Clocks & Sleep最新文献

{"title":"Associations between Rest–Activity Rhythms and Liver Function Tests: The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014","authors":"Chris Ho Ching Yeung, Cici Bauer, Qian Xiao","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5040045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5040045","url":null,"abstract":"Liver functions are regulated by the circadian rhythm; however, whether a weakened circadian rhythm is associated with impaired liver function is unclear. This study aims to investigate the association of characteristics of rest–activity rhythms with abnormal levels of biomarkers of liver function. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014. Seven rest–activity rhythm parameters were derived from 24 h actigraphy data using the extended cosine model and non-parametric methods. Multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the associations between rest–activity rhythm parameters and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transaminase (GGT), albumin and bilirubin. Weakened overall rhythmicity characterized by a lower F statistic was associated with higher odds of abnormally elevated ALP (ORQ1vs.Q5: 2.16; 95% CI 1.19, 3.90) and GGT (ORQ1vs.Q5: 2.04; 95% CI 1.30, 3.20) and abnormally lowered albumin (ORQ1vs.Q5: 5.15; 95% CI 2.14, 12.38). Similar results were found for a lower amplitude, amplitude:mesor ratio, interdaily stability and intradaily variability. Results were robust to the adjustment of confounders and cannot be fully explained by individual rest–activity behaviors, including sleep and physical activity. Weakened rest–activity rhythms were associated with worse liver function as measured by multiple biomarkers, supporting a potential role of circadian rhythms in liver health.","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variation in the Responsiveness of the Melanopsin System to Evening Light: Why We Should Report Season When Collecting Data in Human Sleep and Circadian Studies","authors":"Isabel Schöllhorn, Oliver Stefani, Christine Blume, Christian Cajochen","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5040044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5040044","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that variations in light exposure during the day affect light sensitivity in the evening. More daylight reduces sensitivity, and less daylight increases it. On average days, we spend less time outdoors in winter and receive far less light than in summer. Therefore, it could be relevant when collecting research data on the non-image forming (NIF) effects of light on circadian rhythms and sleep. In fact, studies conducted only in winter may result in more pronounced NIF effects than in summer. Here, we systematically collected information on the extent to which studies on the NIF effects of evening light include information on season and/or light history. We found that more studies were conducted in winter than in summer and that reporting when a study was conducted or measuring individual light history is not currently a standard in sleep and circadian research. In addition, we sought to evaluate seasonal variations in a previously published dataset of 72 participants investigating circadian and sleep effects of evening light exposure in a laboratory protocol where daytime light history was not controlled. In this study, we selectively modulated melanopic irradiance at four different light levels (<90 lx). Here, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate seasonal variations in the responsiveness of the melanopsin system by combining all data sets in an exploratory manner. Our analyses suggest that light sensitivity is indeed reduced in summer compared to winter. Thus, to increase the reproducibility of NIF effects on sleep and circadian measures, we recommend an assessment of the light history and encourage standardization of reporting guidelines on the seasonal distribution of measurements.","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135221365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Antihypertensive Guanabenz Exacerbates Integrated Stress Response and Disrupts the Brain Circadian Clock","authors":"Hao Lin, Muhammad Naveed, Aidan Hansen, Tracy G. Anthony, Ruifeng Cao","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5040043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5040043","url":null,"abstract":"The circadian clock regulates a variety of biological processes that are normally synchronized with the solar day. Disruption of circadian rhythms is associated with health problems. Understanding the signaling mechanisms that couple cell physiology and metabolism to circadian timekeeping will help to develop novel therapeutic strategies. The integrated stress response (ISR) is activated by the cellular stressors to maintain physiological homeostasis by orchestrating mRNA translation. Aberrant ISR has been found in a number of neurological diseases that exhibit disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep. Recent work has started to uncover a critical role for the ISR in regulating the physiology of the circadian clock. Guanabenz (2,6-dichlorobenzylidene aminoguanidine acetate) is an orally bioavailable α2-adrenergic receptor agonist that has been used as an antihypertensive for decades. Recent studies demonstrated that guanabenz can regulate the ISR. Here, we assessed the effects of guanabenz on cellular and behavioral circadian rhythms using a multidisciplinary approach. We found that guanabenz can induce the ISR by increasing eIF2α phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts as well as in the mouse brain. The hyperphosphorylation of eIF2α by guanabenz is associated with the shortened circadian period in cells and animals and the disruption of behavioral circadian rhythms in mice. Guanabenz administration disrupted circadian oscillations of the clock protein Per1 and Per2 in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus, the master pacemaker. These results uncover a significant yet previously unidentified role of guanabenz in regulating circadian rhythms and indicate that exacerbated ISR activation can impair the functions of the brain’s circadian clock by disrupting clock gene expression.","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135809498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Vortioxetine on Sleep Architecture of Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder","authors":"Zuzana Mlyncekova, Peter Hutka, Zuzana Visnovcova, Nikola Ferencova, Veronika Kovacova, Andrea Macejova, Ingrid Tonhajzerova, Igor Ondrejka","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5040042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5040042","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between depression and insomnia is bidirectional and both conditions need to be treated adequately, especially in a vulnerable neurodevelopmental stage of adolescence. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of antidepressant treatment using vortioxetine (VOR) on the sleep architecture of depressed adolescents by using video-polysomnography (v-PSG), which has not been researched before. The v-PSG was performed on 30 adolescent in-patients (mean age of 15.0 years ± 1.5 SD, 21 girls) treated with VOR (dosage of 10/15/20 mg/day) administered orally once a day, before and after VOR treatment. The evaluated parameters were conventional sleep parameters, sleep fragmentation parameters, and selected spectral power indices. Symptoms of depression and insomnia before and after the treatment period were evaluated using valid and reliable questionnaires (the Children´s Depression Inventory and the Athens Insomnia Scale). Depressed adolescents showed higher REM latency and decreased REM sleep percentage after treatment than before the treatment period (p = 0.005, p = 0.009, respectively). Our study revealed REM suppression (increased REM latency and reduced REM sleep percentage), indicating altered sleep architecture as a potential result of VOR treatment, which seems to be dose-dependent.","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between Circadian Phase Delay without Morning Light and Phase Advance by Bright Light Exposure the Following Morning.","authors":"Michihiro Ohashi,&nbsp;Taisuke Eto,&nbsp;Toaki Takasu,&nbsp;Yuki Motomura,&nbsp;Shigekazu Higuchi","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5040041","DOIUrl":"10.3390/clockssleep5040041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans have a circadian rhythm for which the period varies among individuals. In the present study, we investigated the amount of natural phase delay of circadian rhythms after spending a day under dim light (Day 1 to Day 2) and the amount of phase advance due to light exposure (8000 lx, 4100 K) the following morning (Day 2 to Day 3). The relationships of the phase shifts with the circadian phase, chronotype and sleep habits were also investigated. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was investigated as a circadian phase marker on each day. In the 27 individuals used for the analysis, DLMO was delayed significantly (-0.24 ± 0.33 h, <i>p</i> < 0.01) from Day 1 to Day 2 and DLMO was advanced significantly (0.18 ± 0.36 h, <i>p</i> < 0.05) from Day 2 to Day 3. There was a significant correlation between phase shifts, with subjects who had a greater phase delay in the dim environment having a greater phase advance by light exposure (r = -0.43, <i>p</i> < 0.05). However, no significant correlations with circadian phase, chronotype or sleep habits were found. These phase shifts may reflect the stability of the phase, but do not account for an individual's chronotype-related indicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between Telework Jetlag and Perceived Psychological Distress among Japanese Hybrid Workers.","authors":"Yuuki Matsumoto, Ayako Hino, Kunitaka Kumadaki, Osamu Itani, Yuichiro Otsuka, Yoshitaka Kaneita","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5040040","DOIUrl":"10.3390/clockssleep5040040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social jetlag is associated with physical and mental health problems. With the increased popularity of telework, we investigated a specific form of social jetlag that we termed \"telework jetlag\". This study aimed to clarify the relationship between telework jetlag-the difference in sleep and wake-up times between in-office and telework days-and mental health problems among Japanese hybrid workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1789 participants from October to December 2021 using an online-based questionnaire. Telework jetlag, defined as the difference in the midsleep point between in-office and telework days, was investigated using two groups according to telework jetlag-those lagging <1 h versus ≥1 h. We used the six-item Kessler Scale as a nonspecific psychological distress scale for the outcome. Telework jetlag was significantly associated with psychological distress, and the ≥1 h group had a higher risk (odds ratio: 1.80) of developing high psychological distress (HPD) than the <1 h group in the multivariate analysis. Since most teleworkers are forced to have a hybrid work style that mixes going to work and teleworking, telework jetlag must be addressed to maintain the health of teleworkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10667991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Efficacy of a CBT-I-Based Online Program for Sleep Problems: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Esther-Sevil Eigl,&nbsp;Theresa Hauser,&nbsp;Pavlos I Topalidis,&nbsp;Manuel Schabus","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5040039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/clockssleep5040039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an urgent need for easily accessible treatment options for sleep problems to reduce the current treatment gap in receiving cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Using a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the efficacy of a CBT-I-based online program on sleep. Fifty-three volunteers (21-71 years; <i>M_Age</i> = 44.6 ± 12.5; 27 female) suffering from impaired sleep were randomly allocated either to the experimental group (EG, <i>n</i> = 27) or to an active control group (CG, <i>n</i> = 26). The EG participated in a 6-week CBT-I-based online program, while the CG received psychoeducation and sleep hygiene instructions. Sleep was assessed both objectively via ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) as well as subjectively via questionnaires at three time points (baseline, pre- and post-intervention). A one-month follow-up assessment was performed using questionnaires. The EG showed small but reliable improvements from pre- to post-intervention in PSG-derived wake after sleep onset (from 58.6 min to 42.5 min; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and sleep efficiency (from 86.0% to 89.2%; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, subjective sleep quality (assessed via Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) improved significantly during intervention (<i>p</i> = 0.011) and follow-up (<i>p</i> = 0.015) in the EG alone. The Insomnia Severity Index decreased from pre- to post-intervention in both groups (EG: <i>p</i> = 0.003, CG: <i>p</i> = 0.008), while it further improved during follow-up (<i>p</i> = 0.035) in the EG alone. We show that a CBT-I-based online program can improve sleep not only subjectively but also objectively and can be a viable alternative when face-to-face interventions are not available.</p>","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Brazilian Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale Using Item Response Theory: A Psychometric Study.","authors":"Cleber Lopes Campelo,&nbsp;Rosângela Fernandes Lucena Batista,&nbsp;Victor Nogueira da Cruz Silveira,&nbsp;Kely Nayara Dos Reis Silva Figueiredo,&nbsp;Patrícia Maria Abreu Machado,&nbsp;Adriano Ferreti Borgatto,&nbsp;Alcione Miranda Dos Santos","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5040038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/clockssleep5040038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There seems to be a consensus that adolescents worldwide are not getting enough sleep. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in adolescents using the item response theory. A psychometric study was conducted with 2206 adolescents aged 18 and 19 years in the city of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The dimensionality of the ESS was assessed by principal component analysis. A Samejima's graded response model (SGRM) was fitted to it. The findings of this study showed a good internal consistency and the unidimensionality of the ESS. Considering the latent trait continuum, we obtained three levels, with anchor items. For the item 'Sitting still in a public place', the adolescents presented a small possibility of dozing in level 1, and a medium and great possibility in level 2. The item 'Sitting around talking to someone' presented small, medium, and great possibilities of dozing in level 3. The ESS with five items showed satisfactory psychometric properties. In addition, the results from the SGRM showed that adolescents with high levels of sleepiness are likely to nod off or sleep sitting up while talking to someone. This study allows us to understand excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594512/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Effects of Gut Microbiota on Sleep-Related Phenotypes: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Min Yue,&nbsp;Chuandi Jin,&nbsp;Xin Jiang,&nbsp;Xinxin Xue,&nbsp;Nan Wu,&nbsp;Ziyun Li,&nbsp;Lei Zhang","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5030037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5030037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing evidence suggests a correlation between changes in the composition of gut microbiota and sleep-related phenotypes. However, it remains uncertain whether these associations indicate a causal relationship. The genome-wide association study summary statistics data of gut microbiota (<i>n</i> = 18,340) was downloaded from the MiBioGen consortium and the data of sleep-related phenotypes were derived from the UK Biobank, the Medical Research Council-Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Jones SE, the FinnGen consortium. To test and estimate the causal effect of gut microbiota on sleep traits, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach using multiple methods was conducted. A series of sensitive analyses, such as horizontal pleiotropy analysis, heterogeneity test, MR Steiger directionality test and \"leave-one-out\" analysis as well as reverse MR analysis, were conducted to assess the robustness of MR results. The genus <i>Anaerofilum</i> has a negative causal effect on getting up in the morning (odd ratio = 0.977, 95% confidence interval: 0.965-0.988, <i>p</i> = 7.28 × 10^-5). A higher abundance of order Enterobacteriales and family Enterobacteriaceae contributed to becoming an \"evening person\". Six and two taxa were causally associated with longer and shorter sleep duration, respectively. Specifically, two SCFA-produced genera including <i>Lachnospiraceae UCG004</i> (odd ratio = 1.029, 95% confidence interval = 1.012-1.046, <i>p</i> = 6.11 × 10^-4) and <i>Odoribacter</i> contribute to extending sleep duration. Two obesity-related genera such as <i>Ruminococcus torques</i> (odd ratio = 1.024, 95% confidence interval: 1.011-1.036, <i>p</i> = 1.74 × 10^-4) and <i>Senegalimassilia</i> were found to be increased and decreased risk of snoring, respectively. In addition, we found two risk taxa of insomnia such as the order Selenomonadales and one of its classes called Negativicutes. All of the sensitive analysis and reverse MR analysis results indicated that our MR results were robust. Our study revealed the causal effect of gut microbiota on sleep and identified causal risk and protective taxa for chronotype, sleep duration, snoring and insomnia, which has the potential to provide new perspectives for future mechanistic and clinical investigations of microbiota-mediated sleep abnormal patterns and provide clues for developing potential microbiota-based intervention strategies for sleep-related conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10527580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41152362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Sleep Behavior and the Use of Sleep Aids among Adults Living in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Ahmed Aldhafiri,&nbsp;Nawaf Almutairi,&nbsp;Mohammed Alharbi,&nbsp;Abdullah Aloufi,&nbsp;Abdulaziz Hakeem,&nbsp;Abdulmalik Kattan,&nbsp;Fahad Alzahrani","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5030035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep5030035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A negative attitude toward sleep has greatly affected sleep habits. In addition to contributing to physical and metabolic disorders, poor sleep quality may cause emotional disturbances. This study aimed to measure sleep behavior and factors contributing to poor sleep quality in the Madinah region, Saudi Arabia. We also assessed whether the use of sleeping aids improved peoples sleep. Three hundred and ninety-nine adults in the Madinah region of Saudi Arabia participated in this cross-sectional study. Three data domains were collected using an online questionnaire between 30 January and 26 April 2022. In the first domain, the characteristics of participants were discussed. In the second domain, questions about sleep behavior were asked. In the third domain, we examined the types, frequency, and impact of sleep aid use. Out of the 399 participants, 154 (38.59%) reported sleep problems. A total of 64.94% of the 154 participants blamed stress as the leading cause of their sleep disorders, and 74.68% of those with sleep problems reported reduced productivity. Among those who reported having sleep problems, 46.10% used sleep aids, with Panadol night (antihistamine) being the most used, 49.30%, followed by Melatonin at 39.44%. Sleep quality improved by 67.6% among those who used sleep aids. A total of 71.8% of the participants think it is not safe to use sleep aids in the long term. Our findings suggest that sleep problems are a prevalent concern in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, and even though the use of sleep aids improved sleep quality, it should be considered an emerging and important public health objective in Saudi Arabia. Further studies are needed to evaluate sleep quality and the level of sleep aid usage among other Saudi Arabian regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":33568,"journal":{"name":"Clocks & Sleep","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10528987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41142660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}