International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow最新文献

{"title":"Topology optimization of microchannel heat sinks with different Inlet-outlet Widths: 2D optimization and 3D numerical validation","authors":"Xiao-Mei Jin,&nbsp;Ji-Kai Shao,&nbsp;Zeng-Yao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although received considerable attention in microchannel heat sinks of thermal management systems, current topology optimizations have primarily concentrate on enhancing the thermohydraulic performance through internal channel redesign while maintaining fixed inlet and outlet configurations. In this study, the 2D topology optimization of microchannel heat sinks with different inlet and outlet widths is investigated based on the variable density method, with the aim of maximizing the total heat generation and minimizing the total power consumption. The influences of thermal objective weights and Reynolds numbers on topology optimization results are explored in detail. Meanwhile, the 3D numerical simulation is performed to validate the 2D optimized topology. It is demonstrated that the optimized Z-type flow arrangement microchannel heat sink with inlet and outlet both having half the width of the design domain can substantially enhance the thermohydraulic performance, and achieve a 46.4–62.2% reduction in pumping power with the lowest temperature of the bottom wall, compared to the conventional one.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stray grain suppression and stress control in single-crystal superalloys fabricated by L-DED: A multiphysics analysis of in-situ remelting","authors":"Gengshuo Liu ,&nbsp;Shujie Liu ,&nbsp;Haonan Cong ,&nbsp;Weiwei Liu ,&nbsp;Tao Li ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Tinghong Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser-Directed Energy Deposition (L-DED) has been demonstrated as a promising pathway for fabricating single-crystal superalloys. However, achieving single track multilayer continuous epitaxial growth remains a formidable challenge due to the complex gas-powder-melt pool multiphase interactions. Existing approaches are often hindered by stray grain formation due to the presence of un-melted powder particles and the complexity thermal histories processes. Moreover, the excessively high computational cost of high-fidelity multiphysics simulations restricts the swift optimization of the process window. To overcome these challenges, this research demonstrates the application of in-situ remelting (ISR) technology in the single-crystal superalloys. By developing a dedicated laser-powder interaction model and a thermal-fluid–solid coupling model, we systematically reveal the regulatory mechanisms of in-situ remelting on thermal gradients, flow characteristics, and stress evolution during single-crystal superalloys fabricate. To address the efficiency bottleneck, a surrogate model based on deep neural networks (ResNet) was developed for the L-DED multi-physics simulation. Key findings demonstrate that the proposed strategy: 1) Eliminates un-melted powder particles interference and optimizes thermal gradients, increasing the single-crystal epitaxial growth zone ratio to over 50 %; 2) Suppresses flow field intensity (&gt;70 % reduction) and vortex effects, thereby mitigating stray grain susceptibility induced by dendrite deflection; and 3) Reduces residual stress in deposited layers by over 25 %, effectively inhibiting high-layer cracking risks. Through this integrated analysis, we establish a robust L-DED process window incorporating flow/stress constraints and achieve the continuous epitaxial growth of a 20-layer DD432 single-crystal superalloy, validated by EBSD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An elliptic-blending-related upgrade of a near-wall Reynolds-stress model","authors":"Sebastian Wegt ,&nbsp;Robert Maduta ,&nbsp;Suad Jakirlić","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new version of the near-wall Reynolds-stress <span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover><mo>−</mo><msup><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> model by Jakirlić and Maduta (2015), based on the pressure–strain model term derived in accordance with the elliptic-blending procedure introduced by Manceau and Hanjalić (2002), is proposed. Accordingly, a quadratic formulation modeled in terms of Reynolds-stress anisotropy tensor, as proposed by Speziale et al. (1991), that is active in the off-wall region, is blended with an appropriately specified wall-related counterpart satisfying the exact asymptotic behavior. This blending approach eliminates the necessity to express model coefficients as complex functional dependencies, allowing them instead to be specified as constants. A further modeling refinement of importance involves the use of an appropriately modified turbulent diffusion coefficient in both the Reynolds-stress and scale-supplying equations, thereby removing the need for additional, often ad hoc, source terms typically introduced to address the well-known anomaly of the back-bending of the mean dividing streamline at the reattachment point in separating flows. The computational robustness of the model is significantly enhanced by including a specific form of coupling between the velocity and Reynolds-stress fields in the RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes) equations of motion. In this formulation, a small, variably designed percentage of the Reynolds stress derived from Boussinesq’s correlation is retained. The model is thoroughly validated in various attached and separated, two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow configurations over a range of Reynolds numbers. The results obtained exhibit a high level of agreement with available experimental measurements and reference data from DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) and LES (Large-Eddy Simulation).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of gas-assisted nozzle jets using stress-blending eddy simulation turbulence modeling","authors":"Mingjun Du ,&nbsp;Yuhang Feng ,&nbsp;Honggang Xie ,&nbsp;Cheng Yu ,&nbsp;Chuanjun Han","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water jet technology is widely used in oil and gas drilling, metal cutting, and underwater cleaning. In order to study the dynamic characteristics of gas-assisted nozzle jets and evaluate the effects of structural and operational parameters on jet behavior, the factors of boundary conditions, mesh size, and turbulence modeling were taken into account, and a simulation model of the three-dimensional flow field of the nozzle is established. Through computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation technology, the study used the Stress-Blending Eddy Simulation turbulence model to analyze the influence of structural and operational parameters on nozzle performance, and evaluated three indicators: jet velocity, wall impact pressure, and wall shear stress. The results show that the contraction angle primarily affects the wall impact pressure and shear stress, while appropriately increasing the throat diameter can effectively improve the performance of the nozzle. The gas flow velocity can effectively increase the jet velocity and also affect the magnitude of the wall impact pressure and shear stress. Finally, the target distance basically has a negligible effect on the jet velocity and is negatively correlated with the wall impact pressure and shear stress. The research can provide a theoretical reference for improving the nozzle structure and selecting working parameters in engineering applications to enhance cavitation performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110310"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of eco-friendly dielectric liquid in horizontal tubes","authors":"Yulin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanwei Wu ,&nbsp;Leihu Shen ,&nbsp;Zixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Xia Weng ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-saturation pressure dielectric liquids are increasingly used in dielectric cooling systems, such as automotive and data center applications. The development of low-GWP refrigerants has introduced some with higher surface tension, which may significantly affect the heat transfer characteristics of the flow boiling process. This study systematically investigates the flow boiling heat transfer behavior of LC-50, a high surface tension, environmentally friendly dielectric liquid, in smooth horizontal copper tubes under varying heat flux, mass flux, saturation pressure, and tube diameter conditions, comparing its flow regimes and heat transfer performance with HFE-7100. The results show, as vapor quality increases, flow regimes transition from plug flow to slug flow to annular flow. Heat flux significantly influences nucleate boiling intensity, while mass flux accelerates flow regime transitions and enhances flow disturbance. Saturation pressure alters vapor properties, affecting heat transfer. Larger tube diameter weakens thin liquid film evaporation, delaying dryout. Increased surface tension suppresses heat transfer in nucleate boiling, while liquid film stability is key in dryout. Using the experimental database, the Kandlikar correlation was improved, achieving a mean absolute error of 7.37 % over 204 data points under 68 conditions, with 95.09 % of predictions within ± 15 % of experimental values. These results provide a foundation for the study of dielectric Liquids in flow boiling applications and offer guidance for future thermodynamic cycle designs in dielectric scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing mixed convection for effective thermal transport in a multi-lid-driven cavity with a heated obstacle","authors":"V. Navaneethakrishnan ,&nbsp;S. Sridhar ,&nbsp;Selvan Bellan ,&nbsp;M. Muthtamilselvan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study numerically explores the interaction between multi-lid shear and buoyancy forces in an air-filled square cavity containing a centrally placed heated obstacle of varying aspect ratio. Shear is imposed by driving all four cavity walls, with the vertical boundaries moving upward and the horizontal walls moving to the right, and is characterized by the Reynolds number (<span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span>). Thermal forcing is introduced by maintaining the obstacle at a constant higher temperature relative to the cavity walls, quantified by the Grashof number (<span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></math></span>). The governing mass, momentum and energy equations, under the Boussinesq approximation, are solved using the finite volume method over a broad range of <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></math></span>, with mixed convection regimes defined by <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>. Emphasis is placed on the influence of obstacle aspect ratio on the competition between shear-driven circulation, buoyancy-induced plumes, and their combined effects on thermal transport. Results reveal that the relative strength of <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></math></span> governs the dominant transport mechanism. For <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>≪</mo><mi>G</mi><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, buoyancy dominates with vertically ascending plumes, whereas higher <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> produces diagonal circulations that enhance mixing. Thermal transport is strongly regime-dependent because tall obstacles are more effective in buoyancy-favored conditions, while moderately tall and wide obstacles yield higher thermal transport under shear-dominated, high-intensity conditions. The results have potential applications in enhancing convective thermal transport for efficient thermal regulation across industrial, environmental, and energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on combined thermal protection performance of film cooling with silica aerogel","authors":"Fei He,&nbsp;Caiyi He,&nbsp;Shupeng Xie,&nbsp;Yatong Zhao,&nbsp;Juntao Xv,&nbsp;Mu Li,&nbsp;Tianle Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal insulation capability and stability of thermal protection materials in high-temperature environments are critical to the aero-engine thermal protection. This study uses silica aerogel (SA) as thermal barrier coating (TBC) to investigate its combined thermal protection performance with film cooling. Firstly, thermal conductivity test shows SA can maintain a quite low conductivity value (0.018–0.034 W/(m K)) under a large temperature range, confirming its excellent insulation capability.<!--> <!-->Subsequently, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted on single film cooling, single SA passive cooling, and SA-film combined cooling under various operating conditions, and the active–passive combined thermal protection characteristics were systematically analyzed<!--> <!-->at different SA thickness and coolant blowing ratios. Results indicate that SA-film combined cooling exhibits excellent thermal protection capability, and the cooling efficiency at different zones is significantly enhanced. The combined cooling structure’s internal efficiency increases with SA thickness and blowing ratio, but excessive SA thickness impairs surface temperature uniformity and hot-side surface cooling efficiency. Non-uniform SA thickness can significantly reduce the counter-rotating vortex pair downstream of the film holes while enhancing the anti-counter-rotating vortex pair, and improve the active cooling efficiency. The SA-film combined cooling structure with graded increasing SA thickness maintains high cooling efficiency within the film plate while minimizing the coating surface temperature, achieving optimal comprehensive cooling effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a field synergy-based variable cross-section cold plate for enhanced thermal management of lithium-ion batteries at high discharge rates","authors":"Xiao-Fan Ping ,&nbsp;Chun-Yu Guan ,&nbsp;Jin-Huan Pu ,&nbsp;Xuan-Kai Zhang ,&nbsp;Xi Cao ,&nbsp;Ming-Yi Liu ,&nbsp;Ce Wang ,&nbsp;Long Li ,&nbsp;Jing-Feng Shi ,&nbsp;Er-Sheng You ,&nbsp;Ying-Huan Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A field synergy-guided design approach is proposed for the development of a variable cross-section serpentine-channel cold plate (SCP) to improve the thermal management performance of lithium-ion battery systems operating under high discharge rates. A validated numerical model is developed to evaluate the heat transfer behavior and coolant flow characteristics within the system. The thermal limitations of a conventional single SCP (SSCP) are systematically investigated across a range of inlet temperatures and coolant mass flow rates. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel variable cross-section double-channel SCP (VCDSCP) is introduced based on the field synergy principle. Guided by this principle, the VCDSCP is designed by redistributing the coolant flow and locally adjusting the channel cross-sections to reduce the velocity–temperature gradient synergy angle, particularly in high-temperature regions of the battery. Comparative results demonstrate that the VCDSCP achieves a significantly lower and more uniformly distributed synergy angle than the SSCP, leading to improved temperature control. Under high load conditions, the VCDSCP reduces the maximum battery temperature and temperature difference by 0.54 K (1.7 %) and 0.62 K (10.1 %), respectively. Furthermore, at a coolant mass flow rate of 0.2 g∙s⁻¹, the design achieves up to 80.8 % reduction in pressure drop and a 25.5 % improvement in performance evaluation criteria. These results suggest that the proposed VCDSCP offers substantial advantages for next-generation battery thermal management systems with high operational demands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics of distilled water and ethanol in electrospray surface cooling","authors":"Jiyeop Kim,&nbsp;Munhee Lee,&nbsp;Jung Goo Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrospray surface cooling is an emerging and effective technology for thermal management in high-performance electronic and advanced engineering systems. This study investigates and compares the heat transfer performance of distilled water and ethanol as environmentally friendly working fluids in electrospray cooling. The effects of varying flow rate and spray mode on heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, and enhancement factor were systematically examined. The results show that distilled water provides superior heat transfer performance due to its higher specific heat capacity. Additionally, increases in both flow rate and applied voltage significantly enhanced all evaluated heat transfer parameters for both fluids. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing fluid selection and operating conditions in electrospray surface cooling systems, thereby contributing to the development of high-performance thermal management technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of film cooling on turbine blades with different profiles","authors":"Jialin Liu ,&nbsp;Guoqing Li ,&nbsp;Chenfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Bai ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xingen Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Film cooling is a commonly used method to solve the high turbine inlet temperature for aero-engines. In recent decades, many studies on film cooling have been conducted based on various blade profiles. In order to summarize the film cooling performance of different blade profiles and provide help for subsequent film cooling design, an overview is conducted in this paper that highlights the effects of different blade profiles. Due to variations in secondary flow structures within the blade passages of different profiles, a comparative analysis is provided on the influence of secondary flow on film cooling performance. Through comparing film cooling performance of different profiles, local regions of high heat flux are formed in different parts of the blade surface under the influence of the passage vortex, leakage vortex, and inlet swirl. The size and location of these high heat flux regions are related to the profile geometry. Further research on film cooling could be conducted based on more complex bowed and twist blades, with precise and targeted design for high heat flux areas on the blade surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}