Societal Studies最新文献

{"title":"INSULTS IN LITHUANIA`S POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND LIABILITY FOR INSULT","authors":"E. Žurauskaitė, E. Klimas","doi":"10.13165/SMS-17-9-1-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-17-9-1-06","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to present research on insults in Lithuania`s political discourse. The goal of this research was to identify what types of insults are characteristic of Lithuania’s political discourse, i.e. verbal or nonverbal, direct or contextual, describing personal the addressee`s qualities or describing the addresser`s social environment etc. The data for this research was collected from 14 broadcastings of “Tautos aikstė” in the 2012-2013 season, and the qualitative and quantitative content analysis method was used in order to analyze collected data. Before analyzing collected data theoretical framework was presented: insults in this research are defined as texts, produced by analyzed discourse authors, which are expressed because of their connections with emotions (e. g. anger, discontent), their illocutionary force is to humiliate the addressee`s honor and dignity and addressee recognizes this illocutionary force ar face threatening a speech act. In other words, perlocution happens. After analyzing collected data using the qualitative content analysis method 149 insults were found and almost all of them verbal – only one insult was nonverbal, so verbal insults dominate in Lithuania’s political discourse. All insults were grouped in two categories: direct and contextual insults. It must be also said that three levels of insults` directness were found: verbal – based, nonverbal – based and discourse – based directness. The research on insults in Lithuania`s political discourse also revealed that analyzed discourse authors use most insults oriented towards the addressee`s beliefs and only several insults were found oriented toward the addressee`s appearance. It reveals that the participants of political discourse are mostly concerned about their beliefs as their face value. Under the legal acts and jurisprudence, liability can be imposed for information that is not aimed at informing society but insulting a person by damaging their reputation by humiliating the person’s honor and dignity. The analyzed examples show that legal liability may be applied under indicated cases, but insults were tolerated and this consequently may be viewed as a lack of good manners in political discourse.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127314697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loginio ir kalbinio taisyklingumo įtaka mąstymo pokyčiams.","authors":"Virginija Jakimenko","doi":"10.13165/SMS-13-5-4-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-13-5-4-04","url":null,"abstract":"Mąstymas domina ne tik humanitarinių mokslų tyrinėtojus, bet, kitaip nei neurobiologai, žmogaus smegenų veiklos analizei taikantys specialius tyrimo metodus ir technologijas, humanitarai gali pasiekti mąstymą tik per kalbą. Todėl filosofai ir logikai tiria mąstymą, isreikstą kalba. Taciau kalba nėra vien tik priemonė mintims fiksuoti ar reiksti. Kiekviena kalba su savąja garsų, gramatikos ir žodyno sistema yra vienas svarbiausių kultūros elementų, ne tik unikalus žinių apie žmonių gyvenimą saltinis, bet ir bendruomenės tapatybės rodiklis bei simbolis. Kalbos kitimai nevyksta be priežasties, nes kiekviena kalba vystosi kartu su ekonomika, kultūra, mokslo ir technologijų tobulėjimu. Kadangi kalba ir mąstymas yra glaudžiai susije, tai, ieskant kriterijų mąstymo pokycių tyrimui, siame straipsnyje daroma prielaida, kad kalbos pakitimai liudija ir mąstymo kitimą. Siuolaikinės kalbos ir mąstymo santykio problemos sampratos kontekste aptariami minties israiskos kalboje ypatumai bei sakinio kalbinio ir loginio lygmenų santykis, nagrinėjamas loginio ir kalbinio taisyklingumo sampratų skirtingumas ir jo įtaka mąstymo pokyciams.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132862001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PHILOSOPHY, COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTIONS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY","authors":"John W. Murphy","doi":"10.13165/SMS-15-7-1-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-15-7-1-04","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemiology has been a regular part of traditional social planning. In this case, the general idea is to determine the level of a problem in certain geographical or social region. Calculations are oft en made, for example, of the incidence and spread of a disease 1. Typically these estimations are based on the presence of various empirical referents, particularly certain demographic and environmental factors. The so-called “new public health” arose against this strategy to design and implement more socially sensitive assessments and interventions2. Some critics contend that this approach can be traced to the Lalonde Report issued by Marc Lalonde, the minister of health in Canada during the early 1970s. In this document the idea was broached that the medical model may have severe limitations, specifically with regard to prevention 3 . Too much emphasis, in short, is devoted to the individual and disease. Accordingly, the focus should be on the “health field” – a more holistic and community-sensitive approach – thereby encouraging a more encompassing strategy to health assessment and the creation of interventions.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132873913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE BIBLICAL STORY OF THE CREATION OF EARTH AND THE FALL OF MAN IN MUSIC – A FEW WORKS, MANY OBSERVATIONS","authors":"Agnieszka Draus","doi":"10.13165/SMS-17-9-2-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-17-9-2-09","url":null,"abstract":"The biblical story of the creation of earth and Man, the fates of Adam and Eve – their love, the fall, the expulsion from Eden and its consequences – throughout many centuries inspired philosophers, writers, painters as well as composers who in their writings and works of art presented various interpretations of the subject. One of the undoubtedly most famous illustrations of the history of Man, described in the Book of Genesis fundamental for the Judeo-Christian tradition, was created by an English poet, John Milton in his epic poem, Paradise Lost. The central theme constitutes the sin of the first humans. However, apart from the biblical story of Adam and Eve, the poem also presents events that took place before and after the first man appeared, such as the description of the creation of the world and its visions after the fall of mankind – the crime of Cain, the plague, war and the deluge, the story of Abraham as well as the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The multiplicity of plots and the beautiful language of Puritan poetry inspired many composers to supplement its semantic level with an expression of suggestive music. The proposed text shall be a short overview of the biblical story of Man from the perspective of the English writer who in turn inspired more composers – from John Christopher Smith, Galliard, Haydn and Rubinstein to Krzysztof Penderecki – also in the context the re-interpretation of the subject by Kagel’s, Stockhausen’s and Nowak’s compositions.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"685 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122977548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creative Writing at the University: Students’ Perceptions and Expectations","authors":"Nijolė Burkšaitienė","doi":"10.13165/SMS-14-6-3-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-14-6-3-13","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is aimed at investigating students’ perceptions of themselves in relation to creativity as well as their expectations from the course in creative writing in their university studies of English so that to support the process. The findings revealed that although half of study participants considered themselves to be creative, only a few of them were involved in creative writing. The study also resulted in the identification of students’ expectations, including the expectations to better understand the nature of creativity and creative writing, gain specific knowledge about creative writers and the process of creative writing, practice creative writing, foster English as the language of their studies as well as learn more about themselves. The findings suggest that to foster creativity in the new course in English, students’ perceptions of themselves, the level of their awareness about creativity and creative writing as well as their expectations are important. It is recommended that this study be extended to the investigation of students’ experience of learning to become creative writers after they finish the course. This may lead to generalisations on how the creativity-favourable environment can be further enhanced.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116676980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confronting social media in higher education","authors":"Jolita Šliogerienė, G. Oleškevičienė","doi":"10.13165/SMS-14-6-2-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-14-6-2-10","url":null,"abstract":"Social media is becoming more and more pervasive in all aspects of life, including education. As social media application is a comparatively new research field, the discourse on its application in education environments is often contradictory. Thus, literature review is carried out to identify the main trends and issues in the emerging research and theories on social media use in higher education. First, the background of higher education modernization and technological influence is reviewed, paying attention to the effects of social media application in the sphere of higher education. Various forms of social media and transitional media applications, such as course management systems, are discussed concerning their use in educational environments. Also, a note is taken of new emerging educational theories concerning learning based on technological change and social media use. It is noted that the initial enthusiasm about social media application in higher education is changed by sober understanding of social media integration into higher education contexts.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133160479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sources of Lithuanian Reputational Elite Studies","authors":"Valdas Selenis","doi":"10.13165/SMS-14-6-3-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-14-6-3-04","url":null,"abstract":"Reputational elite in this article is considered to be not only the most famous, authoritative, “the most meritorious men of the state and nation”, the most influential “famous people” (Men of Fame) in the society, awarded in prizes, medals and other evaluational attributes, but every person who has entered the encyclopaedias and “who is who” type of publications. In Western Europe, from the beginning of the twentieth century biographical reference books became a “canonization” form of the most prominent national and state actors in emerging “small” nations, as well as a sign of modern nationalism in the era. The main source of research of Lithuanian state reputational elite in the 1930s is Lietuviskoji enciklopedija, which is the best and only Lithuanian encyclopaedia from inter-war period. The idea for it was first introduced in 1907, but it was realized only in 1931. This encyclopaedia contains fragmentary and some vast and informative biographical articles. Unfortunately, because of the Soviet and Nazi occupations, this encyclopaedia was not finished (10th volume had only reached letter L). Both sources from this period, Lithuanian Encyclopaedia and unpublished Dictionary of Celebrities, intended to include “all distinguished people, without any distinction of nationality, religion, political views”, but in fact, Lithuanian ethnical and Catholic confessional criterions of selection dominated. Selection of “prominent people” in Soviet encyclopaedias depended not only on ideological background, but also on profession. Technocrats had much more advantageous positions than “cultural workers”. After re-establishment of the independence of the Lithuanian Republic in 1990, the very first “who is who” biographical dictionaries were released. These publications are a source of modern Lithuanian reputational elite research, which possibly would begin in future.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133965022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT BUDGET FORMATION: JURIDICAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACH","authors":"Giedre Dzemydaite, Agnė Pupkutė","doi":"10.13165/SMS-16-8-2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-16-8-2-04","url":null,"abstract":"The government budget is an important part of state affairs. It ensures the redistribution of income, welfare, economic development and stabilisation. Various types of budgetary principle are described in the literature. These principles aim to improve formation processes for budgets, making them easier to implement, clearer and more effective. There has been no complex assessment of budget-forming principles in Lithuania, only fragmented one in audit institutions and several studies. The purpose of this article is to analyse principles of budget formation and their implementation in practice, in line with legal and economic aspects. Three tasks were set for achieving this aim: to evaluate the budget-formation principles and their specific features; to assess the fulfilment of government budgetary principles in Lithuania, using legal documents and other sources; and to analyse the balance of the country’s government budget. The study applies theoretical and empirical research methods, and scientific literature and legal documents are examined to carry out a theoretical analysis of the government budget and the principles of its formation. Research was conducted using data grouping, graphical data analysis and other descriptive statistics. Theoretical analysis revealed that the majority of budgetary principles were successfully implemented and defined in law. The principles of transparency, annuality and unit of account were accomplished fully, compared with principles of fullness, economy, reality and unity that were not fully accomplished. The principle of equilibrium was not accomplished at all. Analysis revealed that in the years 2004-2014, Lithuania had a budget deficit. The government’s budgetary income and expenditure had a tendency to increase unevenly. On average, income rose a little more than expenditure, but still made up less of the budgetary balance than expenditure. Aside from this, Lithuania did not follow the Maastricht criteria for several years and the government deficit-to-GDP ratio exceeded 3 per cent.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"28 42","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114050202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coping Behaviour and difficult life situations of university students in Russia","authors":"Ilya M Shmelev, O. Pavenkov","doi":"10.13165/SMS-16-8-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-16-8-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an investigation of coping behaviour with regard to difficult life situations among Orthodox students in Russia. It analyses the results of an exploration of the influence of religiosity on different coping strategies. The sample investigated includes Orthodox students from two universities in the Russian Federation. In the study, we used the questionnaire “Me and my attitude towards religion”, Heim’s technique for revealing individual coping strategies, Smirnov’s psychometric technique encompassed in the “Questionnaire of religious activity”, and Shcherbatykh’s “Test for revealing the level of individual religiosity”. The study suggests that different coping strategies can be applied in difficult life situations. Sociopsychological analysis in the study showed that there is a relationship between the level of religious belief and strategies used to overcome difficult life situations. The presence of a positive connection between protective and capturing behaviour showed that highly religious people are characterised by active non-adaptability. Such people overcome difficult situations with energy and activity, combined with an expression of humility in the face of the situation.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123124364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE AESTHETIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE BALTIC AND CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS IN PETRAS DIRGELA’S “THE KINGDOM”","authors":"Vytautas Martinkus","doi":"10.13165/sms-18-10-2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/sms-18-10-2-04","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the epic “The Kingdom” by Petras Dirgėla, a historical work of literature in 14 parts (books) as a subject of multivariable  senses of faith (esteem). The significance of these symbols as religious aesthetic (literary) values   is analysed. The aim of the article is to discuss the relationship between religious symbols from different epochs (pre-Christian and Christian) and their transformation into aesthetic values   in the historical novel. The research seeks to examine the change in symbolic values   of religion in the historical Lithuanian novel as a subject of different cultural symbols. The research seeks  to address the questions: 1) Can symbols of a Baltic religion changed to Christian ones essentially affect the form of epic work? 2) Which symbols of the Baltic religion in the epic “The Kingdom” are most important to the narrator in establishing the kingdom’s literary world? 3) How does the novel transform the religious symbols into aesthetic (literary) values? Answering the questions raised is an important aesthetic issue  of Lithuanian philosopher Juozas Mureika (the theory of aesthesis). The article proposes the following  conclusions. The Baltic and Christian symbols in the novel “The Kingdom” are equally important to its literary form. The structure of the work (form) and the traits of narrative poetics are determined by the fundamental value of any faith – the connection between the road of earthly human life and the kingdom of heaven (the spiritual). The historical interrelationships between the symbols of different religions increase the multiplicity of poetic means (such as symbols, metonymy and metaphors) and their aesthetic effect in literary works. One of the most important symbols that actively determines the structure of an epoch`s  boundaries  is water and a path. Their variables are sea and lake, road and passenger. The last  most significant element in the novel is the symbol of the tree (or forest). From an aesthetic perspective, it is not only the significance of these (and all other) symbolic signs that is important, but also their “architectonics”, through which the reader experiences the whole set of symbols of a work and establishes new archetypal meanings.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123204088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}