KalbotyraPub Date : 2016-03-30DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2014.7673
Ineta Dabašinskienė, Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė
{"title":"Šalutiniai pažyminio sakiniai: kodėl vaikams sunku juos suprasti?","authors":"Ineta Dabašinskienė, Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2014.7673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2014.7673","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to describe and interpret the results of testing the speech of Lithuanian children in order to find out whether language-specific features of Lithuanian as a highly inflected language help children grasp the complex syntactic relations between the subject and the object in relative clauses. The investigation has been aimed to test the hypothesis to the effect that depending on the language type, object relative clauses are more difficult to acquire than subject relative clauses (Guasti, Cardinaletti 2003; Utzeri 2007; Brandt, Diessel, Tomasello 2008; O’Grady, Kim, Lee et al. 2011; Benţea 2012). The findings of the research support the hypothesis that relative clauses as objects (the OO type) are more difficult to grasp than those that function as subjects (OS). This claim has been statistically confirmed in the group of 3 – 4.5 year-olds, which had a big difficulty in perceiving the difference between relative clauses functioning as subjects or objects. These findings are in line with claims related to other languages, which demonstrate that children in early childhood, distinguishing between OS or OO, misinterpret the OO type more often (Guasti, Stavrakaki, Arosio 2008). However, when an unusual, strange situation is described, or an unfamiliar verb is used, children tend to assign the same syntactic function to the head noun and the relative pronoun; in such cases the OS clause is interpreted as the OO type. This tendency also supports the parallel-function hypothesis advanced by Tavakolian (1981). In later years children already perceive the difference between the OS and OO type relative clauses, but in a pre-school period misinterpretations of the OO type are quite numerous. Children of schooling age, on the other hand, have no difficulty in interpreting this difference correctly. The results of the present study confirm the assertion that older children grasp the functions of relative clauses and interpret complex structures more easily: they gradually realize that there are two different propositions conveyed in the main and the subordinate clause. It is assumed that children understand and start using relative clauses when their language processing skills have improved, and this happens while they are getting older. In addition to language processing skills, it is important to pay due attention to the frequency of usage principle. Our research findings show that subject relative clauses are more frequent in child-directed speech, and they also appear earlier in a spontaneous child language than object clauses; this is exactly what influences an easier perception of subject relative clauses. Semantic and pragmatic factors have to be mentioned as well: while acquiring a language, children master those grammatical structures where a particular form correlates with a particular meaning more easily (Diessel, Tomassello 2000). It might be assumed that an inflectional system of Lithuanian enables children to easier interpret the ","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"66 1","pages":"7-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2016-03-30DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2014.7675
Virginija Masiulionytė
{"title":"Zum Ausdruck der Bewertung in deutschen und litauischen gerichtlichen Entscheidungen","authors":"Virginija Masiulionytė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2014.7675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2014.7675","url":null,"abstract":"In diesem kontrastiv ausgerichteten Beitrag werden bewertende Ausdrucke in deutschen und litauischen Gerichtsurteilen in Zivilsachen behandelt. Als Belegkorpus dienen jeweils 10 deutsche und litauische Urteile, die von unterschiedlichen Gerichten erlassen worden sind und unterschiedliche Gegenstande haben. Unter Bewertung wird dabei das Ergebnis des Bewertungsprozesses verstanden, d. h. lexikalische und grammatische Mittel, durch die die Einstellung des Gerichts – des bewertenden Subjekts in dieser Textsorte – zu bestimmten Bewertungsobjekten zum Ausdruck kommt. Das Hauptaugenmerk gilt dabei den Bewertungsaspekten, d. h. den Merkmalen, die den Bewertungsobjekten von dem bewertenden Subjekt zugesprochen werden, sowie ihrem sprachlichen Ausdruck. Fakultative Elemente der Bewertung, etwa ihre Motivierung und Mittel zu ihrer Verstarkung bzw. Abschwachung, werden auch untersucht. Ferner behandelt der Beitrag auch sprachliche Mittel zur Indizierung dessen, dass ein bestimmter Sachverhalt in dieser konkreten Rechtssache irrelevant ist und aus diesem Grund nicht bewertet werden muss.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"63 1","pages":"46-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66941987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2016-03-30DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2014.7677
Benita Riaubienė
{"title":"Pozicijos konstrukcijos: tarp depiktyvų ir rezultatyvų","authors":"Benita Riaubienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2014.7677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2014.7677","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines Lithuanian posture constructions such as stovi stacias ‘stands uprightʼ which have been briefly discussed in Holvoet (2008). However, a more exhaustive examination has not been carried out yet. The discussion is based on 1002 examples from The Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language . Some of the secondary predicates occurring in posture constructions exhibit semantic features of either resultatives or depictives, while the others cannot be clearly judged as resultatives or depictives since they show both kinds of features. The encoding of the secondary predicates also oscillates between the depictive and the resultative marking. Thus the purpose of the paper is to establish the factors which determine different semantic interpretations and different formal marking of the construction. The author follows Holvoet (2008) in assuming that the semantic structure of the constructions depends on the semantic features of the verb. It is proposed that the lexical aspect and the lexical meaning of the verb determine a resultative, a depictive or a “neutralized” (“intermediate”) interpretation of the construction. As the data show, the secondary predicate is usually encoded by an adjective (depictive-like marking), however, sometimes it is expressed by an adverb (resultative-like marking) as well. It is assumed that the choice between the adjective and the adverb is determined by the lexical features of the secondary predicate rather than of the verb. Some of the posture notions seem to be more oriented towards the participant of an event and thus opt to be expressed by an adjective, while others are more oriented towards the event and therefore are encoded by an adverb. It is hypothesized that the reason for the oscillating marking lies in the constructions with a neutralized meaning. The cases which are ambiguous between the depictive and the resultative meaning constitute a precondition for establishing the double marking. This twofold marking is then extended to the constructions which carry clearly the depictive or the resultative meaning.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"66 1","pages":"99-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2015-12-16DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2015.8943
Rūta Petrauskaitė, Jolanta Šinkūnienė
{"title":"Dar kartą apie intertekstualumą. Ką jis sako apie mokslinį tekstą? | Intertextuality in research writing revisited","authors":"Rūta Petrauskaitė, Jolanta Šinkūnienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2015.8943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2015.8943","url":null,"abstract":"Intertextuality, or the link between two texts, has long been recognized as a very important part of research writing. Citations in particular have attracted much attention both from applied linguists and from bibliometricians. Citation indexes have now become an inseparable part of research evaluation which, in its turn, plays the key role in research funding. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that evaluation based on citation indexes as the main criteria for financing and scientific awards has received a widespread dissatisfaction, primarily because it often fails to take into account the breadth and variety of disciplinary approaches. In order to shed light on citation practices and their suitability for research evaluation, scientists have been approaching citations from both scientometric and linguistic perspectives. Much has been done in the field, including research on self-citation and its impact on citation indexes, a variety of attempts to classify citations, sentiment analysis for citation polarity and automatic citation strength estimation, inter alia. Most of these works, however, are based on data from one discipline or compare two clearly contrasting science areas, such as the so called “hard” and “soft” sciences. There are far less studies that offer an indepth view of how citation works in closer disciplines as well as in research cultures other than English. Based on two PhD dissertations written by Lithuanian young scholars in sociology and cultural studies, this paper analyzes a variety of quantitative and qualitative citation aspects, such as citation density, year of publication and its type, integral/non integral distinction, level of detail, number of citations at one reference point, type & token ratio adapted to citations, the distribution of citations in theoretical and practical parts of the dissertations. The results reveal clear disciplinary differences in the use of citation. The cultural studies dissertation uses more direct quotes than the sociology dissertation, with integral references dominating and thus allowing to place more emphasis on the cited author rather than on the information. Conversely, non-integral referencing prevails in the sociology dissertation with less detailed reference to sources used. Books are the most popular type of reference source in the cultural studies dissertation, while the sociology dissertation relies more on research articles. If automatized, the analytical model adopted in this paper could serve as a fast and useful tool for the initial evaluation of student papers, research articles submitted to research journals, etc. The citation patters of a new work can be matched against prevailing citation trends in the discipline and reveal how adequately the new work is embedded in literature.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"1 1","pages":"67-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2015-12-16DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2015.8944
M. Ruiz-Garrido, J. Palmer-Silveira
{"title":"Authentic materials in the Business English classroom: Annual Reports","authors":"M. Ruiz-Garrido, J. Palmer-Silveira","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2015.8944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2015.8944","url":null,"abstract":"International firms are interested in getting the best possible professionals, those who are able to communicate accurately at the workplace. To help them, the use of authentic materials in the classroom can enhance students’ options to succeed in their prospective working environment. From a genre-based perspective, annual reports can be useful for that purpose, as they offer a real corporate image of the companies, helping students to understand better how firms work. This paper shows a practical implementation of three activities that are carried out among three different groups of students at a Spanish public university to promote their communicative skills. To do so we have followed a multimodal approach, so that our students can experience, conceptualize and apply meaning to a genre (annual report), completing some tasks in which they have to communicate in English the information appearing in those texts. The final pedagogical recommendations enhance the benefits of using authentic materials in the English for business communication classroom. The combination of multimodality and genre-based pedagogy lead students to understand the current meaning construction in professional settings.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"67 1","pages":"86-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2015-12-16DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2015.8942
Silvia Molina-Plaza
{"title":"Verbal and Non-Verbal Markers of Root Modality in EU Maritime Affairs and Fisheries vs. Agriculture and Rural Development Reports and Studies: An Overview","authors":"Silvia Molina-Plaza","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2015.8942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2015.8942","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines different options used by writers in reports and studies to control information from two departments of the European Commission: EU Maritime Affairs and Fisheries and Agriculture and Rural Development, using the web as corpus. These two Directorates or Commissions have the power of initiative, are responsible for policy formulation and policy implementation. Two comparable sub-corpora of reports and studies have been selected from the two Directorates. Fifteen markers related to key areas of root modal expression are presented: modal-evaluative adjectives like essential, necessary, suitable and appropriate (Van linden 2012); the semi- modals (e.g. have to, be able to, be supposed to, need to) (Leech et al. 2009); the emerging modal want to (Verplaetse 2010) and expressions with comparative adverbs (e.g. had better, would rather) (van der Auwera et al. 2013). The study of these markers reveals that shared norms and action in these two EU areas are constantly collectively established. Root modals are one of the rhetorical strategies of legitimization and persuasion used in EU’s political discourse by the different parties involved.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"80 1","pages":"45-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2015-12-16DOI: 10.15388/Klbt.2015.8941
Erika Jasionytė-Mikučionienė
{"title":"Akvizityviniai veiksmažodžiai gauti ir tekti senuosiuose XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštuose | Acquisitive verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ in the 16th–17th century texts of Old Lithuanian","authors":"Erika Jasionytė-Mikučionienė","doi":"10.15388/Klbt.2015.8941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/Klbt.2015.8941","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper deals with the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ as a means of acquisitive modality in the 16th–17th century texts of Old Lithuanian. The realizations of acquisitive modality in Old Lithuanian have not been examined yet. Thus, the aim of the paper is to explore the use of the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ in the selected Old Lithuanian texts and to discuss the potential direction of the development of their modal meanings. The study of the Old Lithuanian writings shows that both verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ are most frequently used as non-modal verbs in Old Lithuanian. The verb gauti ‘get’ typically comes in personal constructions, while the verb tekti ‘be gotten’ appears in impersonal as well as personal constructions. The Lithuanian verbs under consideration denote acquisition in the constructional patterns with NP as their grammatical object. However, the thorough analysis of the verbs in the selected texts also reveals evidence of their modal use. The modal meanings of the verbs under study are prominent in constructions with an infinitival complement. Both acquisitive verbs allow modal readings with transitive as well as intransitive verb complements. Gauti ‘get’ functions as a modal verb more frequently than tekti ‘be gotten’. The few modal instances of the latter have been found only in non-original texts. Moreover, the verb tekti ‘be gotten’ can express participant-external modality only (possibility or necessity). However, since the examples of modal tekti ‘be gotten’ come from the translations from Polish, the influence of the source language should not be overlooked. In contrast, the verb gauti ‘get’ functions as a modal verb in both original and non-original Lithuanian texts, and it expresses actualized possibility, participant-internal and participant-external possibility. It was noticed that the participant-external use is more frequent than the participant-internal one. Since in Contemporary Lithuanian gauti ‘get’ is specialized for expressing participant-external modality, we may assume that participant-internal possibility might have disappeared over time. It is also worth to note that in the texts under analysis gauti ‘get’ does not display the modal meaning of necessity, which is a frequent use of the verb in Contemporary Lithuanian. Thus, its meaning of modal necessity may have developed later than the meaning of possibility. Moreover, it has been observed that gauti ‘get’ typically occurs as a modal verb in the texts published in Minor Lithuania.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"67 1","pages":"24-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2015-12-16DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2015.8945
Anna Ruskan
{"title":"Evidential adverbials in Lithuanian: a corpus-based study","authors":"Anna Ruskan","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2015.8945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2015.8945","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines the functional distribution of the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiskiai ‘clearly’, ryskiai ‘visibly/clearly’, tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ and aisku ‘clearly/of course’ in Lithuanian fiction and academic discourse. The aim of the study is to identify the evidential and/or pragmatic functions of perception and communication-based adverbials which can be traced synchronically to different syntactic environment (a predication manner adverbial and a CTP clause). The paper examines the frequency of these adverbials, their position, scope, functions, co-occurrence with argumentative markers, word class (adverb or non-agreeing adjective) and the type of discourse they occur in. The research is conducted by applying a corpus-based methodology and the data are obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely from the subcorpus of fiction, and the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The perception-based adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiskiai ‘clearly’, ryskiai ‘clearly/visibly’ and aisku ‘clearly/of course’ denote inferences drawn from perceptual and conceptual evidence and contribute to persuasive authorial argumentation, while the communication-based adverbial tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ functions as a hearsay marker. The latter may also be used as an epistemic marker which refers to unreal or imagined situations. In contexts of common knowledge, the adverbial aisku ‘clearly/of course’ acquires interactional and textual functions and thus reveals traces of pragmaticalisation. In academic discourse, it signals interaction with the addressee and links units of discourse, while in fiction it functions as a speech act modifier in a variety of emotive contexts. The pragmaticalisation of aisku ‘clearly/of course’ is also marked by its high frequency, positional mobility (initial, medial, final) and scopal variability (clausal, phrasal). Alongside its discrete evidential and pragmatic functions, the adverbial aisku ‘clearly/of course’ displays the merger of the two functions. The adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiskiai ‘clearly’, ryskiai ‘visibly/clearly’ and tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ do not acquire a pragmatic function, which is indicated by their frequency and position. The results of the present study corroborate the findings of previous studies that common sources of evidential adverbials and pragmatic markers in Lithuanian are verb-based, adjective-based and noun-based CTP clauses.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"67 1","pages":"104-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2015-12-16DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2015.8946
Jolanta Šinkūnienė
{"title":"Neepisteminis modalumas lietuvių ir anglų mokslo kalboje: kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai vartosenos ypatumai | Nonepistemic modality in English and Lithuanian academic discourse: quantitative and qualitative perspectives","authors":"Jolanta Šinkūnienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2015.8946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2015.8946","url":null,"abstract":"Straipsnyje aptariamas modalinių veiksmažodžių should ir turėti kiekybinis pasiskirstymas humanitarinių ir (bio)medicinos mokslo sricių tekstuose lietuvių ir anglų kalbomis ir sių veiksmažodžių atliekamos funkcijos, kai jie vartojami neepistemine reiksme. Analizei naudojamas Siuolaikinės amerikiecių anglų kalbos tekstynas (COCA) ir Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas CorALit. Kiekybinės analizės rezultatai rodo, kad turėti yra vienodai dažnas abiejose mokslo srityse, jose taip pat vyrauja teigiamos turėti formos. Humanitarinių mokslų tekstuose posesyvinis ir modalinis turėti pasiskirsto maždaug tolygiai, biomedicinos mokslų diskurse dažnesnė posesyvinė turėti vartosena. Abiejose mokslo srityse dažniausiai vartojama turėti forma yra treciojo asmens. Anglakalbių autorių mokslo kalboje should dažniau renkasi medicinos srities mokslininkai, nei humanitarai. Analizuojamų veiksmažodžių dažnio palyginimas su must ir privalėti kiekybine vartosena rodo, kad must vartojamas beveik vienodai dažnai kaip ir should humanitarų tekstuose, taciau ženkliai reciau medicinos srities tekstuose, kur dominuoja should. Tai gali būti siejama su dažna rekomendacine should atliekama funkcija medikų moksliniame diskurse. Lietuvių mokslo kalboje privalėti yra beveik nevartojamas. Kokybinė neepisteminių should ir turėti vartosenos atvejų analizė atskleidė keturis should ir turėti funkcinius tipus: abu veiksmažodžiai gali būti panaudojami reiksti moralinį į(si)-pareigojimą, teikti rekomendacijas, duoti instrukcijas, ir organizuoti diskursą.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"67 1","pages":"131-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KalbotyraPub Date : 2015-12-16DOI: 10.15388/KLBT.2015.8947
Audronė Šolienė
{"title":"Multifunctionality of modal markers:Lithuanian epistemic adverbials gal and galbūt ‘perhaps/maybe’ vs. their translational correspondences","authors":"Audronė Šolienė","doi":"10.15388/KLBT.2015.8947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/KLBT.2015.8947","url":null,"abstract":"Straipsnyje nagrinėjama lietuvių kalbos adverbialų gal ir galbūt kiekybinė ir kokybinė distribucija skirtinguose diskurso tipuose (snekamoji kalba, grožinė literatūra, akademinė kalba). Tyrimo tikslas yra aptarti lietuvių kalbos adverbialų gal ir galbūt ir jų atitikmenų anglų kalboje multifunkcionalumo aspektus. Straipsnyje pateikiama kiekybinė ir kokybinė sių adverbialų analizė. Sių lietuvių kalbos adverbialų vartosena dar iki siol nebuvo aptarta pasitelkiant įvairių tekstynų teikiamomis galimybėmis. Tyrimas remiasi tekstynų inspiruota metodologija – empirinė medžiaga yra paimta is dvikrypcio lygiagreciojo tekstyno ParaCorpEN→LT→EN, Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstyno CorALit ir is Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno. Kiekybinė analizė atskleidžia, kad gal dominuoja visuose diskurso tipuose. Sis adverbialas vartojamas dvigubai dažniau nei galbūt. Tirti adverbialai gana dažnai figūruoja grožinės literatūros tekstuose, taciau prototipinė jų vartosena yra būdinga snekamajai kalbai. Tuo tarpu akademiniuose tekstuose gal ir galbūt nėra dažni ir vartojami panasiai: jų vartosenos dažnis beveik sutampa. Tai galėtų rodyti, kad mokslinių tekstų autoriai pasitelkia kitas lingvistines priemones savo kaip autorių požiūriui reiksti, yra linke prisiimti atsakomybe už savo teiginių teisingumą ir retai jais abejoja. Atlikta sių adverbialų kokybinė ir kiekybinė analizė parodė, kad jie yra įvairialypiai ir gali atlikti keletą funkcijų. Prototipiskai jie kvalifikuoja propoziciją episteminiu aspektu, taciau be sios funkcijos gali atlikti ir keletą kitų: aproksimatoriaus, sąsvelnio, klausiamosios dalelytės ir nefaktiskumo žymiklių episteminuose sąrasuose (angl. epistemic lists). Akivaizdu, kad gal yra funkciskai lankstesnis nei galbūt: pastarasis adverbialas nebuvo vartojamas kaip klausiamoji dalelytė. Taciau svarbu pažymėti, kad abu adverbialai be savo prototipinės episteminės reiksmės įvairiuose diskursuose įgyja ir kitų, su autoriaus požiūriu nesiejamų, funkcijų ir yra linke pragmatiskėti.","PeriodicalId":30274,"journal":{"name":"Kalbotyra","volume":"67 1","pages":"155-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66942507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}