Small SciencePub Date : 2025-04-29eCollection Date: 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400655
Sandro Schöner, Dana Schmidt, Leonie Wildersinn, Stephanie E Wolf, Sebastian Speer, Beatrice Wolff, Arseniy Bokov, Pengfei Cao, Anna Windmüller, Xiaoxuan Chen, Chih-Long Tsai, Fabian Jeschull, Hermann Tempel, Shicheng Yu, Rüdiger-A Eichel
{"title":"Stable Na Deposition/Dissolution Enabled by 3D Bimetallic Carbon Fibers with Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interface.","authors":"Sandro Schöner, Dana Schmidt, Leonie Wildersinn, Stephanie E Wolf, Sebastian Speer, Beatrice Wolff, Arseniy Bokov, Pengfei Cao, Anna Windmüller, Xiaoxuan Chen, Chih-Long Tsai, Fabian Jeschull, Hermann Tempel, Shicheng Yu, Rüdiger-A Eichel","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400655","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202400655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>3D bimetallic carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are promising interlayers for regulating Na deposition/dissolution on the Na metal or directly on current collectors like Cu. However, uncontrollable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth on the interlayer during the repeated Na plating/stripping process leads to low initial Coulombic efficiency (CE), impeding the practical applications of such a protective layer in Na metal batteries. Herein, an artificial SEI-coated interlayer decorated with sodiophilic Ag and sodiophobic Cu on CNF is applied on Cu foil to regulate the Na deposition/dissolution behavior. The artificial SEI, consisting of organic components like RCO<sub>2</sub>Na/RCONa and inorganic reactants Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/Na<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>, minimizes irreversible electrolyte decomposition at the interlayer. The sodiophobic-sodiophilic bimetallic CNF interlayer is lightweight, porous, and mechanically robust. It can guide Na deposition toward the sodiophilic Ag-rich region of the CNF matrix and cluster in the open pores facing the current collector, effectively preventing Na dendrite formation. The interlayer features with artificial SEI synergistically enhance the stability of Na deposition/dissolution on Cu foil, resulting in a high average CE of over 99.5% for 600 cycles spanning 6500 h. Furthermore, post-analysis confirms the high electrochemical stability of the artificial SEI of the interlayer during cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 6","pages":"2400655"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small SciencePub Date : 2025-04-27eCollection Date: 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202500197
{"title":"Correction to \"Exploiting the Warburg Effect: Co-Delivery of Metformin and FOXK2 siRNA for Ovarian Cancer Therapy\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202500197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202500197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202300192.].</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 6","pages":"2500197"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small SciencePub Date : 2025-04-23eCollection Date: 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202500111
Mena-Alexander Kräenbring, Konstantin Bomm, Georg Bendt, Hanna Pazniak, Benjamin Zingsem, Thomas Feggeler, Sebastian Wintz, Simon Kempkens, Marina Spasova, Stephan Schulz, Michael Farle, Ulf Wiedwald
{"title":"Bottom-Up Synthesis of Metallic CoNi Nanoplatelets with Magnetic Vortex-Like Spin Configurations.","authors":"Mena-Alexander Kräenbring, Konstantin Bomm, Georg Bendt, Hanna Pazniak, Benjamin Zingsem, Thomas Feggeler, Sebastian Wintz, Simon Kempkens, Marina Spasova, Stephan Schulz, Michael Farle, Ulf Wiedwald","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202500111","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202500111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic nanoplatelets hold significant potential for various technical applications due to their ability to switch between a fully magnetized state with high magnetization and a vortex-like configuration that eliminates stray fields in the absence of an external field. This study presents the synthesis of uniform CoNi nanoplatelets through the topotactic reduction of metal hydroxides using hydrogen plasma. The reduction process is analyzed via magnetometry, leveraging the transition from paramagnetic hydroxide to ferromagnetic metal. Lorentz transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy confirm the presence of magnetic vortex-like structures in isolated Co<sub>0.85</sub>Ni<sub>0.15</sub> nanoplatelets at ambient temperature. Additionally, micromagnetic simulations are conducted to further explore the magnetic properties of the nanoplatelets, revealing the formation of magnetic vortex remanent states at diameters between 200 nm and 1 μm and a thickness of around 12 nm. Notably, structural defects and thickness variations do not directly destabilize the magnetic vortex configurations.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 7","pages":"2500111"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12257897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small SciencePub Date : 2025-04-21eCollection Date: 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202500058
Chris J Benmore, Leighanne C Gallington, Henry Vu, John G Duman, Brian M Barnes, Todd L Sformo
{"title":"Supercooling of Alaskan Beetle Larvae as a Winter Survival Strategy.","authors":"Chris J Benmore, Leighanne C Gallington, Henry Vu, John G Duman, Brian M Barnes, Todd L Sformo","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202500058","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202500058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insects are able to survive subfreezing temperatures by either limiting ice crystal formation in their bodies or through freeze avoidance. Beetle larvae are able to avoid freezing in winter by dehydrating in the fall months and replacing their body water content with high concentrations of glycerol. This enables the body fluid of the insect to supercool, and even vitrify, recovering unharmed when the temperature warms in the spring. Using nondestructive, high-energy X-ray synchrotron diffraction experiments, direct insight into how cryopreservation occurs at the atomic level within the beetle larvae has been obtained. The results shed light on the molecular-level interactions associated with the mechanism responsible for surviving freezing temperatures. The molecular models of severely dehydrated Alaskan beetle larvae, based on glycerol-water mixtures, yield a total of 4.2 ± 1.2 intermolecular hydrogen bonds per glycerol molecule at 275 K, in good agreement with existing molecular dynamics simulations. Most importantly, they show that if just over half the body fluid content is water, the water clusters are too small to form ice crystals that cause cellular damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 6","pages":"2500058"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small SciencePub Date : 2025-04-21eCollection Date: 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400430
Mohsen Khodadadiyazdi, Mateusz Ficek, Maria Brzhezinskaya, Shradha Suman, Salila Kumar Sethy, Kamatchi Jothiramalingam Sankaran, Bartłomiej Dec, Mattia Pierpaoli, Sujit Deshmukh, Miroslaw Sawczak, William A Goddard, Robert Bogdanowicz
{"title":"Robust Laser-Induced Graphene-Boron-Doped Diamond Nanowall Hybrid Nanostructures with Enhanced Field Electron Emission Performance for Microplasma Illumination Devices.","authors":"Mohsen Khodadadiyazdi, Mateusz Ficek, Maria Brzhezinskaya, Shradha Suman, Salila Kumar Sethy, Kamatchi Jothiramalingam Sankaran, Bartłomiej Dec, Mattia Pierpaoli, Sujit Deshmukh, Miroslaw Sawczak, William A Goddard, Robert Bogdanowicz","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400430","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202400430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This investigation introduces a scalable fabrication method for laser-induced graphene (LIG)-boron-doped diamond nanowall (BDNW) hybrid nanostructures, designed for field electron emission (FEE) cathode materials in microplasma illumination (μPI) devices. The two-step process involves fabricating BDNWs via microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, followed by drop-casting BDNW dispersion onto polyimide foils to create LIG-BDNW hybrid nanostructures. Topographic studies reveal that BDNWs on LIG boosts surface area and prevent graphene restacking. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirms precise BDNW decoration, creating sharp edges and high porosity. The effects of boron and nitrogen dopants, highlighted by Raman spectroscopy, are corroborated by near-edge X-ray absorption fire structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The hybrid nanostructures exhibit high electrical conductivity and superior FEE properties, with a low turn-on field of 2.9 V μm<sup>-1</sup>, a large FEE current density of 3.0 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> at an applied field of 7.9 V μm<sup>-1</sup>, and a field-enhancement factor of 5,480. The hybrid nanostructures demonstrate an exceptionally low breakdown voltage of 320 V and a plasma current density of 9.48 mA cm<sup>-1</sup> at an applied voltage of 550 V. Ab-initio calculations of the electronic structure further support the experimental findings of these diamond-graphene hybrids, underscoring their potential in advanced electronic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 6","pages":"2400430"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small SciencePub Date : 2025-04-20eCollection Date: 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400527
Yanan Li, Jie Teng, Qiuting Chen, Qingze Fan, Hiroyuki Oku, Guanghui Ma, Jie Wu
{"title":"The Importance of Particle Shape: Effect of Nonspherical Particles and Their Stabilized Pickering Emulsions on Immunization Efficacy.","authors":"Yanan Li, Jie Teng, Qiuting Chen, Qingze Fan, Hiroyuki Oku, Guanghui Ma, Jie Wu","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400527","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202400527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adjuvants based on spherical particles and stabilized Pickering emulsions represent a significant area of research in the adjuvant field. However, the immune effects of adjuvants containing nonspherical particles and their stabilized Pickering emulsions remain largely unexplored. Particle shape plays a critical role in influencing particle-cell interactions and antigen storage efficiency. In this study, it is aimed to synthesize nonspherical particles with diverse morphologies and sizes and successfully utilize one type to stabilize Pickering emulsions. In this research, their immunological effects are further evaluated by examining the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their impact on both cellular and humoral immunity. In these findings, it is demonstrated that nonspherical particles extend the in vivo residence time of vaccines and enhance APCs activation, thereby improving cellular immunity. Additionally, Pickering emulsions stabilized by nonspherical particles exhibit superior flexibility, higher antigen uptake by APCs, and more robust APCs activation compared to those stabilized by spherical particles. These advantages ultimately result in enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 6","pages":"2400527"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental and Computational Study of Injectable Iron(III)/Ultrashort Peptide Hydrogels: A Candidate for Ferroptosis-Induced Treatment of Bacterial Infections.","authors":"Capucine Loth, Florent Barbault, Cécile Guégan, Flora Lemaire, Christophe Contal, Alain Carvalho, Sophie Hellé, Marie Champion, Halima Kerdjoudj, Delphine Chan-Seng, Lydie Ploux, Fouzia Boulmedais","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400618","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202400618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Injectable hydrogels are promising candidates as local drug delivery platforms for the treatment of infected wounds. Self-assembled small peptide hydrogels are of interest due to their high biocompatibility, degradability, and ease of synthesis. This study describes the formation of an injectable hydrogel based on the self-assembly of Fmoc-FFpY (Fmoc: fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, F: phenylalanine, pY: tyrosine phosphate) triggered by electrostatic interactions in the presence of Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions. Stabilized by H bonding and π-π stacking, the hydrogels exhibit high mechanical stiffness with a <i>G</i>' (storage modulus) of ≈8000 Pa and a self-recovery up to <i>G</i>' ≈100 Pa. Peptide self-assembly yields β-sheets twisted into fibrillar helices of 12 nm in diameter and pitch. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm 1) the aggregation of Fmoc-FFpY in the presence of Fe<sup>3+</sup> and the adopted secondary structure and show that 2) the aggregated Fmoc-FFpY/Fe<sup>3+</sup> disrupts the bacterial membrane of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, favoring the passive entry of Fe<sup>3+</sup> into the pathogen. In full agreement with the simulations, the hydrogels exhibit antibacterial activity against both bacteria, likely due to the increased Fe<sup>3+</sup> entry into the cell, resulting in enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. This work paves the way for ferroptosis-inducing treatment of bacterial infections using injectable ultrashort peptides.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 6","pages":"2400618"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small SciencePub Date : 2025-04-16eCollection Date: 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400647
Li Wang, Yuto Wada, Honoka Ueda, Temmaru Hirota, Kota Sumida, Yuito Oba, Ken-Ichi Saitow
{"title":"Record-Breaking Far-Red Silicon Quantum Dots LEDs Enabled by Solvent Engineering: Toward Superseding Perovskite Quantum Dots.","authors":"Li Wang, Yuto Wada, Honoka Ueda, Temmaru Hirota, Kota Sumida, Yuito Oba, Ken-Ichi Saitow","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400647","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202400647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most quantum dots (QDs) contain either toxic elements, which are health and environmental hazards, or costly precious metals. In contrast, as nanocrystals consisting mainly of an earth-abundant, light element, silicon QDs (SiQDs) have attracted attention as cost-effective biomedical, display, and solid-state lighting materials. However, unlike heavy-metal or perovskite QDs, SiQDs have not yet been used to create high-performance optoelectronics or long-lifetime light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Herein, the fabrication via solvent engineering of SiQD LEDs with record-breaking external quantum efficiency (16.5%) and lifetimes up to 733 times longer than the previous record is reported. Furthermore, the far-red (750 nm) luminance is comparable to that of state-of-the-art perovskite QD LEDs. Dispersing the SiQDs in octane yields particularly efficient LEDs owing to negligible SiQD aggregation, and Joule heating minimization realizes long-term stability (lifetime >200 h). Thus, solvent engineering is harnessed to break four QD LED performance records-for efficiency, luminance, voltage, and operational lifetime-using a more sustainable QD material, and the mechanisms underlying these performance improvements are unveiled. Thus, a new solvent-engineering approach for developing efficient, stable, and sustainable far-red SiQD LEDs, which are valuable light sources for applications including plant growth acceleration and photodynamic therapy, is highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 6","pages":"2400647"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pd-Lined Strained Trimetallic Au-Ag-Pd Nanoprism for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity Towards Formic Acid Oxidation.","authors":"Sourav Mondal, Sandip Kumar De, Tanmay Ghosh, Subrata Mondal, Mihir Manna, Dulal Senapati","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202500063","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202500063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Formic acid oxidation (FAO) reaction is an important electrocatalytic reaction in low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Pd-based material has a superior electrochemical activity towards FAO. The activity of Pd-based bimetallic materials is also well-studied in the literature. Here, we have reported the synthesis of a unique heterostructured trimetallic nanoparticle where Pd is lined along with Ag forming a certain percentage of alloy at the edges of the bimetallic Au-Ag prismatic nanotemplate. Though Pd acts as an effective material, this unique structure shows much improved catalytic activity due to the synergistic effect of Au, Ag, and Pd. Pd deposition increases the surface roughness and electrochemically active surface area. Lattice strain due to lattice mismatch between Ag and Pd modifies the d-band center, enhancing the intrinsic activity, and facilitating the reaction kinetics. Pd-deposited nanoparticle shows 3.4 and 4 times higher ECSA than monometallic cubic Pd nanoparticles and commercially available 10 wt% Pd/C. Our synthesized best catalyst Pd-1.5 shows the mass activity of 634 Ag<sup>-1</sup> which is ≈7 times higher than the standard 10 wt% Pd/C. Our catalyst shows higher stability and CO-tolerance due to the suppression of the dehydration pathway and the reaction proceeds mainly via the dehydrogenation pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 8","pages":"2500063"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12362725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small SciencePub Date : 2025-04-14eCollection Date: 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400598
Tianyun Qiu, Wei Zhang, Xiaojing Hao, Kaiwen Sun
{"title":"Integrated Photo-Rechargeable Batteries: Configurations, Design Principles, and Energy Loss Mechanisms.","authors":"Tianyun Qiu, Wei Zhang, Xiaojing Hao, Kaiwen Sun","doi":"10.1002/smsc.202400598","DOIUrl":"10.1002/smsc.202400598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrated photo-rechargeable batteries (IPRBs) represent an emerging device class that enables simultaneous energy conversion and storage, opening new possibilities for sustainable self-powered energy solutions. The rapid advancements in this ascendant field have led to multitudinous constructions and designs, each differing in charge storage mechanisms and carrier dynamics. In this review, these works are revisited and classified into three main types: the photoelectrochemical batteries, the all-in-one monolithic IPRBs, and the photovoltaic-battery integration, which can be further categorized by their electrochemical configurations and working principles into two-terminal, three-terminal, and four-terminal architectures. This study delves into the common issue of IPRBs, namely their energy loss mechanisms, offering a comprehensive overview of current research progress, challenges, and future research directions. This review aims to provide insights and rational guidelines for designing the next-generation high-performance IPRBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":29791,"journal":{"name":"Small Science","volume":"5 6","pages":"2400598"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12168598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}