{"title":"RFiop: RF-memory path to address on-package I/O pad and memory controller scalability","authors":"M. Marino","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378638","url":null,"abstract":"Off-chip memory parallelism can be improved by having multiple memory controllers (MCs). However, MCs scalability is limited by the number and area of I/O pads/pins allocated to them, besides power. In order to address the scalability of MCs and I/O pads in a multi-chip (MCP) flip-chip package, we propose RFiop - a scalable memory organization based on wired-RF, which replaces the traditional MC-DRAM, mostly composed by MC, and I/O pad/pin related structures with RF-designed RFMCs - MCs coupled to RF transmitters (TX) / receivers (RX), RF coplanar waveguides (CPW) - defined as RFpads, and off-die ranks placed on a coplanar fashion. RFiop explores the on-package area to fit off-die ranks, which are connected to the RFMCs via CPWs. Configuring RFiop with off-die lower data-rate-DDR3 ranks, RFiop scales bandwidth for 16 out-of-order (OOO) cores, using 16 RFMCs with about 4 RFpads per RFMC. RFiop leverages performance and bandwidth by a factor of up to 3.95×, while reducing latency in up to 47%, assuming an electrical-based solution under I/O pad constraints as baseline. Dedicating the baseline area to placing several RFMCs, RFiop improves bandwidth in up to 2.68×.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130645971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kanuparthi, R. Karri, Gaston Ormazabal, Sateesh Addepalli
{"title":"A high-performance, low-overhead microarchitecture for secure program execution","authors":"A. Kanuparthi, R. Karri, Gaston Ormazabal, Sateesh Addepalli","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378624","url":null,"abstract":"High performance and low power consumption have traditionally been the primary design goals for computer architects. With computer systems facing a wave of attacks that disrupt their normal execution or leak sensitive data, computer security is no longer an afterthought. Dynamic integrity checking has emerged as a possible solution to protect computer systems by thwarting various attacks. Dynamic integrity checking involves calculation of hashes of the instructions in the code being executed and comparing these hashes against corresponding precomputed hashes at runtime. The processor pipeline is stalled and the instructions are not allowed to commit until the integrity check is complete. Such an approach has severe performance implications as it stalls the pipeline for several cycles. In this paper, we propose a hardware-based dynamic integrity checking approach that does not stall the processor pipeline. We permit the instructions to commit before the integrity check is complete, and allow them to make changes to the register file, but not the data cache. The system is rolled back to a known state if the checker deems the instructions as modified. Our experiments show an average performance overhead of 1.66%, area overhead of 4.25%, and a power overhead of 2.45% over a baseline processor.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131297297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Kim, John Kim, Woong Seo, Yeon-Gon Cho, Soojung Ryu
{"title":"Providing cost-effective on-chip network bandwidth in GPGPUs","authors":"H. Kim, John Kim, Woong Seo, Yeon-Gon Cho, Soojung Ryu","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378671","url":null,"abstract":"Network-on-chip (NoC) bandwidth has a significant impact on overall performance in throughput-oriented processors such as GPG-PUs. Although it has been commonly assumed that high NoC bandwidth can be provided through abundant on-chip wires, we show that increasing NoC router frequency results in a more cost-effective NoC. However, router arbitration critical path can limit the NoC router frequency. Thus, we propose a direct all-to-all network overlaid on mesh (DA2mesh) NoC architecture that exploits the traffic characteristics of GPGPU and removes arbitration from the router pipeline. DA2mesh simplifies the router pipeline with 36% improvement of performance while reducing NoC energy by 15%.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131319960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A case for small row buffers in non-volatile main memories","authors":"Justin Meza, Jing Li, O. Mutlu","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378685","url":null,"abstract":"DRAM-based main memories have read operations that destroy the read data, and as a result, must buffer large amounts of data on each array access to keep chip costs low. Unfortunately, system-level trends such as increased memory contention in multi-core architectures and data mapping schemes that improve memory parallelism lead to only a small amount of the buffered data to be accessed. This makes buffering large amounts of data on every memory array access energy-inefficient; yet organizing DRAM chips to buffer small amounts of data is costly, as others have shown [11]. Emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs) such as PCM, STT-RAM, and RRAM, however, do not have destructive read operations, opening up opportunities for employing small row buffers without incurring additional area penalty and/or design complexity. In this work, we discuss and evaluate architectural changes to enable small row buffers at a low cost in NVMs. We find that on a multi-core system, reducing the row buffer size can greatly reduce main memory dynamic energy compared to a DRAM baseline with large row sizes, without greatly affecting endurance, and for some NVM technologies, leads to improved performance.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121250148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Architectural simulations of a fast, source-synchronous ring-based Network-on-Chip design","authors":"Ayan Mandal, S. Khatri, R. Mahapatra","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378684","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a new source-synchronous ring-based NoC architecture has been proposed, which runs significantly faster than the PEs and offers a high bandwidth and low contention free latency. Architectural simulations show that the original ring-based NoC design suffers from deadlock. In this paper, we explore the architectural aspects of the fast ring-based NoC after redesigning the routers used in the previous authors' work to avoid deadlock. Architectural results obtained on synthetic traffic demonstrate that the modified ring-based NoC has up to 3.5× lower latency and up to 2.9× higher maximum sustained injection rate compared with a state of the art mesh-based NoC.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"34 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122609086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clock mesh synthesis method using the Earth Mover's Distance under transformations","authors":"Y. Teng, B. Taskin","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378627","url":null,"abstract":"A novel clock mesh generation method is proposed based on the EMDg (Earth Mover's Distance under transformations) algorithm. A bottom-up approach is adopted in creating local-level tree clusters to drive the generation of a regional-level uniform clock mesh. The EMDg method incrementally moves the regional-level uniform clock mesh closer to the register cluster roots in order to reduce the total stub wirelength. Post-EMDg mesh reduction, the redundant mesh wires are eliminated from the initial uniform mesh in order to reduce the mesh wirelength, preserving the stub wire connections and the integrity of the clock mesh. The optimization results show that the proposed method can achieve an average total wirelength saving of 20.1% and power savings of 12.2% on a suite of ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits compared to the previous clock mesh generation methods.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128142218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The performance of hypermesh NoCs in FPGAs","authors":"Mohammadreza Binesh Marvasti, T. Szymanski","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378689","url":null,"abstract":"We present experimental results for performance of the 2D hypermesh NoC topology, realized with the Altera Family of FPGAs. Hypermeshes are based on the concept of hypergraphs, which consist of a set of nodes and a set of hyper-edges, where the hyper-edges represent low-latency distributed switches. In a 2D hypermesh, the nodes in each row or column are members of a hyperedge, where packets can traverse a hyperedge without encountering router queuing delays. A comparison of the 2D hypermesh, the 2D mesh, and hypercube NoCs is presented. Extensive experimental results show that under the constraint of comparable bisection bandwidth, the 2D hypermesh outperforms the other graph-based network topologies.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128908487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive memory architecture for real-time image warping","authors":"Andy Motten, L. Claesen, Yun Pan","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378680","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a real time image warping module implemented in hardware. A look-up table (LUT) based reverse mapping is used to relate the source image to the warped image. Frame buffers or line buffers are often used to temporally store the source image. However these methods do not take the underlying pattern of the reverse mapping coordinates into account. The presented architecture uses an adaptable memory allocation which can change the depth and the position of the line buffer between lines. A real-time stereo rectification use case has been implemented to validate the operation of this module. Depending on the scenario, the memory consumption can be reduced by a factor of two and more. A real-time image warping module for video cameras has been implemented in a single FPGA, without the use of off-chip memories.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130308539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leandro S. Freitas, Gabriel A. G. Andrade, L. Santos
{"title":"Efficient verification of out-of-order behaviors with relaxed scoreboards","authors":"Leandro S. Freitas, Gabriel A. G. Andrade, L. Santos","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378698","url":null,"abstract":"Microarchitectures often relax order constraints to meet performance requirements. However, the design of a module handling out-of-order behaviors is error prone, since order relaxation asks for sophisticated control. Besides, its functional verification is challenging, because the module does not preserve at its output the order corresponding to its input data, violating a basic assumption of conventional scoreboards. This paper discusses the verification guarantees of three classes of dynamic checkers and experimentally compares their effectiveness and effort. Results show that a well-designed relaxed scoreboard can achieve the same effectiveness as a complete post-mortem checker with an effort similar to a conventional scoreboard's.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"09 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127229046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploiting multi-level scratchpad memories for time-predictable multicore computing","authors":"Yu Liu, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCD.2012.6378618","url":null,"abstract":"In modern multicore processor architectures, caches are widely used to shorten the speed gap between the processor and the memory. However, caches are time unpredictable, especially the shared L2 cache used by different cores in a multicore processor. This paper studies several time-predictable scratchpad memory (SPM) based architectures for multicore processors. We propose the dynamic memory objects allocation-based partition, the static allocation-based partition, and the static allocation-based priority L2 SPM strategy to retain the characteristic of time predictability of SPMs while trying to maximize the performance and energy efficiency. Our experimental results indicate the strengths and weaknesses of each proposed architecture and allocation method, which offers interesting memory design options to enable real-time multicore computing.","PeriodicalId":313428,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123367962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}