International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow最新文献

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization for maximizing thermohydraulic performance and minimizing entropy generation in finned-tube heat exchangers","authors":"Luan Nguyen Thanh ,&nbsp;An Quoc Hoang ,&nbsp;Le Minh Nhut","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the impact of flat tube aspect ratio and inclined tube arrangement on the thermohydraulic properties and entropy generation in a finned-tube heat exchanger under air flow conditions with a low Reynolds number. Furthermore, this study determines the optimal parameters by maximizing thermohydraulic performance and minimizing entropy generation, aiming to provide valuable orientation for the efficient design of finned-tube heat exchangers using flat tubes for application in the air-cooled condensers of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. The influence of Reynolds number (Re = 125 − 315), tube aspect ratio (e_f = 0.4 − 0.6), and rotation angle (θ = 0 − 30^ο) was considered. Multi-objective optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results indicated that the increase in the Reynolds number increased the heat transfer rate (HTR), pressure loss, and entropy generation. Increasing the tube aspect ratio increased pressure loss and entropy generation. The HTR and entropy generation change significantly when the tube arrangement is inclined. However, the variation trend depends on the value of the rotation angle and Reynolds number. The results of multi-objective optimization revealed the optimal parameters of Re = 125.9, e_f = 0.4, and θ = 6.6^ο. These optimal parameters yielded a THP of 1.249, increased the HTC by 11.91 %, and decreased the entropy generation by 2.54 % compared to the reference configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A physics-informed neural network coupling framework for predicting heat and mass transfer characteristics of grains","authors":"Hanru Liu ,&nbsp;Tianqi Tang ,&nbsp;Yurong He ,&nbsp;Ming Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grain drying is a critical process in agricultural engineering, where optimizing drying efficiency and ensuring product quality depend on accurately understanding the internal temperature and moisture distribution. To obtain the dynamic evolution of internal microscopic information, this study developed a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) coupling framework. By integrating the interaction between temperature and moisture, along with transfer learning, this framework can predict the spatiotemporal evolution of grain temperature and moisture under various drying conditions. The result shows that compared with purely data-driven neural networks (DNN), the PINN coupling framework with added physical constraints achieves lower prediction errors when applied to unknown data. Under the drying condition of 333.15 K, the prediction accuracy of particle temperature and humidity by PINN are improved by 62.4% and 55.3%, respectively, compared with DNN. Furthermore, incorporating transfer learning into the PINN framework significantly improves computational efficiency, enabling the model to adapt more effectively to varying drying conditions. The proposed computational framework offers an innovative approach to explore and predict the dynamic evolution of temperature and moisture in agricultural materials, providing a valuable tool for optimizing drying processes in agriculture and related applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal transport in oscillatory MHD Jeffrey nanofluid flow: Unravelling the impact of nanoparticle geometry and hybrid base fluid ratios in wavy channel","authors":"B. Jaismitha ,&nbsp;J. Sasikumar ,&nbsp;Mustafa Turkyilmazoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluids play a crucial role in industrial heat exchangers, enhancing thermal efficiency, minimizing energy consumption, and boosting process productivity. However, no prior studies have explored the heat transfer characteristics of oscillatory nanofluid flow involving multiple nanoparticle types and shapes under varying base fluid ratios. The present study examines the MHD oscillatory flow of a Jeffrey nanofluid through an asymmetric wavy channel, incorporating the effects of thermal radiation and a heat source. The study aims to analyse the thermal and mass characteristics of various nanoparticles with three different shape factors in three different ratios of basefluid. The nanofluid consists of a hybrid base mixture of water and ethylene glycol, in varying ratios of 20:80%, 40:60%, and 80:20%, and is infused with three types of nanoparticles: copper (Cu), gold (Au), and alumina (Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>). To analyse the impact of nanoparticle shape on heat and mass transfer rates, cylindrical, platelet, and brick-shaped nanoparticles are considered. The governing equations of the dynamic nanofluid systems are transformed into partial differential equations through suitable dimensionless transformations and further converted into ordinary differential equations by taking appropriate solutions for oscillatory-type nanofluid flow. The findings reveal that increasing the ethylene glycol concentration enhances thermal conductivity but reduces mass transfer rates. Among the nanoparticle shapes, platelet structures exhibit superior heat transfer performance compared to cylindrical and brick forms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical study of a coupled heat transfer process with dual moving domains","authors":"Jaya Joshi,&nbsp;Kalpana Kumari,&nbsp;Rajeev","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mathematical framework of the lyophilization (Freeze-drying) process belongs to the class of the Stefan problems. The broad applicability of the freeze-drying (FD) process in various industrial and pharmaceutical systems demands a detailed investigation of the process. It is observed that the influence of the size-dependent permeability remains unexplored in the scope of the FD process. This article presents a mathematical formulation of the FD process, incorporating the effects of vapor permeability as a function of the size of the region and molar diffusivity as a function of the molar concentration. The effect of the convective term arising from the moisture distribution of water vapor in the desorbed region is also explored. The mathematical formulation of the considered phase change process includes two continuously moving time-related interfaces. These moving interfaces bring major complexity to the problem. Therefore, a transformed form of Fibonacci wavelets is introduced to tackle the dual moving interfaces. The results show that the solution obtained from the proposed Fibonacci wavelet collocation method (FWCM) is sufficiently equal to the analytical solution. It is identified that the accuracy of the proposed method strengthens with an increasing degree of Fibonacci wavelets. The results demonstrate that the size-related vapor permeability increases the speed of the primary drying phase, whereas it slows down the secondary drying phase. This shows that the size dependent vapor permeability contributes to the higher kinetic energy of the particles in the primary drying region <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>ζ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>τ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ζ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>τ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, whereas the particles in the desorption region <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ζ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>τ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> experience a loss in the phase change energy when the vapor permeability varies with the size of the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of heat transfer and flow structure around a grooved surface cylinder","authors":"Pooja Thakur ,&nbsp;Yugal Sharma ,&nbsp;Aruna Thakur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of flow and thermal characteristics around a circular cylinder with varying roughness heights, situated in a Bingham plastic fluid. Numerical simulations were performed across the following parameter ranges: 0.1 ≤ Re ≤ 40, 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 100, 0 ≤ Bn ≤ 100, and 0 ≤ ε/D ≤ 0.5. The numerical results were validated against existing literature. The analysis includes local and average drag force, streamlines, pressure contours, local and average Nusselt numbers, and isotherms. For ε/D ≤ 0.1, the drag coefficient of the rough-surfaced cylinder exceeds that of the smooth cylinder. Conversely, for ε/D &gt; 0.1, the rough cylinder exhibits a lower drag coefficient than the smooth cylinder. The influence of roughness on the Nusselt number follows a similar pattern. These findings highlight the dependence of conduction and convection heat transfer modes on inertial forces, viscous forces, yield stress effects, and surface texture. A regression technique was employed to develop a correlation for the Nusselt number based on the numerical data, which also reveals discrepancies associated with surface roughness. Additionally, for Bingham plastic fluids, the effect of roughness on drag and the Nusselt number is negligible at low Reynolds numbers. However, for larger roughness and Reynolds numbers (ε/D = 0.1 and Re = 10), significant variations are observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on modeling In-Hole large scale roughness elements of film cooling holes to replicate film cooling performance","authors":"Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Pingting Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Sun ,&nbsp;Simou Sun ,&nbsp;Junkui Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing (AM) enables advanced design freedom for turbine film cooling components but concurrently introduces significant in-hole surface roughness, which critically affects cooling performance. Accurately modeling these large-scale roughness features is essential for predictive simulations, yet the validity of various modeling approaches remains insufficiently explored. This study numerically investigates three distinct roughness modeling methodologies: the equivalent sand-grain roughness (<em>k_s</em>) method, a stepped roughness method, and an analog roughness method based on an autocorrelation function. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the performance of these models was benchmarked against a synthetically generated “real roughness” hole at blowing ratios (<em>M</em>) of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. Results reveal that the in-hole roughness creates asymmetric velocity distributions, altering downstream vortex structures and, in some cases, enhancing lateral average film cooling effectiveness (<em>η_l</em>) compared to a smooth hole. Notably, only the analog roughness model generated via the autocorrelation function successfully replicated the performance and flow physics of the “real roughness” hole. In contrast, the equivalent sand-grain and stepped roughness models predicted a degradation in cooling effectiveness, failing to capture the complex underlying flow phenomena. This work demonstrates the potential of the autocorrelation function approach as a promising tool for characterizing the aero-thermal impact of large-scale AM-induced roughness, highlighting the limitations of simpler, conventional models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The optimized design and heat transfer characteristics of helical groove tubes: A study based on parameter estimation, continuous adjoint optimization, and physics-informed neural networks","authors":"Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Wan ,&nbsp;Hongchao Wang ,&nbsp;Gang Che ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Tingbo Du ,&nbsp;Chaofan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the heat transfer performance of heat exchange tubes and address the research gap in the coupling of structural parameters, operating parameters, and energy efficiency indicators between Parameter Estimation (PE) and Continuous Adjoint Optimization (CADJ) in heat exchange tubes, this study focuses on the helical groove tube in a novel gas-phase rotary shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The study sequentially applies PE and CADJ methods for optimization design, resulting in a new type of highly efficient heat exchange tube. Based on the thermal performance-to-pressure drop loss ratio, Computational Fluid Dynamics software is used to quantitatively assess the heat exchange tube’s energy efficiency and systematically analyze its heat transfer characteristics. Additionally, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) is employed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and reconstruct the two-dimensional temperature field, thereby cross-validating the CFD results in the absence of experimental validation and enhancing the robustness of the optimized design conclusions. The results indicate a strong correlation between various parameters, including tube inner diameter, groove depth, pitch, air velocity, inlet fluid temperature, and tube wall temperature, and the heat transfer characteristics, with correlation coefficients of 0.9799, 0.9957, 0.9897, and 0.9989, respectively. It was found that enhancing the Nusselt number comes at the cost of increased pressure drop. Compared to the helical groove tube, the novel heat exchanger tube exhibits superior performance in both heat transfer efficiency and energy efficiency, with improvements in the Nusselt number, pressure drop, and the ratio of thermal efficiency to pressure drop by 22.03 %, 22.88 %, and 58.51 %, respectively. The superior performance of the new heat exchanger tube is attributed to the continuous optimization of the helical groove tube’s inner wall morphology using the CADJ method, which maintains the basic structure of the internal helical ribs. This optimization strengthens the vortex flow structure while effectively preserving the smooth flow path of the fluid. Additionally, in the absence of experimental validation, the discrepancy between the PINN-reconstructed temperature field and the CFD solution remains on the order of 10⁻¹, indicating that employing PINN for cross-validation and auxiliary assessment of CFD results provides a simple yet efficient alternative approach. This study presents a reasonable, novel, and practical optimization strategy to improve the heat transfer performance and energy efficiency of heat exchange tubes, offering significant practical application value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the mixing characteristics of the multi-strut ejector","authors":"Wei Ye,&nbsp;Tao Liang,&nbsp;Wanwu Xu,&nbsp;Zhiyan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mixing layer array in the MSE exhibits complex and unique behaviors. To address this gap, this study develops a slidable pitot pressure rake with a 2 mm horizontal resolution to characterize the mixing features of the MSE under both starting and operating modes. Additionally, a new method is proposed to define the edges, thickness, and thickness growth rate of the mixing layer. Results indicate that under operating mode, the convective Mach number (<em>Mc</em>) ranges from 1.03 to 1.21, while the static pressure ratio at the nozzle outlet<em>(PR</em>) varies between 0.493 and 0.763. Unlike the traditional growth trends, the mixing layer array in the MSE undergoes a synergistic evolution involving positive growth, expansion, and negative growth. The corresponding flow field are analyzed. Specifically, the growth rate of mixing layer thickness (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span>) ranges from −0.139 to 0.245 at the <em>PR</em> = 0.513, <em>Mc</em> = 1.18 condition. While <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span> ranges from −0.045 to 0.144 at the <em>PR</em> = 0.763, <em>Mc</em> = 1.03 condition. Besides, the mixing layer array covers the secondary flow path at <em>x/l_a</em> ∈ [2.857, 4.571] under small <em>PR</em> conditions, but it is not observed until <em>x/l_a</em> = 9.714 under large <em>PR</em> conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and experimental study of a jet impingement oven and its application to bread baking","authors":"Ömer Abacı ,&nbsp;Esin Selçuk ,&nbsp;Özgül Altay ,&nbsp;Funda Erdem Şahnali ,&nbsp;S.Nur Dirim ,&nbsp;Utku Şentürk ,&nbsp;Figen Kaymak-Ertekin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the operational characteristics of a novel jet impingement oven through a combined numerical and experimental approach with an emphasis on its application in bread baking. The oven is designed for domestic use. It features arrays of air jets that enhance convective heat transfer. Computational simulations were carried out to model airflow, heat transfer and thermostatic control mechanisms. Results were validated using experimental measurements of jet velocities and temperature distributions. The bread baking process was simulated using a mathematical model incorporating phase change phenomena which was validated against experimental baking trials. Results demonstrate the capability of the device to deliver high rates of heat transfer thereby reduced baking times compared to conventional ovens. These findings suggest that jet impingement technology is a promising solution for improving thermal processes in domestic baking applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor experimental investigation of actively air cooled photovoltaic panel performance under low irradiance conditions","authors":"Mustafa Cem Akar,&nbsp;Musa Demir","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an indoor experimental investigation of an actively air-cooled monocrystalline photovoltaic (PV) panel operating under low and moderate irradiance conditions ranging from 585 to 760 W/m². Unlike many existing studies that predominantly focus on high irradiance levels or standard test conditions (STC), this work addresses irradiance levels representative of realistic operating conditions encountered in regions with low solar potential, such as the Black Sea region of Türkiye. In this context, a laboratory-scale experimental setup was developed, incorporating controlled artificial irradiance, adjustable panel tilt angles of 30° and 45°, regulated airflow corresponding to wind speeds of 0, 4, and 5.5 m/s, and multi-point temperature measurements. The effects of panel temperature, airflow-induced cooling, and tilt angle on electrical performance were systematically evaluated under sub-STC conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that panel temperature is the dominant parameter governing electrical efficiency. When active air cooling is applied, the reduction in panel temperature leads to relative improvements in electrical efficiency in the range of approximately 7–13%. In contrast, the influence of panel tilt angle on electrical efficiency remains below 3% within the investigated range. Furthermore, based on the experimental data, a linear temperature–efficiency relationship, referred to as the Cem experimental model, was developed and validated, showing strong agreement with established theoretical correlations and manufacturer-provided I–V characteristics. Overall, the findings indicate that active air-cooling strategies can effectively stabilize photovoltaic performance even under low irradiance conditions, offering a practical and economically viable alternative to more complex cooling approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 110301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}