International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow最新文献

{"title":"In-silico study of intratumoural magnetic hyperthermia in thermoporoelastic liver tissues using Fe3O4 nanoparticles","authors":"Stephon De Souze,&nbsp;Victor M. Job,&nbsp;Mahesha Narayana","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the effects of magnetic field strength, nanoparticle magnetization, natural convection, tumour blood retention capacity and tumour rigidity on magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy in malignant liver tissues in a solenoidal magnetic field are considered. The liver tissue region is modelled as a thermoporoelastic healthy liver tissue surrounding a cancerous region. This is achieved by using the Navier–Cauchy equations to describe the deformation of the tissues, Darcy’s law to describe the fluid flow, continuity equation to describe the conservation of mass and the energy equation to describe the temperature distribution within our system. A finite element/finite difference scheme for this system of equations is constructed and implemented via MATLAB R2024a, and the results are simulated graphically. It was found that an increase in magnetic field strength or nanoparticle magnetization significantly increases the tissue temperature and the chance of tissue death within our system. Moreover, it also significantly increases the deformation of the tissues and interstitial blood pressure. Although the blood retention and rigidity of the tumour significantly affect the local blood pressure and the deformation, they have a negligible effect of the temperature and tissue cell death. The major implication of these findings is that the effectiveness of this therapy is not significantly impacted by tumour blood retention capacity or tumour rigidity, but is greatly affected by the magnetic field strength and nanoparticle magnetization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer and time-dependent flow of an impinging jet on a heated substrate mounted vertically downward or vertically upward","authors":"Wang Tianshu,&nbsp;Akane Uemichi,&nbsp;Ken-ichiro Tanoue","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat transfer and time-dependent flow of an impinging jet on a heated substrate mounted vertically downward (<span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>) or vertically upward (<span><math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>) have been studied for various hole diameters of inlet <em>d</em>_H and gas flow rate <em>Q</em>_H2 in order to investigate suitable conditions for chemical vapor deposition (CVD). For the <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span> condition, vortices due to forced convection and natural convection at steady state, except for particular experimental conditions, were almost always observed in the neighborhood of the impinging jet flow. On the other hand, for the <span><math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span> condition, there was no vortex and no “flow separation phenomena” (Shekhar et al., 2014) and the fluid flow was at steady state. The <em>Nu</em> distribution was evaluated by the Richardson number, <em>Ri</em>. The average <em>Nu</em> increased slightly with + <em>Ri</em> for <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span> while the average <em>Nu</em> decreased with −<em>Ri</em> for <span><math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>. In these experimental conditions, there was a suitable condition for CVD for <span>-</span>240 &lt; <em>Ri</em> &lt; <span>-</span>160 whereby the deviation of the Nusselt number along the radial position on the heated substrate was less than 0.2. Time-dependent flow with a time period of 2.7 s was observed due to the collision of fresh hydrogen flow and buoyant upward flow on a heated disc at 0.05 &lt; <em>S</em>_H/<em>S</em>_C (open area ratio of the hole to the cylindrical flow channel) &lt; 0.1 and <em>Ri</em> &lt; 100 for <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second law aerodynamic losses from symmetric turbine blades with and without film cooling","authors":"Phil Ligrani ,&nbsp;Jae Sik Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental results are presented which illustrate magnitudes of second law losses, including spatial-averaged global exergy destruction, which are a result of aerodynamic losses generated from a symmetric turbine blade with film cooling and without film cooling. The approach is unique and different because irreversibilities, which result from different physical phenomena, are presented on the same global exergy destruction basis, providing means for quantitative comparisons regarding relative second law loss contributions from different physical mechanisms. Film cooling results are provided for two configurations: CDH or conical diffused holes, and RCH or round cylindrical holes, with ratios of coolant Mach number to local mainstream Mach number as high as 0.74. Data are also included for three airfoil Mach number distributions (with two subsonic arrangements and one transonic arrangement), three values of turbulence intensity at the test section inlet (on a percentage basis) of 0.9, 5.5, and 16.2, and surfaces with three different levels of roughness, quantified by ratios of equivalent sandgrain roughness to blade chord length <em>k_s/c</em> of 0.0, 0.00069, and 0.00164. Relative to a smooth, symmetric blade at low freestream turbulence intensity and low Mach number, which is also without coolant films, the greatest increases in local entropy creation distributions and exergy destruction are associated with larger Mach numbers, and increased roughness along surfaces. Results also indicate that exergy destruction overall values and local entropy creation increases, which are associated with coolant films, are generally significantly smaller than magnitudes linked with larger roughness on blade surfaces. In addition, the dependences of overall exergy destruction magnitudes, and local entropy creation distributions, on main flow Mach number and inlet intensity of turbulence intensity, change significantly as the magnitude surface roughness along the symmetric turbine blade is altered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on compound heat-transfer enhancement in pin-fin-enhanced double-layer staggered-cavity microchannels","authors":"Tianyu Wu,&nbsp;Yuhao Gao,&nbsp;Xinxin Ren,&nbsp;Jianqiu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To satisfy the ever-increasing heat flux (&gt;1 kW cm⁻²) of high-power microelectronics, we perform steady, laminar CFD simulations (validated against existing experiments with friction-factor deviations within 6.9 % and Nusselt-number deviations within 2.4 %) to compare three microchannel architectures: (i) straight rectangular, (ii) double-layer staggered-cavity, and (iii) staggered-cavity with circular pin–fin ribs. For the first time, systematic parametric sweeps (Re = 100–800, cavity depth = 30–70 µm, cavity-pitch-to-hydraulic-diameter ratio = 0.03–0.12) quantify the synergistic boundary-layer disruption generated by cavity-driven vortices and the jet-impingement/recirculation induced by pin fins. Compared with the straight channel, the composite design increases <em>Nu</em> by 9.6–19.8 % while raising the Darcy friction factor by 26–52 %. When both geometries are compared at equal pumping power (PEC), the composite channel yields superior thermo-hydraulic performance below Re ≈ 300 (maximum PEC = 1.13 at Re = 300, depth = 60 µm, pitch/D_h = 0.06), whereas the cavity-only configuration becomes advantageous at higher Reynolds numbers, offering clear design guidelines for practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross scale study on the evaporation process of wet metallic wire mesh layer and its heat dissipation performance analysis","authors":"Zhongtao Bai,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Jia,&nbsp;Haoran Zhao,&nbsp;Jian Yang,&nbsp;Mei Lin,&nbsp;Qiuwang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface microstructure of a copper mesh was first etched and modified to fabricate an ultra‑thin, hydrophilic wicking core capable of delivering liquid water while dissipating heat through evaporation. At the interfacial scale, a “stepwise wetting” process was for the first time revealed by high‑speed microscopic observation: liquid bridges were observed to nucleate at warp‑weft intersections and subsequently propagate across the mesh node by node, with the subsequent drying stage likewise dominated by the behavior of liquid bridges. The wetting rate of the mesh was found to accelerate with increasing mesh number, while the evaporation process was observed to intensify at higher mesh counts. At the macroscopic scale, a coupled heat‑and‑mass‑transfer model was established, demonstrating that the unsaturated evaporation process can be clearly divided into an externally controlled constant‑rate period (approximately 500 s) and an internally limited falling‑rate period. Evaporation efficiency was effectively enhanced by adopting a graded structure with finer pores at the bottom and coarser pores at the top, combined with reduced layer thickness. For saturated evaporation, the evaporative heat‑transfer coefficient was maintained stable above 30 W· m⁻²· K⁻¹ and conductive thermal resistance was minimized by keeping the stacked structure in a fully saturated state; under such conditions, the overall heat‑transfer coefficient was primarily governed by airflow conditions and structural thickness. Through interfacial‑scale visualization experiments and macroscopic‑scale numerical modeling, a cross‑scale systematic investigation of the evaporation process in moist wire‑mesh thin layers was achieved. Important guidance for the performance optimization of plate‑type heat sinks in transformers is provided by these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of unsteady vortex evolution and internal flow mechanisms in a three-twisted-blade pump using OpenFOAM","authors":"Mengfei Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Bingchen Liang ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Yonghui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A three-twisted-blade pump was simulated using Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) method with Arbitrary Mesh Interface (AMI) technique in OpenFOAM on a structured mesh. The study focused on the pump’s startup process, hydrodynamic behavior and the influence of velocity components on internal flow with different operating conditions. Results reveal that the internal flow rapidly evolves from an initially disordered, weakly turbulent state to a stable structure dominated by strong vortices. Vortices generated at the blade leading edge mark the onset of flow unsteadiness, while the trailing edge and volute regions serve as key areas for energy accumulation and transfer. The inlet pressure fluctuation amplitude increases linearly with flow rate and rotational speed, with slopes of 0.052 and 0.17, respectively. Within the impeller, radial fluid velocity increases and then decreases, peaking at 0.7 <em>R</em> (<em>R</em>: impeller radius). This trend remains consistent across flow rates (ranging from 0.75 <em>Q</em>_n to 1.5 <em>Q</em>_n, where <em>Q</em>_n represents the nominal flow rate) and rotational speeds. At low flow rates and large rotational speeds, vortex shedding from the pressure side of the blade’s leading edge induces unstable, three-dimensional flow separation. As flow rates rise, the flow field becomes more uniform, turbulence decreases, and backflow is mitigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on coal pyrolysis behavior during carbonization in a coke oven","authors":"Selvakumar Kumaresh,&nbsp;Man Young Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A one-dimensional transient mathematical model is systematically investigated to analyze the thermal evolution of coal during carbonization in an industrial-scale coke oven. The model incorporates the key physical processes governing coking, including heat conduction, moisture evaporation, condensation, and steam migration within the coal charge. Appropriate initial and boundary conditions are specified to ensure the closure of the energy and mass balance formulations. The governing equations are solved using an implicit Crank–Nicolson scheme, and the model is validated against established numerical results from existing literature. This study examines the temperature evolution of three coal types, and the results show that moisture distribution, plastic-layer thickness, and resolidification temperature strongly influence the transient thermal behavior and volatile release patterns. Temperature-dependent expressions for the specific heat are evaluated using both Einstein’s model and empirical correlations, while the effective thermal conductivity is assessed by considering interstitial gas conduction, evolving porosity, and radiative transfer across fissures in the semi-coke. The model predicts drying times, coking durations, and total heat-input requirements and quantifies the influence of the furnace-wall temperature, initial moisture content, and dry bulk density, thereby enabling the assessment of the operating conditions that promote energy-efficient carbonization. Overall, the model provides a robust framework for interpreting the coupled thermophysical processes that occur during carbonization and offers practical guidance for optimizing coke-oven operation and charge preparation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigations of jet A–hexane binary fuel droplet impact on a heated solid surface","authors":"Arghya Paul,&nbsp;Kanak Raj,&nbsp;Pratim Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present work, the numerical study of Jet A Hexane-based binary fuel droplet impact dynamics on heated solid surfaces was conducted. This study is crucial for practical applications such as fuel injection in combustors and thermal management of engine components. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to analyse the impact dynamics, spreading behaviour, vaporisation, and heat transfer of n-hexane and Jet-A blended fuel droplets on heated stainless-steel surfaces. Droplet impact dynamics were investigated for two Weber numbers, i.e., 25 and 50, and surface temperatures ranging from 50 °C to 227 °C to capture transitions from gentle spreading to nucleate boiling and rebound phenomena. This work examines how fuel blending influences inertia, lamella formation, vapour recoil, and film boiling regimes. The results show that higher inertia in blended fuels enhances spreading but also triggers stronger vapour recoil at elevated temperatures, leading to droplet rebound. In contrast, pure hexane transitions to a stable film boiling regime at high surface temperatures, resulting in smoother heat flux decline. New correlations were developed linking Weber number, spreading ratio, and wall heat flux, offering predictive insights for real-world combustion scenarios. These findings advance the understanding of bi-component fuel droplet impacts on heated surfaces and provide a framework for designing efficient spray systems in combustors and thermal management in propulsion and power generation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass transfer to a stationary electrode in an insulating plane under oscillatory flow linear and nonlinear behaviors","authors":"Brahim Addou ,&nbsp;Ben-Richou Abderrahim ,&nbsp;Balouki Abdessamad ,&nbsp;Azouz Jaouad","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a detailed numerical investigation of unsteady mass transfer in a confined shear flow subjected to periodic modulation of wall shear stress. A dedicated finite-volume solver was developed to solve the unsteady convection diffusion equation, explicitly accounting for axial diffusion and time-dependent wall-shear conditions. Simulations were performed over a wide range of Peclet numbers (<span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>≤</mo><mi>Pe</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>), excitation frequencies, and modulation amplitudes (<span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>01</mn><mo>≤</mo><msub><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span>), enabling a systematic exploration of both linear and nonlinear response behaviors. The novelty of this work lies in the direct numerical determination of the diffusion-layer transfer function and in the introduction of a unified frequency-domain framework linking linear and nonlinear behaviors. This approach provides a consistent methodology for identifying the linear transfer function while tracking the onset and evolution of nonlinearities as the wall-shear modulation amplitude increases.</div><div>Spectral analysis of the unsteady mass flux, performed using Fourier transform techniques, reveals the emergence of harmonic components, highlighting the nonlinear filtering properties of the diffusion layer. Comparisons with the classical Lévêque asymptotic solution confirm that, at low frequencies and large amplitudes, strong convective enhancement occurs (<span><math><mrow><mi>THD</mi><mo>≫</mo><mn>100</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>), whereas at higher reduced frequencies, the system exhibits a quasi-linear response typical of a low-pass filter, with minimal harmonic content (<span><math><mrow><mi>THD</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>10</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>). The proposed framework constitutes a robust and generalizable tool for analyzing unsteady convective-diffusive and electrochemical transport phenomena in dynamically actuated systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal performance analysis of microchannel heat sink with novel aircraft-shaped varied-section ribs","authors":"Hongxin Deng ,&nbsp;Guilian Wang ,&nbsp;Chunyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Dongdong Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrothermal performance of the microchannel heat sink with novel aircraft-shaped varied-section ribs (AVSRs) is numerically investigated in the present paper. The AVSR has two distinctive structural features: a streamlined bulge surface and a curved back end. The streamlined bulge surface can induce a remarkable impingement effect in the microchannel, and the curved back end promotes the formation of recirculation in both vertical and horizontal directions. These combine to promote significant convective heat transfer, which improves the cooling efficiency of the heat sink. The AVSR is compared with two rectangular ribs: one has the same length and height as the AVSR (LHR), and the other possesses the same volume (VOR). The microchannel with AVSRs (MC-AVSR) presents an increment of 10.56–61.20 % in Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) compared to the smooth microchannel (MC-SC). Meanwhile, the MC-AVSR reveals the implementation of 4.30–45.01 % and 5.39–24.58 % in <em>Nu</em> compared with the microchannel with LHRs (MC-LHR) and VORs (MC-VOR), respectively. Moreover, the apparent friction factor of MC-AVSR is reduced by 1.72–13.92 % and 2.10–3.95 % in comparison with those of MC-LHR and MC-VOR, respectively. These demonstrate that the AVSRs more effectively enhance the thermal performance and also produce less blockage to fluid flow. Moreover, the thermal enhancement factor of MC-AVSR remains larger than 1, indicating that the promoted heat transfer effectiveness consistently offsets the pressure drop penalty induced by the AVSRs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}