Societal Studies最新文献_第8页

Švietimo politikos, ugdymo kokybės ir paslaugų vartotojų poreikių tenkinimo sąsajos.

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-13-5-4-11

Dalia Martišauskienė, Kęstutis Trakšelys

引用次数: 1

Analogous Simulation of Nation-Scale Macroeconomic Decisions (Is the Baltic Able to Arrange the Uefa Euro 2024?) 国家宏观经济决策的类似模拟(波罗的海能够安排2024年欧洲杯吗?)

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-07

V. Justickis, Nikolajus Markevičius

{"title":"Analogous Simulation of Nation-Scale Macroeconomic Decisions (Is the Baltic Able to Arrange the Uefa Euro 2024?)","authors":"V. Justickis, Nikolajus Markevičius","doi":"10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-07","url":null,"abstract":"Taking of the nation-scale (macroeconomic) decisions is one of the most challenging problems in the modern economy. The main problem is unimaginable complexity of modern national economies. Every nation-scale decision influences multiple its sides, innumerable factors, events, consequences, interconnections. Therefore, the consequences of every such decision are very multisided, conflicting, unanticipated. Beside the intended outcomes, a great deal of unintended, unforeseen, harmful, contra- productive ones caused. This inability to foresee exact outcomes of macro-decisions is caused, first of all, by our inability to model and simulate national economy. Despite all brilliant achievements and quick progress in the modern economic modeling, we are still very far from building models including many thousands of factors acting in any national economy and thus, we are unable to simulate its reaction to our decisions. This, in turn, brings the modern day situation, when even the most important, nationalscale economic decisions are still taken politically, in the most intuitive, subjective, speculative and, thus, deficient way. All this brings the urgent necessity to find alternative methods of macroeconomic modeling, able at least to some degree simulate reactions of the national economy to great macroeconomic decision and this way to improve the current intuitive and political decision taking. In this paper one of such ways- analogous simulation is considered. The general idea of this approach is to study how the supposed national - scale decision worked in countries with economies that are as much as possible similar to our, especially in aspects, most relevant to decision under consideration. The belief that such a similar economy can be used as a model is based upon three presumptions: 1. “The similarity causes similarity” presumption, supposing that the more observable similarities exist between two economies the more also unobservable ones they do have. 2. ”Decision related similarity” presumption, saying that similarities of directly affected sides of economy are of especial salience when using another economy as a model to forecast effects of some decision. 3. “The common core” presumption , saying that the affinity between two similar economies is still more enlarged (multiplied) by sharing all traits that are basic for all the modern market economy. 4. “The shared space” presumption. This presumption supposes that affinity between two similar economies is still more enlarged by sharing the common (e.g., European) geographic, cultural, economic, politic space and sharing all conditions specific for this space. All this produces multisided, thousands of different factors including similarity between such economies. In this situation we can consider one economy and effects of some action in it as a model, able to forecast similar effects in the other one. As illustration, the highly challenging national-scale decision on organization of UEFA Eu","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129864596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

EDUCOLOGICAL APPROACH TO TAX LITERACY: ASSUMPTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES IN LITHUANIA 税务素养的教育方法:立陶宛的假设和观点

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-16-8-1-6

Gediminas Valantiejus

{"title":"EDUCOLOGICAL APPROACH TO TAX LITERACY: ASSUMPTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES IN LITHUANIA","authors":"Gediminas Valantiejus","doi":"10.13165/SMS-16-8-1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-16-8-1-6","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an overview of the concepts of tax culture and tax literacy as specific social phenomena that characterize the state’s tax system. It analyses the theoretical assumptions about their formation and the influence of tax literacy on effective tax administration. The article also describes the main educological factors that determine tax culture and literacy: according to the insights of foreign and Lithuanian authors, and the provisions established in educational legislation, these factors are identified as taxpayer education, adult learning and civic education, and the formation of life skills and awareness among children, including their economic and financial literacy, entrepreneurship skills and citizenship education. The paper also presents the results of empirical research, which was based on a survey of firstyear students, who are studying at the Mykolas Romeris University, and analyses the collected data (the answers to the survey questionnaire). The analysed data is used to provide insights on the practical integration of tax literacy development elements into the formal and non-formal types of education. In addition, the study examines trends of their implementation in Lithuanian general education schools, which provide primary, basic and secondary education services (i.e. schools which do not provide higher education and do not have the status of the university or college). The theoretical analysis points to the conclusion that the Republic of Lithuania has not yet developed a strategy for exactly how it should foster tax literacy among children. Individual elements that are important for this process are split between a variety of subjects included in the content of general education (primary, basic and secondary education which is provided to the pupils from 6 to 19 years old) programs (such as civic, economic and entrepreneurial education, and legal education). In addition, research into national legislation and documents on education shows that, on a theoretical level at least, the development of tax literacy as part of the national education system is far more focused on the general familiarization of pupils with the current tax system than on them forming a positive attitude towards it. Studies by various authors in the past five years show that the level of tax literacy among students and pupils in Lithuania is quite low and that payment of taxes is not usually identified as associated with citizenship, nationality or patriotic values. The data from the questionnaire survey which was carried out among the firstyear students studying at the Mykolas Romeris University, show that based on the answers of respondents, no tax-literacy development activities took place in more than a third (41 percent) of Lithuanian schools, which provides general education (i.e. in the schools were the students have studied before entering the university). literacy have taught only general aspects of tax literacy (such as an introdu","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129955948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Piniginės socialinės paramos pertvarka: esminiai pokyčiai ir tendencijos

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-14-6-3-09

Audrius Bitinas, Dalius Bitaitis

{"title":"Piniginės socialinės paramos pertvarka: esminiai pokyčiai ir tendencijos","authors":"Audrius Bitinas, Dalius Bitaitis","doi":"10.13165/SMS-14-6-3-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-14-6-3-09","url":null,"abstract":"The article overviews the features and framework of monetary social care system in Lithuania. The monetary social care administrative reforms that took part in 2012 are thoroughly analysed, taking into account the problems that led to changes and efficiency criteria set-up to evaluate the aftermath of the reform. The theoretical conclusions are based on the Republic of Lithuania legal acts, theoretical material and a sociological survey. The article also examines how the monetary system works, what are the motives for monetary social system change from a legal and economic perspective. The study was carried on in order to find out how the local authority employees evaluated changes in the monetary social care administrative system and what challenges they had to face after the reform. Social workers were questioned from municipalities that decided to take part in the pilot program. Monetary social care system is a social support system and at the same time the most integral part of the welfare system, helping to resolve social problems that arise. The changing social and economic environment, globalization, public sector spending cuts, economic change encourage to search for optimal and effective social support system management methods. On the 1st of January 2012, monetary social care system change was initiated: 2012-2014 monetary social benefits (social allowance, heating cost, drinking water, and hot water cost compensations) were implemented using two models: • State wise (state delegates to municipalities) function (financed from the government budget); • Individualised function in five (Akmenė, Panevėžys, Radviliskis, Raseiniai and Silalė regions) experimental (pilot) municipalities (financed from the municipality funds). However, the authors of the article believe that social care system effectiveness has to be further increased, not only increasing the number of decision making municipalities, but also pushing the quality of the reform upwards. Moreover, the administration of social care benefits has to cover up society’s needs and priorities. Ineffective administration of social services may result in unfavourable results and future recessions can lead to increased costs for social services. Social care administrative effectiveness cannot be evaluated only from the financial side, social goals have to be considered, too, such as decreasing poverty, tackling social exclusion, lowering the effects of poverty traps for most vulnerable groups of people and helping families with children.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130907719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE FARMING IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGRICULTURE 环境农业背景下的可持续农业概念

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-16-8-1-8

P. Mierauskas

{"title":"THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE FARMING IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGRICULTURE","authors":"P. Mierauskas","doi":"10.13165/SMS-16-8-1-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-16-8-1-8","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to analyze and evaluate relations between sustainable agriculture and environmental agriculture programmes. Sustainable agriculture covers not only environmental, but social and economic activities which are not typical for environmental agriculture. It is also analyzed development of sustainable agriculture as well as agri – environmental programmes. In spite that sustainable agriculture cover social and economic activities, but it cannot be compared with traditional agriculture. Agri – environmental measures are wider used in the European Union countries, meanwhile sustainable agriculture is no very popular between farmers. It is discussed different scientific viewpoints and reasons why agri – environmental programmes are not sustainable. The article evaluate why implemented agri – environmental and conventional farming are not sustain in Lithuania. In order to investigate Lithuanian farmer’s willingness to participate in sustainable farming, interviews with farmers were conducted. The results discovered that lack of knowledge on sustainable farming is main barrier and farmers are practices traditional farming. The investigation also discovered that insufficient understanding is main reason not to participate in voluntary programmes and farmers are willing to participate in more attractive social and economic measures.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"32 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128681681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Implementation of European Union Law in the National Court of the Member State: Limits of the Doctrine of Indirect Effect of the Directives 欧盟法在成员国国内法院的实施:指令间接效力原则的限制

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-11

Aistė Samuilytė-Mamontovė

{"title":"Implementation of European Union Law in the National Court of the Member State: Limits of the Doctrine of Indirect Effect of the Directives","authors":"Aistė Samuilytė-Mamontovė","doi":"10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-11","url":null,"abstract":"Although the function of implementation of EU law primarily falls within the competence of the legislator, a significant role in this process is attributed to national courts, capable to “cure the mistakes” made by the legislator. A national court of a Member State is the court of the EU entrusted with the power to apply EU law and by the same token responsible for the effectiveness of EU law in the judicial system of the Member State. This is where the doctrine of indirect effect of EU directives is of great use. Directive is a unique creature of the EU law, obliging the Member States to attain the objectives set by the directive. This particularity usually brings up into surface various connotations concerning proper fulfillment of the objectives set by the directive, in particular when a directive is possibly misimplemented. In such cases, the effectiveness of the rights granted by the directive may be attained with the helping hand of the doctrine of indirect effect of the directives. In a nut-shell, this doctrine obliges a national judge to interpret relevant national laws in conformity with the objectives of the directive at stake. However, the exact scope of this imposition on the national judge remains somehow foggy, in particular when interests of vis-a-vis private parties concerning rights granted by the directive come into play. In addressing this problem, the author analyses relevant ECJ case-law, practice of Lithuanian courts and doctrine with a view to give guidelines on how to use the tools granted by the indirect effectiveness of the directives. The author suggests that justices shall firstly determine if the rights or obligations at stake fall within the scope of EU law; secondly, if national laws implement EU law; thirdly, if such implementation is proper or not. In the latest phase, judges shall employ the tools granted by the doctrine and apply national laws in compliance with a particular directive. However, in such a case, the judges shall stop shortly before possible violation of the general principles of law, such as legal certainty, lex retro non agit, etc. is committed; e.g. in cases where application of the doctrine would lead to interpretation of national laws contra legem. Regardless of structural simplicity of this concept and substantial case-law on the issue, it seems that the doctrine of the ECJ on the matter is far from being finally settled. In Mangold and Kucukdeveci cases, the ECJ was reluctant to declare irrelevance of indirect effect of the directive by giving green light to application of principle of non-discrimination on grounds of age as given expression by the directive in the dispute vis-a-vis private parties. Though it is rather early to say that the notion of indirect effect was given a new shape, it looks like the ECJ, by “closing the door to direct effect of directives between private parties, leaves the window open”.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122509781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE USAGE OF WEB 2.0 TOOLS FOR LEARNING ESP. A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 大学生对使用web2.0工具进行学习的态度的初步调查

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-07

Eglė Selevičienė, Nijolė Burkšaitienė

{"title":"UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE USAGE OF WEB 2.0 TOOLS FOR LEARNING ESP. A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION","authors":"Eglė Selevičienė, Nijolė Burkšaitienė","doi":"10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-07","url":null,"abstract":"Nuo 2004 m., kuomet O`Reilly Media organizuotoje konferencijoje pirmą kartą buvo pavartotas terminas „antrosios kartos saitynas“, tyrėjai pradėjo domėtis saityno įrankių – socialinių tinklų, tinklarascių, vikių, YouTube, ir pan. – pritaikymo galimybėmis įvairiose srityse, įskaitant ir ugdymo sektorių. Sio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti Mykolo Romerio universiteto I kurso nuolatinių studijų studentų nuomone ir įprocius, susijusius su antrosios kartos saityno įrankių naudojimu bei istirti veiksnius, darancius įtaką jų pasirinkimams naudotis arba nesinaudoti vienu ar kitu saityno įrankiu profesinės užsienio kalbos studijose. Darbe taikyti sie tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, anketinė apklausa bei aprasomojo pobūdžio statistinis metodas. Konstruojant tyrimo instrumentą, vadovautasi F.D.Davis sukurtu Technologijų Įsisavinimo Modeliu, kuris aiskina ir prognozuoja vartotojų elgesį, atsižvelgiant į informacinių technologijų priėmimą, remiantis sesiais kriterijais: informuotumu, suvokiama nauda, suvokiamu naudojimo paprastumu, požiūriu, ketinimu naudoti ir naudojimu. Isanalizavus gautus rezultatus nustatyta, kad tyrimo dalyviai yra tipiski „skaitmeninio pasaulio ciabuvių kartos“ atstovai, save įvardijantys įgudusiais saityno įrankių vartotojais, internete kasdien praleidžianciais po 3–5 valandas. Didžiąją sio laiko dalį jie skiria socializacijai socialiniuose tinkluose, kurie drauge su YouTube, vikiais ir tinklarasciais tyrimo dalyvių buvo pripažinti kaip labiausiai taikytini saityno įrankiai mokantis profesinės užsienio kalbos, ypatingai profesinės terminologijos. Visgi, kaip bebūtų keista, profesinės užsienio kalbos studijose studentai labiausiai vertina ne dėstytojo ir studento bendravimą skaitmeninėje aplinkoje ar individualų darbą prie kompiuterio, bet tradicine mokymo(-si) aplinką. Tyrimas remiasi nuostata, jog individualūs veiksniai, tokie kaip studentų lytis, valandų skaicius praleidžiamas narsant internete, studijų programa bei gebėjimas naudotis antrosios kartos saityno technologijomis, gali turėti įtakos technologijų priėmimui mokantis profesinės užsienio kalbos. Koreliacinės analizės rezultatai parodė, kad nei vienas individualus veiksnys, isskyrus studentų gebėjimą naudotis antrosios kartos saityno technologijomis, nėra statistiskai reiksmingai susijes nei su vienu is sesių technologijų priėmimo kriterijų. Silpnas, bet statistiskai reiksmingas rysys nustatytas tik tarp studentų gebėjimo naudotis antrosios kartos saityno technologijomis ir sių nepriklausomų kintamųjų: informuotumo apie technologijas, požiūrio į jas, ketinimo naudoti ir realaus jų naudojimo. Taigi, pries integruojant vieną ar kitą antrosios kartos įrankį į profesinės užsienio kalbos studijas, rekomenduojama atsižvelgti į studentų gebėjimą naudotis siuo įrankiu, informuotumą, jų požiūrį naujovės atžvilgiu ir kt. Pasirinkus isbandyti technologine naujove, susiformuoja nauja patirtis. Jei sią patirtį studentai įvertins teigiamai, jie gali nuspresti ir toliau naudoti nauj","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"2015 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120846909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Influence of Knowledge Management to the Competitiveness of Enterprises 知识管理对企业竞争力的影响

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-14-6-3-07

Tatjana Simaškienė, Aistė Dromantaitė-Stancikienė

引用次数: 8

THE PROHIBITION OF AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES ACCORDING TO UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES DIRECTIVE 根据不公平商业行为指令禁止侵略性商业行为

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-12

Ieva Navickaitė-Sakalauskienė

{"title":"THE PROHIBITION OF AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES ACCORDING TO UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES DIRECTIVE","authors":"Ieva Navickaitė-Sakalauskienė","doi":"10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-12","url":null,"abstract":"Priėmus Nesąžiningos komercinės veiklos direktyvą ES vartotojų teisės acquis papildytas apsaugą nuo nesąžiningos prekybos praktikos užtikrinanciu ir visisko suderinimo principu pagrįstu teisės aktu. Sis straipsnis skirtas agresyviai komercinei veiklai kaip vienai is galimų nesąžiningos komercinės veiklos israiskos formų. Turint omenyje tai, kad Nesąžiningos komercinės veiklos direktyva esant joje numatytoms sąlygoms draudžia agresyvius veiksmus vartotojų atžvilgiu, straipsnyje siekiant didesnio teisinio aiskumo pagrindinis dėmesys būtent ir skiriamas minėtą draudimą nustatancių Direktyvos 2005/29/EB nuostatų analizei, konkreciai agresyvios komercinės veiklos sampratos turiniui, nagrinėjant būdus, kuriais gali pasireiksti komercinės veiklos agresyvumas; papildomas aplinkybes, į kurias turi būti atsižvelgiama sprendžiant dėl konkrecios komercinės veiklos agresyvumo; galiausiai aptariant konkrecius agresyvios komercinės veiklos atvejus, įtvirtintus „juodajame sąrase“. Kartu glaustai aptariamas agresyvios komercinės veiklos draudimą įtvirtinancių normų santykis su kitomis Direktyvos nuostatomis. Galiausiai straipsnyje aptariama Valstybinės vartotojų teisių apsaugos tarnybos praktika, atkreipiant dėmesį į tai, kad praktikoje sių nuostatų taikymo pavyzdžių nėra itin gausu. Straipsnio pabaigoje, apibendrinus atlikto tyrimo rezultatus, greta pagrindinių isvadų, siekiama pateikti įžvalgas ir siūlymus dėl nacionalinės praktikos tobulinimo.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133527799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

PROFESORIUI BRONISLAVUI KUZMICKUI - 80

Societal Studies Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-01

Povilas Aleksandravičius

引用次数: 0