{"title":"A Non Contact Voltage Measurement Technique using Auger Spectroscopy","authors":"J. Patterson, Michael C. Smith","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.361976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.361976","url":null,"abstract":"Scanning Auger spectroscopy is commonly used for surface analysis to identify elements on a given sample. The identification is accomplished by the use of an electron spectrometer that determines the energy of electrons leaving the sample surface. The energy of the Auger electrons leaving the sample is characteristic of the element. Peaks occur in a spectrum of a material at energy levels that are indicative of the elements comprising the material. Slight shifts in the location of these characteristic peaks are observed due to chemical bonding. Thus, some compound information is obtainable. These shifts occur because the energy of the Auger electron is altered by chemical bonding. In a similar manner the energy of the Auger electron leaving a sample surface can be altered by changing the bias potential between the sample and the electron detector. Therefore if the identity of an element on a sample surface is already known, shifts in the location of the peak in the energy spectrum are due to either chemical bonding or a change in the bias between the sample and the electron detector. If chemical bonding can be eliminated as the cause of the shift, then the bias must be the cause. The bias can be changed at either the detector or the sample. If the bias is changed at the detector, all Auger electrons are shifted by the same amount (eV).","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117144415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Report on the 1983 IRPS Burn-In Workshop","authors":"Patrick E. Kennedy","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.361997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.361997","url":null,"abstract":"Attendees at the International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) have expressed a continuing interest in parts screening and burn-in. At the 1982 IRPS in San Diego an informal evening session on Burn-In attracted a group of over 200. In addition, a consistently high interest in component burt-in and screening has been expressed on the annual questionnaire. This led the Technical Program Committee to schedule a Burn-In Workshop in spite of the fact that very few burn-in or screening papers are submitted to this symposium.","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130246761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phenomenological Observations on Electromigration","authors":"R. W. Thomas, Donald W. Calabrese","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.361954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.361954","url":null,"abstract":"Direct dynamic observations were made of aluminum electromigration by an in situ scanning electron microscope technique. Time lapse 16 mm moving pictures were taken of electromigration which occurred in a commercially available MC 14050 hex buffer. The circuit was biased above rated specifications to obtain a current density of 7×105 Amps/cm2. The movie film clearly demonstrated a number of new phenomena not previously noted by after the fact examination. Some voids were very mobile and moved up the metallization stripe by a voiding-refill process. Another voiding process was observed in which the aluminum disappeared from the top of a mesa at a point where the current density was essentially zero. The formation of a hillock was observed in which the aluminum growth stretched the aluminum silicate glass which covers the stripes, first by forming a dome and then by rapid vertical and lateral growth. Voids were observed forming within several microns of a growing hillock literally emptying aluminum by a river-like mechanism into the hillock structure that was not constrained by grain boundaries or other defects. Changes in growth patterns (hillocks and voids) were noticed when the circuits were exposed to air ambients for short periods of time. It was observed that the presence of a surface oxide on the walls of a void greatly retard the void growth indicating that a primary mechanism for aluminum transport is along the oxide free wall structure. Additional evidence supporting this migration mechanism is given in the text by high resolution electron micrographs.","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125335525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"VLSI Package Reliability Workshop Report","authors":"Daniel D. Zimmermant, H. Schafft","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.362005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.362005","url":null,"abstract":"This will no longer be the case as we enter the world of VLSI. As the semiconductor industry has continued to design more circuitry into smaller areas in the pursuit of the economics of scale and as these circuits have become capable of greater performance, the impact of the package on product performance and reliability will increase dramatically. The magnitude of this impact is only gradually being recognized by the industry.","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131006281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Soft Pipes Cause Reliability Problem in Bipolar Integrated Circuits","authors":"J. Casey, J. Lee, D. Redman, Don Zinmner","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.361983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.361983","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of yield-limiting bipolar emitter-collector shorts (commonly called \"pipes\") uncovered a \"soft\" pipe reliability problem. For us the major crystal defects causing pipes can be detected by Wright etching test wafers after epitaxial growth. The electrical effects of pipes become apparent during in-process probing and DC testing. Test patterns give a defect density figure which correlates with the corresponding etched wafer defect densities. Wafers which were below an appropriate defect level were shipped. Subsequent AC testing on a product line showed previously undetected, or \"soft\", pipes caused circuit timing errors and line returns from the customer. Both types of pipes were determined to be the result of secondary implantation of Carbon atoms arising from an ultrathin layer of vacuum pump oil. The Carbon atoms were knocked through the preimplant oxide during an Arsenic buried-layer implant step. Both types of pipes were eliminated by modifying the vacuum system on the implanter.","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115621201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability of Ku-Band GaAs Power FETs Under Highly Stressed RF Operation","authors":"P. White, C. G. Rogers, B. Hewitt","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.362001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.362001","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerated life tests under rf drive have been performed on power FETs with sub-micron aluminum gates and plated via-hole source connections designed for operation up to Ku-band. The tests were performed on a nine channel X-band test station under typical operating bias of Vds = 10 V. The rf level was set to drive the devices well into gain compression with I mA net DC gate current. Two failure modes were observed depending on channel temperature. At 228°C a gradual reduction in gain was observed, accompanied by a slow drop in Ids. MTTF according to a failure criterion of 1 dB gain degradation was 2,100 hours. No gate degradation was observed even after 3,300 hours on test. The only observable effects were drain migration and a slightly reduced Idss. At 280°C the failure mode was catastrophic with an MTTF of 120 hours indicating that such high temperatures do not realistically accelerate the normal operating failure mode. Preliminary results are presented for a third long-term test at 218°C.","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126466679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trapping in Tunnel Oxides Grown on Textured Polysilicon","authors":"B. Prickett, J. Caywood, R. Ellis","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.361970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.361970","url":null,"abstract":"The generation of electron traps in Poly Silicon Oxide by the application of an electric field in the absence of current is described. The assymetric I-V curves of textured poly-silicon oxide tunneling layers allow high \"reverse bias\" electric fields to be applied with no measureable current. After these fields are applied, new traps are observed that reduce the \"forward bias\" conduction. These traps appear to be empty until the resumption of forward bias conduction fills them. They are roughly linear with applied field and appear to saturate with time. A floating gate circuit that allows convenient measurement of the passage of 10¿8 coulombs/cm2 and current density from 10¿2 amps/cm2 to 10¿12 amps/cm2 to be conveniently measured is described.","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126725136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Latch-Up and Timing Failure Analysis of CMOS VLSI using Electron Beam Techniques","authors":"S. Davidson","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.361973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.361973","url":null,"abstract":"An electron beam testing system has been established for CMOS failure analysis. Problems studied include leakage, latch-up, timing, short circuits, crystallographic defects and step coverage. Two applications are described in detail. Synchronous voltage contrast and EBIC imaging techniques have allowed latch-up paths in input protection diode structures and output drivers to be located. Voltage contrast waveform measurements have analysed timing spreads in ULAs; these have been shown to be related to the cell design and the layout.","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115817755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Model for Oxide Wearout Due to Charge Trapping","authors":"W. K. Meyer, D. Crook","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.1983.361990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.1983.361990","url":null,"abstract":"Scaling of MOS gate oxides below 200Å can result in wearout of intrinsic oxides. This paper presents studies of thin gate oxides which show that the time dependent nature of oxide breakdown is due to charge trapping induced by leakage current. Failure occurs when the trapped charge increases the internal electric field in the oxide to a critical value of 11.2 MV/cm needed for avalanche breakdown. By measuring trapping parameters such as trap centroids and generation/recombination rates versus stress fields, a mathematical model for time dependent oxide wearout has been developed.","PeriodicalId":334813,"journal":{"name":"21st International Reliability Physics Symposium","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115248630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}