Kalbotyra最新文献

{"title":"Dviskiemenių daiktavardžių kirčiavimo modeliai pietų aukštaičių patarmėje","authors":"Vilija Ragaišienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2016.10321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2016.10321","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides an analysis of the accentuation of disyllabic nouns in the Southern Aukstaitian (SAuk) dialect spoken in Southern Lithuania (Alytus, Lazdijai, Varėna, Salcininkai, Druskininkai and Trakai districts). The term pietų aukstaiciai (southern Aukstaitians) was coined by scholars; because of certain phonetic peculiarities of the dialect, the inhabitants of southern Lithuania consider themselves to be dzūkai (Dzūkians). The SAuk has been of special interest to both dialectologists and Baltic language specialists for a long time. The archaic grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, phonetic, accentual and lexical peculiarities that are features of these dialects are intertwined with new phenomena and thus reveal many stages of the development of the dialect of the Southern Aukstaitians, which in turn can be of help in finding answers to some unanswered questions about the development and usage of language. For this reason more attention and research has been devoted to the SAuk dialect and its broader connections with language as a whole. The article analyses the tendencies of the accentuation parallels of disyllabic nouns with ā, ē, a and ia1 stems in the SAuk dialect. Drawing on audio and written sources dating from 1952–2015, the spread of the accentuation variants of the words and their forms in the same subdialect, separate subdialects and/or their groups are discussed; the accentuation patterns of disyllabic nouns with the productive ā, ē, a and ia1 stems that are stressed in various ways are described, and the nature of their prevalence in the area of the dialect is established. The study uses quantitative, geolinguistic and comparative methods. Upon completion of the research three important things were established. Firstly, the area with the largest number of variously stressed ā, ē, a and ia1 disyllabic words and their forms in the same subdialect is the same, which is a comparatively small part of the southwestern area of the SAuk subdialects. Secondly, when it comes to the different frequency and intensity of the usage of the variants that are characteristic of the declension of feminine and masculine gender word stems in the same subdialect in the entire area of the SAuk dialect, parallel forms of ā and ē stem words have been observed considerably less frequently than the a and ia1 stem variants. Thirdly, the number of parallel forms of the accentuation of noun stems in the same subdialect and in the speech of the informant decreases unevenly as one moves from the southwest of the country towards the north. Furthermore, the accentuation variants of feminine nouns are used in a smaller area than those of masculine nouns.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"68 1","pages":"125-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44967183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nominalphrasen aus rezeptiver Sicht. Zur Relevanz der Behandlung einer vernachlässigten Kategorie in DaF-Lernergrammatiken","authors":"Arash Farhidnia","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2016.10316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2016.10316","url":null,"abstract":"The disposition of grammars for German as a foreign language is dominated by the grammar of the different parts of speech and sentence structure. This arrangement is oriented, at one side, towards the Duden grammar which, up to the sixth edition (1998), practically gives no own place to the phrase as an independent grammatical category; on the other side, it is influenced by the grammar of Helbig & Buscha (2001) in which, since it is a mixture of functional and valency grammar, the category phrase is disregarded. However, the exclusion of phrase as a grammatical category for its own suggests a direct transition from word to sentence and origins ultimately in the concept that a sentence consists of an ordered set of single words. But at the latest, when the conversation turns to the determination of sentence components, learners are confronted with precisely the quantity which is located between the level of the individual word and the sentence and which is, as concerns expandability and diversity, equal to the sentence. Moreover, the recognition of the sentence depends for long stretches on the recognition of the phrase structure. The following article aims (with reference to the discussion of complex noun phrases and their role in the formation of Garden-path- and similar structures) to draw attention on the importance of treatment of noun phrases from the linear point of view and to show some selected aspects which should be treated in learner grammars. It will be shown that the theming of phrase topology will be sufficient for promoting a better understanding of the parts of speech and thus will help the learner to receive (and maybe produce) highly complex structures in German.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"68 1","pages":"7-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44076788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"J. Ledesmos ir M. Daukšos katekizmų įtaka 1605 m. anoniminio katekizmo tekstui","authors":"Anželika Smetonienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2016.10322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2016.10322","url":null,"abstract":"The article compares the relationship between the texts of the Polish Ledesma’s catechism, the catechism of Mikalojus Dauksa and the catechism of 1605. The problem of the source for the Polish translation of Ledesma’s text and, consequently, for the two Lithuanian versions of the catechism is briefly introduced: scholarly opinions differ as to when the Italian original of Ledesma’s catechism was published. Likewise unknown is the exact date of the translation of Ledesma’s catechism into the Polish language. Both Lithuanian translations were accomplished from the Polish Ledesma’s catechism; however, there are significant differences between them. Dauksa was the first to accomplish a translation of such nature into Lithuanian, whereas the anonymous translator of the catechism of 1605 used not only the Polish source, but also Dauksa’s catechism, which had been rendered ten years earlier. Although the relationship between the latter text and the Polish translation as well as the Italian original has already been investigated, the comparison of the catechism of 1605 to the Polish version of Ledesma’s catechism and to the catechism translated by Dauksa still needs to be drawn. The aim of the present article is to compare the three catechisms and to investigate the textual influence of Dauksa’s catechism (which had been published earlier) on the anonymous translation of the catechism of 1605; in other words, to determine whether the catechism of 1605 was translated directly from the Polish catechism of Ledesma, or whether the translator relied more on the text of Dauksa’s catechism; also, to identify the authorial lines of the anonymous author.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"68 1","pages":"148-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42900998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lokalizacijos raiška lietuviškojoje Georgo Wenkerio medžiagoje","authors":"Daiva Kardelytė-Grinevičienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2016.10319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2016.10319","url":null,"abstract":"The present study deals with the expression of localization in the German-Lithuanian translations compiled by George Wenker in the years 1879 to 1890 in the villages of Minor Lithuania, which used to be part of the German territory. The whole corpus of the translations comprises 59 pages; each page contains 40 sentences written in High German and translated into Lithuanian. Since almost half of the German sentences (their overall number is 557) illustrate localization in space, the present study focuses on 14 German sentences exemplifying spatial relations of different complexity and examines their Lithuanian translations. The aim of the study is to investigate the means of expression of spatial relations in the German-Lithuanian translations, to analyze their motivation and authenticity within the framework of cognitive semantics, namely the theory of meaning construction and interpretation. A comparative method is applied in order to identify the authenticity of the means of expression. In the first stage of the qualitative analysis a spatial scene was identified and illustrated in a general image schema in the German original sentences. The second stage of the analysis involved the conceptualization of spatial relations and their means of expression in the Lithuanian translations. The study explored the inventory of expressions of localization in the Lithuanian translations, their choice and authenticity. The findings show that the trajector or its movement towards a landmark is realized by prepositional constructions. The latter may co-occur with adverbs specifying spatial relations, which are also attested in the German originals. Place or direction is rarely marked by inessive and illative case. A variety of correspondences found in the Lithuanian translations may be dependent on the complexity of spatial scenes attested in the German originals. Simple spatial scenes involving one or two trajectors or their movement towards a landmark are rendered by prototypical expressions. Specified by additional reference to place in the German originals, they are most frequently translated literally. The translations of complex spatial scenes display the widest variety of correspondences which may represent literal or free translation. Prototypical expressions of localization were chosen when translating simple spatial scenes, whereas literal translation was more common when rendering complex scenes or simple scenes containing additional reference to place. However, literal translation may as well mirror the translatorʼs dialect, which shows alternative expressions of localization.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"68 1","pages":"67-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42109917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mažosios baltų kalbos","authors":"Vytautas Kardelis","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2016.10318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2016.10318","url":null,"abstract":"The present study deals with the identification of minor Baltic languages, namely Yatvingian, Curonian, Semigallian and Selonian. Although this question has received much attention in traditional Baltic studies, close analysis of the empirical data shows that the criteria for distinguishing these languages should be reconsidered. The present study revises the traditional classification of the minor Baltic languages and verifies hypotheses raised in the most important works by Būga (1958–1961), Dini (2000; 2014), Kabelka (1982), Karaliūnas (2015), Mažiulis (1994), Salys (1995), Zinkevicius (1984) and the Encyclopedia of the Lithuanian Language (2008). The question arises whether the minor Baltic languages could be distinguished on the basis of features discussed in the literature. Thorough analysis of their distinctive features and the prominence of the latter (see Figure 7) show absence of reliable linguistic data and clear arguments which would allow us to make a distinction between Yatvingian, Curonian, Semigallian and Selonian. The present study verifies the role of historical regions, place names and Lithuanian dialects in distinguishing these languages. Historical regions are not a reliable criterion because some Baltic tribes and areas had apparently independent languages, while other tribes and areas did not. Similarly, place names, recorded in Lithuanian and Latvian subdialects, cannot be regarded as a reliable criterion because the linguistic evidence they provide for the identity of these languages is insufficient. Individual place names should be thoroughly analyzed on the basis of archeological, historical, sociolinguistic and migration data, though these data may be difficult to obtain. The features of Lithuanian dialects and their geography, which should also be considered from a typological perspective, unfold from the substratum theory of the minor Baltic “languages”. Revision of the traditional classification of the minor Baltic languages yields paradoxical results. Firstly, distinguishing these languages on the basis of phonetic features, which turn out to be unreliable, seems to be inadequate. Secondly, today Lithuanian Baltic studies tend to emphasize the archaic character of the Baltic languages, which naturally implies stability, slow change, etc. However, emphasis on the archaic character of the Baltic languages implies not only differentiation of the minor Baltic languages but also considerable differentiation of the Lithuanian dialects (see Zinkevicius 1984, 9; 2006, 17). The results obtained are clearly contradictory. Analysis of the minor Baltic “languages” should combine both typophobic and typophilial1 approach. The former identifies differences and explores individual features, whereas the latter identifies similarities, establishes relations between entities and draws generalizations. Typophilial approach unavoidably leads to the typological research into Lithuanian and Latvian, the surviving Baltic languages. Both ","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"68 1","pages":"42-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lietuvių tada ir anglų then daugiafunkciškumas sakytinėje kalboje: tarpkalbinė analizė","authors":"Indrė Makauskaitė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2016.10320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2016.10320","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines the multifunctionality of the Lithuanian tada and the corresponding English then. The aim of the analysis is to compare their semantic and functional behaviour in spoken discourse. In English and Lithuanian dictionaries, the meanings of tada and then differ: Lithuanian dictionaries only provide definitions related to time and result, whereas English dictionaries offer a few pragmatic meanings alongside the meanings of time and result. This raises the question of whether the Lithuanian adverbial tada possesses any pragmatic meanings. Several studies have closely analysed then as both a temporal adverbial and as a discourse marker but there have been no studies to date of tada as a discourse marker. The process of a predication adverbial turning into a sentence adverbial and then into a discourse marker is common in many languages and, as such, this transformation may be considered universal. One of the aims of the paper is to verify if this adverbial cline exists in the Lithuanian language. The analysis is corpus-based and the data are obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and the British National Corpus.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"68 1","pages":"96-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42530134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imperatyvinės kilmės diskurso markeriai lietuvių kalboje: klausyk ir žiūrėk atvejis","authors":"Erika Jasionytė-Mikučionienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2016.10317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2016.10317","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper deals with the imperatives of intentional visual as well as auditory perception as pragmatic markers in Lithuanian. The pragmatic functions of the imperative forms of the Lithuanian perception verbs have not been examined yet. Thus, the aim of the paper is to explore the frequency of the imperatives klausyk ‘listen’ and žiūrėk ‘look’ and the way in which they are used. The data have been collected from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely its subcorpus of fiction texts. The study shows that the Lithuanian imperatives of intentional visual as well as auditory perception are multifunctional and exhibit a variety of functions: the directive to listen or to look, the attention-getting device, the argumentation marker, the directive to consider, the interruptive directive and others. The uses that the imperatives under study share are: the directive to listen or to look, the attention-getting device, the directive to change the topic and the argumentation marker. Besides the functions mentioned above, the imperative of intentional visual perception is used to express the speaker’s contradiction to what is said. The imperative of intentional auditory perception, by contrast, cannot fulfil this function. In the subcorpus of fiction texts, the number of the occurrences of the imperative žiūrėk ‘look’ is larger than the number of the occurrences of the imperative klausyk ‘listen’. The relatively higher frequency of žiūrėk ‘look’ correlates with a wider range of uses. As a pragmatic marker, the Lithuanian žiūrėk ‘look’ is most typical as the expressive directive that conveys the speaker’s stance toward visually accessible information or the interlocutor’s speech. Žiūrėk ‘look’ as an attention-getter or an argumentation marker is not as typical as its correspondences in other languages. However, in contrast to its auditory counterpart, the imperative of intentional visual perception retains more of its lexical meaning and its imperative use can be based on such lexical readings as ‘to think, imagine’, ‘to take care of somebody’ or others. Klausyk ‘listen’ in its turn is more typically pragmatic. It most often serves as an attention-getting device by which the speaker seeks to obtain the addressee’s attention. As an attention-getter, klausyk ‘listen’ usually appears in a clause-initial position and it is usually followed by questions.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"68 1","pages":"23-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48754437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seimo posėdžių stenogramų tekstynas autorystės nustatymo bei autoriaus profilio sudarymo tyrimams","authors":"Jurgita Kapočiūtė-Dzikienė, Andrius Utka, Ligita Šarkutė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2014.7674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2014.7674","url":null,"abstract":"In our paper we present a corpus of transcribed Lithuanian parliamentary speeches. The corpus is prepared in a specific format, appropriate for different authorship identification tasks. The corpus consists of approximately 111 thousand texts (24 million words). Each text matches one parliamentary speech produced during an ordinary session from the period of 7 parliamentary terms starting on March 10, 1990 and ending on December 23, 2013. The texts are grouped into 147 categories corresponding to individual authors, therefore they can be used for authorship attribution tasks; besides, these texts are also grouped according to age, gender and political views, therefore they are also suitable for author profiling tasks. Whereas short texts complicate recognition of author speaking style and are ambiguous in relation to the style of other authors, we incorporated only texts containing not less than 100 words into the corpus. In order to make each category as comprehensive and representative as possible, we included only those authors, who produced speeches at least 200 times. All the texts are lemmatized, morphologically and syntactically annotated, tokenized into the character n-grams. The statistical information of the corpus is also available. We have also demonstrated that the created corpus can be effectively used in authorship attribution and author profiling tasks with supervised machine learning methods. The corpus structure also allows using it with unsupervised machine learning methods and can be used for creation of rule-based methods, as well as in different linguistic analyses.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"66 1","pages":"27-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Politinė eufemizacija publicistinių straipsnių antraštėse","authors":"Irena Smetonienė, Danutė Daučiūnaitė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2014.7678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2014.7678","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of realizations of euphemization in political discourse. Its focus is on news article headlines. The language data under study have been collected from the Internet news websites published in 2013–2014. The aim of the paper is twofold: to give an overview of recent cases of euphemization in news headlines, and to define functions, purpose and means of euphemization. The most frequently euphemized topics this year have been found to be war, military actions in different countries, politics and economics. The analysis of the news article headlines has showed that one of the main purposes of euphemization of social problems and political issues is to veil and cover up the real names of such phenomena as military actions, massacre, preparation for war, rising prices, unsuitable behavior of various officials, conflicts between leading politicians, bad economic conditions. The sub-topics of euphemization are concerned with the criticism of the behaviour of government leaders, leading politicians who are claimed to have violated ethics, who are arrogant, corrupt and dishonest. The semantics of euphemisms is best reflected describing them according to the means of euphemization, which are generalization, conceptual metaphorization, choice of international terms, periphrasis, pronominalization and litotes. Political euphemisms are part and parcel of the world of diplomacy, international and internal policy; politically correct language is crucial in today’s mass media communication. It seeks to avoid conflict and antagonism, reduce panic and anxiety, and to disguise unpleasant news.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"66 1","pages":"120-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation in discussion sessions of conference presentations: theoretical foundations for a multimodal analysis","authors":"M. Querol-Julián, I. Fortanet-Gómez","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2014.7676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2014.7676","url":null,"abstract":"Discussions sessions have not received much attention within the genre of conference presentations. In this paper, we present the theoretical framework that underlies the approach followed to analyse the multimodal expression of evaluation. Then, an example of the application of the study has been considered necessary to understand it. Corpus linguistics provided the indications to collect the corpus, annotate it and find the appropriate software to digitalise the relevant information for the study. Secondly, genre studies and conversational analysis gave the clues to establish a structure in the linguistic expressions found in the discussion sessions of paper presentations. Thirdly, systemic functional linguistics and pragmatics provided the basis for an evaluative scheme that could be applied to the academic discourse of the corpus, considering its multimodal nature. Fourthly, the tools to observe the non-verbal communication associated with evaluative language were found in multimodal discourse analysis studies. All together, the application of these variables led to an original study of discussion sessions, which deployed interesting results.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"66 1","pages":"77-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}