Small Science最新文献_第8页

Engineering Interfacial Built-In Electric Fields via Work Function Matching Enables Photocoupled Osmotic Energy Recovery From Saline Dye Wastewater. 通过功函数匹配的工程界面内置电场实现了含盐染料废水的光耦合渗透能回收。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-23 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70345

Weixiang Tao, Peifang Wang, Gang Zhou, Yanhui Ao, Jie Wang, Yusuke Yamauchi

{"title":"Engineering Interfacial Built-In Electric Fields via Work Function Matching Enables Photocoupled Osmotic Energy Recovery From Saline Dye Wastewater.","authors":"Weixiang Tao, Peifang Wang, Gang Zhou, Yanhui Ao, Jie Wang, Yusuke Yamauchi","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70345","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70345","url":null,"abstract":"Osmotic energy conversion offers a sustainable route to harvest electricity from salinity gradients. Beyond natural seawater/riverwater systems, saline waste streams rich in dissolved ions and persistent organic pollutants remain an underutilized resource for simultaneous energy recovery and remediation. Here, we report an asymmetric MoS2/oxygen-doped ZIF-8 membrane (MS-ZIF-A) that incorporates a built-in electric field (IEF) to accelerate selective ion transport and enhance osmotic energy conversion. Work function matching between the functional layers optimizes interfacial band alignment, strengthening the internal driving force for ion migration and enabling a peak power density of 9.4 W m-2 under a 50-fold NaCl salinity gradient. In simulated industrial wastewater containing NaCl and RhB, the membrane delivers power densities of up to 30 W m-2 while concurrently degrading organic pollutants. These results establish work function engineering as an effective strategy to construct interfacial IEF in asymmetric membranes, providing a general design principle for high-performance blue-energy devices and offering a promising route toward energy-positive treatment of saline wastewater.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70345"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13410391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148621586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advances in Polyethyleneimine-Derived Nanoformulations. 聚乙烯亚胺衍生纳米配方的研究进展。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-23 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70330

Mohamed S Attia, Mariusz Skwarczynski, Waleed M Hussein

{"title":"Advances in Polyethyleneimine-Derived Nanoformulations.","authors":"Mohamed S Attia, Mariusz Skwarczynski, Waleed M Hussein","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70330","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70330","url":null,"abstract":"Formulations derived from polyethyleneimine (PEI) serve as versatile and efficient vehicles for the delivery of genes, drugs, and vaccines that are low-immunogenic and viable alternatives to viral vectors. PEI ensures efficient endosomal escape, preventing the therapeutic cargo from degradation, enhancing uptake, and facilitating effective cytoplasmic release via the proton sponge effect. By combining PEI with tailor-made delivery vehicles, such as polymeric assemblies, lipid-based systems, and inorganic nanomaterials, enhanced targeting, safety, and therapeutic efficacy can be accomplished. PEI-based systems are capable of delivering a wide range of drugs; in particular, they are suited to delivering drugs with a negative charge. A further function of PEI is to activate antigen-presenting cells and stimulate cytokine production in order to enable the delivery of vaccines. In spite of the promise of PEI-based formulations, biocompatibility remains a substantial concern. The most effective ways to increase PEI biocompatibility include optimizing charge density, molecular weight, and branching, developing targeted and responsive delivery systems, and using chemical modifications. To pave the way for future clinical applications, we discuss strategies to increase PEI safety, as well as recent advances and prospects in PEI-based delivery approaches for gene, drug, and vaccine delivery.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70330"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13410413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148621589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interfacial Regulation by a NiO _x Overlayer Enables Enhanced Near-Infrared Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. NiO x覆盖层的界面调节使近红外光电化学水分解增强。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-23 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70346

Xiao-Feng Shen, Kyle J Stephens, Dengyao Yang, Nick A Shepelin, Kuan-Ting Wu, Kazuto Hatakeyama, Daniele Pergolesi, Shintaro Ida, Motonori Watanabe, Thomas Lippert

{"title":"Interfacial Regulation by a NiO x Overlayer Enables Enhanced Near-Infrared Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting.","authors":"Xiao-Feng Shen, Kyle J Stephens, Dengyao Yang, Nick A Shepelin, Kuan-Ting Wu, Kazuto Hatakeyama, Daniele Pergolesi, Shintaro Ida, Motonori Watanabe, Thomas Lippert","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70346","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70346","url":null,"abstract":"Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting provides a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen production. However, the inefficient use of near-infrared (NIR) light, which accounts for nearly half of the solar spectrum, remains a major limitation to overall energy conversion efficiency. Here, we present a NIR-responsive dye-sensitized photoanode enabled by a boron-dipyrromethene-carbazole-based organic sensitizer (1), combined with a thin NiO x overlayer that acts as both an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) cocatalyst and an interface regulator. The NiO x layer, deposited via low-temperature pulsed laser deposition, exhibits low crystallinity and mixed Ni2+/Ni3+ valence states, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Adding the NiO x overlayer results in a 1.9-fold increase in photocurrent density and significantly better photostability. Electrochemical testing indicates that NiO x alters interfacial charge-transfer kinetics and the local electrochemical environment, thereby improving carrier utilization and reaction efficiency. The multilayer photoanode retains a measurable photocurrent response at 850 nm, demonstrating its capability to extend PEC activity into the NIR region. This work elucidates the synergistic functions of NiO x in interfacial charge regulation and catalytic kinetics, offering a viable strategy for NIR-driven solar fuel conversion. Additionally, it establishes the longest-wavelength photoelectrocatalytic performance reported to date for non-noble-metal dye-sensitized systems.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70346"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13410517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148621709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Erratum: Correction to "Electrospun Poly(caprolactone)/Poly(ethylene oxide) Membranes Incorporating Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Wound Healing Applications". 更正：“含有绿色合成氧化锌纳米粒子的电纺丝聚（己内酯）/聚（环氧乙烷）膜用于增强伤口愈合应用”。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-22 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70343

引用次数: 0

Upconverting Nanoparticles for Bimodal Luminescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Langerhans Islets. 上转换纳米粒子用于朗格汉斯胰岛双峰发光和磁共振成像。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-16 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70344

Oleksandr Shapoval, Daniel Jirák, Zuzana Berková, Miroslav Šlouf, Olga Kočková, Hana Engstová, Aminadav Halili, David Červený, Petr Ježek, Daniel Horák

{"title":"Upconverting Nanoparticles for Bimodal Luminescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Langerhans Islets.","authors":"Oleksandr Shapoval, Daniel Jirák, Zuzana Berková, Miroslav Šlouf, Olga Kočková, Hana Engstová, Aminadav Halili, David Červený, Petr Ježek, Daniel Horák","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70344","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70344","url":null,"abstract":"Combining luminescence with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive approach that significantly improves detection sensitivity and diagnostic precision for severe diseases. In diabetes care, this approach considerably broadens the possibilities for monitoring of Langerhans islet transplantation by improving their detectability and quantification within existing imaging modalities, including MRI. To realize this concept, upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) appear particularly promising, providing bimodal MRI and luminescence with the ability of near-infrared (NIR) light to penetrate deep into tissues. In this work, novel monodisperse dumbbell-shaped core-shell UCNPs (CS-UCNPs) coated with poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) are developed for the bimodal imaging of Langerhans islets. Codoping of Fe, Yb, and Er ions in the NaYF4 host matrix, along with the presence of NaGdF4:Nd, Yb, Tb shell, increases both r 1 and r 2 relaxivities and upconversion luminescence in the red region, which is suitable for in vivo applications. The biocompatible PMVEMA coating ensures colloidal stability of the particles in aqueous physiological fluids and their nontoxicity. The potential of CS-UCNPs for simultaneous MRI and optical visualization is tested on isolated Langerhans islets. The efficiency of in vivo visualization of CS-UCNP@PMVEMA-labeled Langerhans islets transplanted under the kidney capsule in a rat model is investigated using T 1-, T 2-, and T 2*-weighted MRI sequences.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70344"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Directing Salt-Drop Movement on Mesoporous Silica Films. 介孔二氧化硅膜上盐滴运动的定向。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-16 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70340

Laura Czerwenka, Chirag Hinduja, Lisa Balonier, Rüdiger Berger, Annette Andrieu-Brunsen

{"title":"Directing Salt-Drop Movement on Mesoporous Silica Films.","authors":"Laura Czerwenka, Chirag Hinduja, Lisa Balonier, Rüdiger Berger, Annette Andrieu-Brunsen","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70340","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70340","url":null,"abstract":"Programmable drop sliding on surfaces is of interest for microfluidics, self-cleaning surfaces, water harvesting, or drop nanoreactors. While drop movement along gradients on surfaces or on slippery surfaces has been demonstrated, achieving programmable movement of drops on nanoporous surfaces without structural or chemical gradients requires different mechanisms of symmetry breaking. Using a hydrophilic mesoporous film, we investigate direction-controlled drop sliding of aqueous salt solutions. We observe drop sliding using an aqueous NaCF3SO3 solution drop together with symmetry breaking through local airflow. The direction in which the drop moves is controlled by evaporation-induced, asymmetric salt distribution. We investigate how the macroscopic static contact angle below 10°, the use of a continuous airflow, and varying salt concentrations allow the speed, distance, and direction of the drop to be programmed. The motive force increased with increasing NaCF3SO3 concentration in the drop and reaches 7 µN for 5 µL drops. The tuning of the drop direction and speed, driven by asymmetric airflow and controlled by ion concentration and airflow intensity-induced local evaporation, provides a new perspective and mechanistic approach to programmable fluid drop transport, especially on mesoporous surfaces.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70340"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptides-Based Stealth Materials Enable Enhanced Photothermal Cancer Therapy Using an In Situ Fiber-Based Penetrating Laser System. 基于内在无序多肽的隐身材料使基于光纤的原位穿透激光系统增强光热癌症治疗。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-14 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70342

Kei Nishida, Hiromasa Yamashita, Akira Takahashi, Eijiro Miyako

{"title":"Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptides-Based Stealth Materials Enable Enhanced Photothermal Cancer Therapy Using an In Situ Fiber-Based Penetrating Laser System.","authors":"Kei Nishida, Hiromasa Yamashita, Akira Takahashi, Eijiro Miyako","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70342","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70342","url":null,"abstract":"Photothermal therapy has emerged as a minimally invasive cancer treatment strategy, yet poor nanoparticle (NP) stability, nonspecific accumulation, and inefficient laser delivery to deep tumor tissues markedly limit conventional approaches. Here, we report the rational design of intrinsically disordered polypeptides (IDPs) as next-generation stealth materials for photothermal cancer therapy applications using a novel contact-mode laser irradiation system. IDP1 was computationally designed as a hydrophilic IDP inspired by albumin's primary sequence. IDP1 exhibited an exceptional fourfold prolonged blood circulation half-life (t 1/2 = 150.5 min) relative to PEG (t 1/2 = 17.8 min). IDP1-conjugated lipid NPs encapsulating carbon nanohorns and indocyanine green (IDP1-CNH/ICG) demonstrated efficient tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention effects. We developed a graded-index plastic optical fiber endoscope system with integrated real-time fluorescence imaging capability, enabling image-guided contact-mode near-infrared laser irradiation and achieving superior photothermal conversion compared to conventional noncontact irradiation, representing 27% higher heating efficiency. In Colon26-bearing mice, complete tumor regression occurred within 14 days after single-dose IDP1-CNH/ICG administration combined with contact-mode laser irradiation, without recurrence or systemic toxicity. Overall, this study establishes IDP1 as versatile stealth biomaterials and demonstrates the synergistic potential of advanced NP design with innovative laser delivery systems for effective cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70342"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stimuli-Responsive Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials for Tumor Theranostics: Design Strategies and Biomedical Applications. 肿瘤治疗用刺激反应聚集诱导发射材料：设计策略和生物医学应用。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-13 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70339

Zhaohua Xu, Deyue Kong, Xiaoru Li, Miao Zhu, Haili Yan, Chenyang Zhang, Xiaochun Wang, Duiping Feng, Jiangfeng Du

{"title":"Stimuli-Responsive Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials for Tumor Theranostics: Design Strategies and Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Zhaohua Xu, Deyue Kong, Xiaoru Li, Miao Zhu, Haili Yan, Chenyang Zhang, Xiaochun Wang, Duiping Feng, Jiangfeng Du","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70339","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70339","url":null,"abstract":"Smart-responsive aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials have emerged as promising bio-nanomaterials for tumor diagnosis and therapy due to their enhanced fluorescence in aggregated states, overcoming the aggregation-caused quenching of traditional fluorophores. These materials enable the construction of efficient imaging and therapeutic platforms in complex biological environments. Stimuli-responsive AIE systems can be categorized into pH-, redox-, thermo-, enzyme-responsive, and externally triggered types. Despite significant progress in AIE-based tumor imaging and therapy, critical challenges in their rational design and biomedical application remain insufficiently addressed. This review summarizes recent advances in stimuli-responsive AIE materials for tumor theranostics, focusing on their design strategies, functional mechanisms, and representative applications. Current limitations and future perspectives are also discussed to guide the development of next-generation AIE-based platforms.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70339"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Basic Notions and Innovations in Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment. 电化学高级氧化法在水处理中的基本概念与创新。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-13 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70332

Fida Tanos, Chaimaa Gomri, Clément Trellu, Mehmet A Oturan, Shuaishuai Li, Minghua Zhou, Kehinde D Jayeola, Omotayo A Arotiba, Elisama Vieira Dos Santos, Carlos A Martínez-Huitle, Mikhael Bechelany, Marc Cretin

{"title":"Basic Notions and Innovations in Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment.","authors":"Fida Tanos, Chaimaa Gomri, Clément Trellu, Mehmet A Oturan, Shuaishuai Li, Minghua Zhou, Kehinde D Jayeola, Omotayo A Arotiba, Elisama Vieira Dos Santos, Carlos A Martínez-Huitle, Mikhael Bechelany, Marc Cretin","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70332","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70332","url":null,"abstract":"Natural water bodies are increasingly contaminated by synthetic organic compounds from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. Many of these compounds, for instance, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides, are chemically stable and cannot be efficiently eliminated by the classical wastewater treatment technologies, resulting in their persistence in surface and groundwater. Therefore, innovative strategies are required. Here, we reviewed electrochemical methods, such as anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton, photo-assisted catalysis, and electrochemical activation of persulfate and peroxymonosulfate, to remove recalcitrant organic pollutants from contaminated water. These methods generate reactive species that break down persistent contaminants. As the performance of these methods is affected by operational parameters, such as the type of electrode material, the applied current and the chemical composition of the solution, a fine-tuning of these parameters can enhance the removal efficiency of pollutant from water. We also discuss the contribution of computational modeling methods to obtain mechanistic insights that are crucial for developing and optimizing electrochemical water treatment technologies.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70332"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Programable and Spatially Conforming Assembly of Engineered Living Materials Onto Electrodes via Redox. 通过氧化还原在电极上组装工程生物材料的可编程和空间一致性。

IF 7

Small Science Pub Date : 2026-07-12 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.70331

Chen-Yu Chen, Monica J Chu, Fauziah Rahma Zakaria, Eunkyoung Kim, Divya Muthusamy, Gregory F Payne, William E Bentley

{"title":"Programable and Spatially Conforming Assembly of Engineered Living Materials Onto Electrodes via Redox.","authors":"Chen-Yu Chen, Monica J Chu, Fauziah Rahma Zakaria, Eunkyoung Kim, Divya Muthusamy, Gregory F Payne, William E Bentley","doi":"10.1002/smsc.70331","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.70331","url":null,"abstract":"We developed an electrobiofabrication methodology that assembles well-defined cell/gel formations directly onto electrodes. For this, we oxidatively crosslinked terminal thiols of a 4-arm thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) by the purposeful addition of a ferrocene redox mediator to a PEG/cell assembly solution and the application of an oxidizing charge to an electrode. Because the resulting disulfide bonds are created near the electrode, the crosslinked hydrogel assembly is defined by the electrode dimensions and the time over which the oxidative potential is applied. Results indicate a strong positive correlation between the mediator concentration, the delivered oxidative charge, the number density of cells in the assembly solution and the subsequent gel thickness and density. In all cases tested, the viability of the assembled cells (E. coli bacteria) was near 100%. We further demonstrated a gravity-mediated layering methodology to create spatially defined interfaces, as well as electroassembly onto various conductive materials of nearly arbitrary shape. These results represent a means for electronic or \"programed\" assembly of cell laden hydrogels, enabling further study of cell-cell interactions, cell-device interactions, biosensing, device ⇔ bio communication, and several applications such as electrogenetics wherein cell genetic circuits are actuated by application of electrical potentials using a redox-enabled communication modality.","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"6 7","pages":"e70331"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0