) configuration around to remove the heated zone that commonly left at the central region in swirl jet impingement. Thermal performance of solar air heater (SAH) for all three nozzles is analyzed and compared for the range of mass flow rate, i.e., <span><math><mrow><mn>0.01</mn><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>≤</mo><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.025</mn><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>. The results revealed high thermal performance for N₃ which is obtained as 93% and about 40% high in comparison to non-swirling nozzle, N1. Hence, using nozzle, N₃ about 9.5% enhancement is noticed in the thermal performance for the variation in H from 30 to 50 mm. The trends of thermohydraulic efficiency delineated the dominance of N₃ over other nozzle designs at lower mass flow rate and obtained as 68%, when H = 50 mm and <span><math><mi>ξ</mi></math></span> = 2. However, this investigation presents a novel insight in terms of different nozzles design and way forward in the improvement of thermal performance of SAH utilizing mixed swirls and air jets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive detached eddy simulation of transitional and massively separated flows around the S809 airfoil","authors":"Le He,&nbsp;Gaohua Li,&nbsp;Zifei Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adaptive, <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></mrow></math></span> Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation model has the capability of adapting to local flow, and is proven to be capable of simulating orderly and bypass transition on flat plates (<span><span>Yin et al., 2021</span></span>). To answer the question of whether the adaptive, <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></mrow></math></span> model can predict the evolution of aerodynamic flow around a natural laminar airfoil at different angles of attack, a series of numerical simulations is performed for the S809 airfoil. A key prerequisite of the adaptive <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></mrow></math></span> model to predict transition is the resolution of precursor large-scale motions in the laminar boundary layer, which triggers the activation of modeled Reynolds stresses and thereby enables transition prediction. The present work explores the use of turbulence inflow generation and a low-dissipation, high-resolution numerical method to enable the simulation of transitional and separated flows around the S809 airfoil. The <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></mrow></math></span> model is capable of predicting distinct flow states occurring at various angles of attack. It not only captures laminar flow over a realistic airfoil shape, but also resolves spanwise variations in flow behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}