Societal Studies最新文献

{"title":"Dara Shukoh, Abul Kalam Azad and Eclectic Traditions in India","authors":"A. Dey","doi":"10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-03","url":null,"abstract":"In the contemporary world, multiculturalism and secularism are facing a serious threat from resurgent religious fundamentalism. Mughal Prince Dara Shukoh was the symbol of cultural pluralism. However, it is useful to remember that many saints and thinkers in India, before and after this liberal and eclectic prince, made sincere efforts to promote mutual understanding between different communities which in its turn created an environment of mutual appreciation. Meaningful dialogue between different communities is the sine qua non for human progress. The present paper aims at understanding the ideas and works of Dara Shukoh in this broader context. Academics in India are mainly interested in Azad since he became a public figure. But the present paper aims at exploring the period of his blossoming in its proper historical setting. His future ideas and actions could be properly understood through this exercise. We have tried to study Dara and Azad in the light of South Asia’s eclectic traditions.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131010814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertybės dvasingume ir dvasingumo vertybės","authors":"Saulius Kanišauskas","doi":"10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-13-5-3-02","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the concept of spirituality. It is considered that the concept has undergone four historical stages: biologization, logization, psychologization and culturalization. At present (the stage of culturalization), spirituality is identified with people’s creative powers and their abilities to change their immediate environment. However, it is hardly possible to claim that nowadays only the culturological concept of spirituality exists – it is obviously related to the life and mental energy, human feelings and religious experience. In attempt to pinpoint the problem of spirituality, Mureika suggested using the conception of pajauta (c.f. feeling). The word pajauta is used rarely in the Lithuanian language and, moreover, it cannot be translated into other languages. It is close to the word “feeling”, though it implies extrasensory perception, mental intuitivism and it has to do with the quest for the meaning of life. According to Mureika, the only way to comprehend spiritual values is to feel them. Not cherishing values is one of the major problems of contemporary society. In order to address this problem, Lithuanian academicians held several scientific conferences and organized a meeting at the Ministry of Education and Science. It was concluded that the development of spirituality needs a universal conception. This article attempts to develop such a conception by maintaining that spirituality is pajauta (the feeling) of Divinity, and it is both innate and acquired. The Divinity can be understood as Otto presented, i.e. as Numinosum, or it can be seen as a profound respect for life, human being, and, finally, for the God as the beginning of everything. The process of devaluation of spirituality, which is ongoing in contemporary society, is closely connected with pseudo humanistic apotheosis of a human being and with the ideas of postmodernism and neoliberalism. The article claims that in order to develop spirituality, it is necessary to implement considerable changes in education of future teachers.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128195647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHRISTIANITY AND FOUNDATIONS OF GEORGIAN MENTALITY","authors":"Irine Modebadze","doi":"10.13165/sms-18-10-2-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/sms-18-10-2-01","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of an interdisciplinary study of the cultural genome – Rustaveli’s poem, its connection with the Holy Scriptures and functionality as a marker of national cultural code. The research is conducted for the first time. Works by G. Duby, P.Ricker, R. Bartes, M. Foucault, N. Antsiferov, Y. Lotman, Jeff. C. Alexander and others are used as a methodological basis; we also used materials in the Rustvelological Studies (K.Kekelidze, A.Baramidze, S.Tsaishvili, N.Sulava, etc.) as well as the author’s own research.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128593434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Model of Four “Table Legs” for Consensus from the Perspective of Functionalism, Liquid Modernity and Complexity Theory","authors":"Vladas Bartochevis","doi":"10.13165/SMS-14-6-1-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-14-6-1-01","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the principle that the intensification of people mobility and societies configurations differentiation is the ongoing process de facto in societies living under democratic values , reaction to the dynamism of the plurality in societies is one of the most urgent problems in the contemporary world. Focusing on this problem and trying to find answers for it, the author of this article created a unique model: KSAK model. KSAK is the abbreviation in Lithuanian of the phrase “The four “table legs” for consensus” (Keturios “stalo atramos” konsensusui). The objective of this model is to provide strong premises for the pursuit of consensus. In pluralistic societies, where living individuals differently perceive and react to reality, social cohesion cannot be sought through universalism. In this case, this cohesion can be reached only by compromise, by pursuit of consensus. The KSAK model consists of four main affirmations. These affirmations raised by the KSAK model require being analyzed and confirmed empirically and theoretically, being a strong base for the model, and consequently, to the “table” for consensus it might have a firm basis. Therefore, the goal of this article is to analyze the affirmations of the new model created by the author of this article, through various sociological perspectives, namely through the modern and postmodern sociological theory. For this, as a representative of modern sociology, functionalism of Emile Durkheim was chosen. As representatives of postmodern sociology, liquid modernity of Zygmunt Bauman and theory of complexity of Edgar Morin were chosen. For the accomplishment of this work various theoretical literatures, mainly Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and English, were analyzed.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133005549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NIHILISM AS A CULTURAL PREREQUISIT AND A NECESSITY FOR NEW GOVERNANCE","authors":"Adomas Vincas Rakšnys, Arvydas Guogis","doi":"10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-15-7-2-04","url":null,"abstract":"Straipsnyje analizuojamas nihilizmas kaip postmodernios epochos parametras. Aptariamos jo susidarymo priežastys bei raiska įvairiuose visuomenės lygmenyse, tiek privataus, tiek viesojo sektoriaus organizacijų veikloje. Straipsnyje ypatingai akcentuojama vertybinės dimensijos svarba bei jos įtaka valstybės valdymui, organizacinei kultūrai, reformoms ir viesajam administravimui. Autoriai atskleidžia, jog nihilizmas traktuotinas kaip reiksmingas kultūrinio pasipriesinimo veiksnys besiformuojanciam naujojo viesojo valdymo diskursui. Atsižvelgiant į nihilizmo įsigalėjimą, pasiūloma įvertinti savitrasncendencijos kaip postmodernios vertybės galimybes.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"748 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116100479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nykstančių laukinės faunos ir floros rūšių Lietuvos Respublikoje įvežimo ir išvežimo kontrolė","authors":"Danguolė Povilauskienė","doi":"10.13165/SMS-14-6-2-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-14-6-2-13","url":null,"abstract":"One of the components to control the international trade with endangered species of fauna and flora is the European Community border security. Because the trade of wild animals and plants crosses borders between countries, the effort to regulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from overexploitation. The CITES was conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. All import, export, re-export and introduction from the sea of species covered by the Convention has to be authorized through a licensing system. Each Party to the Convention must designate one or more Management Authorities in charge of administering that licensing system and one or more Scientific Authorities to advise them on the effects of trade on the status of the species. Implementing the CITES, the relevant European Community regulations and directives related to endangered wild animals and plants in international trade of the Republic of Lithuania, customs has become one of the main institutions to control the trade. For the global legal means to restrict the endangered species of wild animals and plants, their parts and products of their trade, import and export, the article examines the implementation of the customs activity of the CITES convention. Customs, while implementing endangered animal and plant protection, controls how to keep determined prohibitions, restrictions and special requirements. Efficiency of security depends on the cooperation of surveillance authorities and customs. International trade regulation methods are mainly associated with certain additional or specific requirements, e.g., a license, permit, certificate, conformity declaration and the like. This article analyzes the problems occurring at customs by implementing the CITES convention.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117339945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental lobby effectiveness – the case of Lithuania and the United Kingdom","authors":"Luka Vavtar","doi":"10.13165/SMS-14-6-2-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-14-6-2-05","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades, the world has been facing important and rapid changes of global climate and other aspects of environment. In response to this, countries are adopting climate change laws and other environmental regulations, which are causing huge social tensions and involvement of lobby groups. Lithuanian environmental interest groups are increasingly influenced by Europeanization and a parallel process of institutionalization. Interestingly, Lithuania already accepted a Law on Lobbying Activities in 2000 and became a pioneer in Europe. The UK case is significant, because they have introduced the Climate Change Act 2008 and, due to high pressure from different interest groups, ENGOs and corporate sector. The aim of the article is to examine the main factors and determinants that influence legal environmental regulation as a consequence of lobbying in Lithuania and the UK. The analysis examines lobby effectiveness as the difference among interests groups policy preferences (before lobbying), proposed policy (after lobbying) and the general outcome of prominent cases. The results indicate that the ability of groups to influence decision making process varies with the policy issues.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126348847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE PROBLEM WITH VARIETY IN DEFINITIONS OF THE SHADOW ECONOMY","authors":"Rūta Sakalauskaitė","doi":"10.13165/sms-19-11-1-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/sms-19-11-1-06","url":null,"abstract":"Shadow economy has a lot of different names in scientific literature. For example, it is called underground, unofficial, informal, alternative, second, parallel, illicit, illegal, irregular, cash, hidden, non-observed, unobserved, unrecorded, subterranean, occult, black and etc. Although these concepts seem to be similar, they have different meanings. Due to the complexity of economic processes (Dell’Anno, Gomez-Antonio, & Alanon-Pardo, 2007; Krumplytė, 2008, 2009; Maskvytienė & Valuckaitė, 2017; Misiūnas, 1999; Nikopour, Habibullah, & Schneider, 2008; Schneider & Enste, 2000; Schneider & Hametner, 2007)namely France, Spain and Greece. A multiple indicators and multiple causes model based on the latent variable structural theory has been applied. As established by Giles (Working paper on monitoring the health of the tax system, 1995, the shadow economy covers many areas. Therefore, each researcher choses which field to investigate and defines one`s own concept of the shadow economy. Due to this reason, scientific literature faces the problem of the variety of definitions of shadow economy definitions: as each author defines their own concept of the shadow economy, research in this area lacks continuity and comparability of results. Thus, the aim of the article is to propose a unified definition of the shadow economy. It is done by comparative analysis of various concepts, e.g. informal economy, underground economy, shadow economy. Each concept is described in a structured way by applying typological classification to each subtype. After comparing different types of informal economy, underground economy, shadow economy concepts, the unified definition of shadow economy is suggested. Taking into account the prevalent conceptions, reasons for involvement and nature of shadow activities, the author of this article distinguishes three types of the shadow economy - underground, informal and illegal. The underground economy covers legal market output (e.g. undeclared income from legal activities, envelope salaries, hidden income, hidden value added or other taxes). The illegal economy includes illicit production (e.g. drug trafficking, illicit alcohol, smuggling). The informal economy covers output from entities that have no obligation to register or output for private use (e.g. own-account production of households, auxiliaries). Summarizing the concept of the informal economy, the following conclusion can be done: shadow economy is a market-based process that violates legal regulation or otherwise adversely affects state’s tax revenue and financial interests where public authorities are not formally aware of such activities due to tax avoidance or other benefits.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123462119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRANSCULTURAL ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN A LEARNING PROCESS","authors":"Lina Nikitinaitė","doi":"10.13165/SMS-17-9-1-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-17-9-1-07","url":null,"abstract":"Learning is a quite difficult process for learners, and no less difficult for the organizers of the learning process. Traditionally, more attention is paid just to words said to people who are willing to learn, with little attention to how the words are said. This article focuses on non-verbal communication, which is gives 93% of information in all life situations, the same as in the learning process, and is attendant of verbal communication, which gives 7% of information. The research showed that non-verbal communication is very important for students in the learning process. More than 80% of respondents said that non-verbal communication is vital. In that case non-verbal communication has a much bigger impact in the behaving process, the same as in the learning process. Just very small percent of respondents pointed out that they preferred distance learning, which does not include non-verbal communication. Moreover, the biggest amount of respondents said that they used to give more information through body language than what is said through words. In summary, non-verbal communication should be viewed as important as verbal communication to make learning process more successful.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"628 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131338671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE GLOBAL INTELLECTUAL AND SELF WORTH: A CRITERION FOR THE CULTURAL SCIENCES","authors":"J. Pilotta","doi":"10.13165/SMS-15-7-1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13165/SMS-15-7-1-02","url":null,"abstract":"On the occasion of scholar and teacher, Algis Mickunas’ 80th birthday, I wish to recognize his particular essay, “Th e Global Intellectual and Self Worth,” by expanding on his insights. I have chosen to expand this article by selecting another teacher and his student, Confucius and Yan Hui. Th e examined situation of the grief suffered by Confucius upon the death of Yan Hui provides context to the meaning of life as self-worth and life worth living.","PeriodicalId":256611,"journal":{"name":"Societal Studies","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130291762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}