Veterinary Research Forum最新文献

{"title":"Probiotics and postbiotics: a promising prophylactic measure for American foulbrood and European foulbrood diseases of honey bees.","authors":"Naheed Mojgani, Masoumeh Bagheri, Sumel Ashique, Seyede Hanieh Hosseini, Abrar Hussain, Mojtaba Moharrami, Azadeh Zahmatkesh, Mehran Moradi","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2025.2044129.4508","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2025.2044129.4508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) diseases caused by <i>Paenibacillus larvae</i> and <i>Meliscococcus plutonius</i> are prevalent honeybee brood diseases that pose significant economic challenges to the apiculture industry globally. Antibiotic treatment has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, encouraging the search for alternative and safe measures to effectively control these diseases. Honeybee gut microbiomes have proven effects on all spectra of honeybee health by enhancing resistance to several diseases via immune modulation and the production of different antimicrobial metabolites. The major part of the gut microbiota is identified as probiotic bacteria, which are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host. Probiotics have shown promising health benefits for honeybees. Honeybee gut probiotics provide protection via the production of different metabolites (postbiotics), such as hydrogen peroxide, vitamins, organic acids, free fatty acids, bacteriocins, neurotransmitters, secreted bio-surfactants, and reactive oxygen species. Vast numbers of these gut bacteria and their postbiotics have wide-spectrum antibacterial effects on AFB and EFB. This review highlights the significance of the honeybee gut microbial community, its probiotic potency, and the role of postbiotic metabolites as safe prophylactic measures for preventing AFB and EFB diseases in honeybees.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 10","pages":"545-555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12588269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of allogenic biomaterial on the development of adjuvant arthritis in mature female rats.","authors":"Musina Lyalya Akhiyarovna, Lebedeva Anna Ivanovna, Nazmutdinov Bulat Rinatovich, Prusakov Alexey Viktorovich, Yashin Anatoly Viktorovich, Ponamarev Vladimir Sergeevich","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2025.2043931.4504","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2025.2043931.4504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The administration of dispersed allogeneic biomaterial (AB) into the para-articular region and joint cavity allows slowing down the processes of tissue destruction in arthritis. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of AB on the course of experimental adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats. For modeling of AA, complete Freund's adjuvant was injected into the plantar surface of the hind paw of 60 white outbred female rats. The study included intact group, control group, and experimental group. After 37 days of the experiment, blood was collected for hematological analysis and the knee joint with surrounding tissues was harvested for standard histological examination. Intra-articular administration of AB to experimental rats while using complete Freund's adjuvant neutralized the manifestation of signs of a generalized inflammatory process in the joints and reduced the degree of destructive changes in the articular apparatus, preserving the structure of the cartilaginous layer. The use of AB made it possible to stabilize the red and white blood cells levels in the experimental group, as well as significantly increase the reduced level of monocytes. Intra-articular administration of AB during AA modeling exhibits an osteo- and chondro-protective effect, providing positive anti-inflammatory and symptom-modifying effects and weakening the manifestation of pathomorphological changes in the joints of experimental rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 10","pages":"591-596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12588274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of chemical castration by intra-testicular injection of zinc-doped carbon dots in mature rats.","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Farjah, Mehdi Behfar, Ali Soleimanzadeh-Azad, Ali Shalizar-Jalali, Rahim Molaei","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2025.2067029.4854","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2025.2067029.4854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sterilization in animals serves multiple purposes, such as behavior control, performance improvement, and population management. Chemical sterilization has emerged as a promising non-surgical alternative to traditional methods. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intra-testicular injection of zinc-doped carbon dots (Zn-CDs) nanoparticles as a chemical sterilant in mature rats. Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups, including a control group without injection, a sham group receiving 0.50 mL distilled water, and three treatment groups administered respectively 0.50, 2.00, and 8.00 mg kg^-1 of Zn-CDs synthesized through a hydrothermal process. Following anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine, and aseptic preparation, intra-testicular injections were administered bilaterally. At 60^th day post-injections, blood samples were collected to measure serum testosterone levels using chemiluminescence immunoassay. The rats were then surgically castrated to assess sperm parameters and testicular histopathology. Testicular oxidant/anti-oxidant status was also evaluated. The results revealed a dose-dependent reduction in sperm viability, membrane integrity, and motility, accompanied by increased sperm DNA damage. The highest Zn-CDs dose caused the most significant decrease in sperm concentration, as well as severe testicular tissue damage. In addition, anti-oxidant capacity, seminiferous tubules maturation, testosterone production, and spermatogenesis declined with increasing Zn-CDs concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that intra-testicular injection of Zn-CDs effectively induces infertility in mature rats and holds potential as a chemical sterilization method. With further studies to evaluate safety and efficacy, this approach could be developed as a practical solution for large-scale <i>in situ</i> castration, offering a non-surgical alternative for over-population control programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 12","pages":"681-689"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12854173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the effect of <i>Tarantula cubensis</i> alcoholic extract on cadmium embryotoxicity.","authors":"Rahmi Canbar, Gokhan Akcakavak, Muhittin Uslu, Mustafa Sedat Arslan, Harun Kizilay","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2031444.4313","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2031444.4313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Tarantula cubensis</i> alcoholic extract (TCAE) is a homeopathic product used in the veterinary field. This study aimed to determine the effects of TCAE on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in the embryo. The study used 220 fertile, incubated chicken eggs divided into 11 equal groups on the 7^th day of incubation. The groups comprised untreated and physiological saline control groups, a group with TCAE alone, four groups with varying doses of Cd alone and four groups with the same doses of Cd plus TCAE. At the end of the incubation period, the eggs were opened, kidney and liver tissue samples were taken for histopathology and the number of dead and living embryos were recorded. In the prsent study, the median lethal dose of Cd was determined to be 0.029 mg <i>per</i> egg and the median lethal dose of Cd plus TCAE was determined to be 0.020 mg <i>per</i> egg. The histopathological examinations determined that kidney and liver damage were increased when TCAE and Cd were administered together, that was higher than when Cd was given alone. Thus, TCAE, which had no toxic effect on the embryo when used alone, might increase the embryotoxic activity of Cd. However, more detailed studies are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 4","pages":"203-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12091261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i> extract on diabetic gastropathy: involvement of inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and histopathology.","authors":"Muhammet Bahaeddin Dörtbudak, Uğur Şeker, Muhammet Demircioğlu, Ismail Demircioğlu","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2027690.4249","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2027690.4249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the effect of <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i> (GT) extract against diabetic gastropathy was investigated by pathological methods. The animal groups were designed as the control, diabetes, diabetes + GT50, diabetes + GT100, and diabetes + GT200 groups. No treatment was applied to the control group. The other groups received 45.00 mg kg^-1 streptozotocin intraperitoneally on the experimental day. The treatment groups were also given 50.00, 100, and 200 mg kg^-1 of GT extract daily by gavage for 21 days. Tissues were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for histopathological examination. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to reveal the presence of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha), apoptosis (cysteine aspartate specific proteases-3), and oxidative stress (heat shock protein-27). Histopathological examination revealed no pathological lesion in the control group. In the diabetes group, mucosal tissue damage, and vascular and inflammatory changes were observed. In the treatment groups, GT decreased histopathological findings in parallel with the dose increase. Immunohistochemical examination revealed no immunopositivity in the control group, while severe immunopositivity was observed in the diabetes groups in terms of inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. In the treatment groups, there was a decrease in the severity of immunopositivity's depending on the dose increase. As a result of this study, which has not been done before, GT was found to have a protective effect against gastropathy, being an important complication of diabetes, and this study is thus an important reference point for future research and promises new hope for the patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 3","pages":"133-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of <i>Trichinella</i> species among wild carnivores in north, northeast, and northwest provinces of Iran.","authors":"Mohammad Reza Khoshvaght, Elahe Ebrahimzadeh, Nooshinmehr Soleymani, Moein Abolhasani Darounkola, Hassan Borji","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2035552.4364","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2035552.4364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Trichinella britovi</i> is a species circulating in Iran and has already been observed in wild and domestic carnivores. The present study aims to determine the occurrence of <i>Trichinella</i> species in Iran's most important provinces, including the northern, northeastern, and northwest regions. In total, 93 carcasses of golden jackals, collected due to road accidents between 2019 and 2022, have been obtained from Ardabil, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, and Khorasan Razavi provinces, Iran. Genomic DNA (four positives out of 93 carcasses) from each Trichinella genotype was amplified in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction. To confirm the multiplex PCR results, the sequences of the PCR products with cytochrome oxidase subunit I were sent to a reference laboratory within the European Union. Bioinformatics software was used to verify the sequencing results of primer fragments and to compare and analyze the results obtained with the sequences stored in the NCBI genetic database. Following multiplex PCR amplification, a two-band pattern was observed. <i>Trichinella britovi</i> larvae displayed the expected band pattern of 127 bp and 253 bp. The PCR products amplified using primers specific for the <i>cytochrome oxidase subunit I</i> gene showed 861 base pair bands in all four samples analyzed. The obtained sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I from all four individual muscle larvae had 100% identical haplotypes except for one nucleotide transversion in one sequence. As a result of this study, valuable insights into <i>T. britovi</i> prevalence and phylogenetic distribution among Iranian golden jackals have been gained in terms of prevalence and phylogenic distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 9","pages":"515-521"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12584891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145453369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epizootiology of bovine ephemeral fever virus in Iran during 2015 to 2022.","authors":"Ali Naderian, Mehran Bakhshesh, Mohammad Hasan Ebrahimi-Jam","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2025.2040560.4446","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2025.2040560.4446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a debilitating disease of cattle and water buffaloes. Bovine ephemeral fever viruses (BEFVs) form four phylogenetic lineages including the Middle East, East of Asia, Australia and Africa, while the exotic viral strains have also been detected in different geographic areas. We characterized eight BEFVs from different regions of Iran during a period of seven years from 2015 to 2022. Sequencing the entire length of the <i>G</i> gene, the BEFVs were classified in the Middle Eastern lineage with the maximum of 99.73% and minimum of 97.30% nucleotide identity. The all Iranian and Turkish BEFVs detected during the large epizootic in 2020 were clustered phylogenetically together. However, no amino acid variation was observed between the Iranian viruses detected in 2020 and those identified before 2020 in the Middle Eastern lineage suggesting that host, environmental and other genetic factor (s) might have involved in occurrence of the epizootic in 2020. Two BEFVs detected during 2022 outbreak from Kermanshah and Narmashir in the west and east of Iran, respectively, were clustered in two distinct groups as a novel amino acid substitution H51Y in the epitope G3 was also identified in Kermanshah 2022 sequence. These results imply that the Middle Eastern lineage replaced the previously circulated East Asian BEFVs in Iran during 2012 to 2013 and also signify the emergence of new BEFVs due to the intra-lineage evolution. Continuous monitoring of the circulating viruses and identifying the potential vector (s) and its biology help better understand epizootiology of BEFV in the high-risk region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 9","pages":"529-535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12584894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145453417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of hepatitis E virus in milk and feces from rural cattle farms in Mazandaran province, Iran.","authors":"Amirreza Hasanpour, Shohreh Alian Samakkhah, Mojtaba Khosravi, Fahimeh Tooryan","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2035471.4363","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2035471.4363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause acute viral hepatitis in both humans and animals. Some animals, such as swine, rabbits, cattle, and sheep are recognized as primary reservoirs of HEV. Recently, HEV has emerged as a significant public health concern in both industrialized and developing countries. Up to now, there is no information about zoonotic sources and prevalence of HEV in wild and domestic animals in Iran. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence of HEV. Multi-stage cluster sampling approach was used to collect 400 fecal swabs and 400 milk samples between September and February 2022. These samples were collected from rural cattle dairy farms in northern Iran. The viral genome was extracted, and semi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the HEV RNA genome. The overall estimated herd-level prevalence of HEV was found to be 6.25% (5/80, 95.00% CI: 2.06 - 13.99%). Among the 400 fecal and 400 milk samples obtained from 80 farms, the prevalence of HEV was 3.75% (3/80, 95.00% CI: 0.78 -10.57%), and 2.50% (2/80, 95.00% CI: 0.80 - 30.74%), respectively. Positive fecal samples were detected in Abbas-abad and Amol cities, while positive milk samples were found in Tonekabon City. Based on our findings, Hepatitis E is present in the cattle population of Mazandaran province, Iran. Further, more in-depth investigations are recommended due to the zoonotic nature of this disease. It is crucial to consider control and preventive measures in order to mitigate the spread of HEV.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 9","pages":"523-528"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12584887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145453428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> infection in dogs using practical methods in hospitals in Thailand.","authors":"Pansawut Sudjaidee, Sarut Muangsri, Wipa Khiewsalab, Suchawan Pornsukarom","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2033286.4330","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2033286.4330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To date, routine diagnosis of canine heartworm disease relies on detecting <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> antigens in blood or the microscopic examination of blood smears. However, each method has limitations, potentially leading to life-threatening situations for infected dogs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of filarial infection, risk factors, and appropriate detection methods in practical clinics. A total of 113 dog blood samples from two provinces in Thailand (Chonburi = 73 and Nakhon Nayok = 40) were analyzed for <i>D. immitis</i> infection using buffy coat smears, commercial immunochromatographic tests (SNAP 4Dx Plus), and polymerase chain reaction. Overall prevalence was 51.53% (58/113) across all methods. The positivity rates were 15.38% (12/78) for buffy coat smears, 8.00% (4/50) for SNAP 4Dx Plus, and 45.43% (51/113) for polymerase chain reaction. All positives from the test kits correlated with other methods. A significantly high prevalence was observed in dogs under 2 years old. Accessibility to pet care services in urban areas appeared to have a protective effect. Positive commercial test results could confirm <i>D. immitis</i> infection. However, selecting more than one diagnostic technique in clinics, including morphological examination, immunochromatography, or molecular methods, is recommended for early and more accurate detection, along with the promotion of heartworm prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 7","pages":"415-419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of cage density and meat storage period on some meat quality parameters in brown and white spent hens.","authors":"Uğur Özentürk, Ayşe Uysal, Ekrem Laçin, Soner Uysal, Sevda Urçar Gelen, Hayrunnisa Özlü","doi":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2025425.4210","DOIUrl":"10.30466/vrf.2024.2025425.4210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted to determine the effect of different cage densities and meat storage periods on some meat quality parameters in drumstick and breast meat of brown and white spent hens. The study used three different cage densities as low (5 hens <i>per</i> cage), normal (seven hens <i>per</i> cage) and high (10 hens <i>per</i> cage) including 396 hens as 198 Hy-Line Brown (HB) and 198 Isa Tinted (IT). The feeding of chickens was <i>ad libitum</i> (20 - 60 weeks). At the end of the study, a total number of 54 chickens (27 HB and 27 IT) were slaughtered. Some chemical and microbiological analyses were carried out by separating the drumstick and breast area of the slaughtered chickens. According to the results of the research, the redness and yellowness values of the breast area were higher in the ITs. The effect of cage density was significant only for yellowness in the drumstick area. The effects of storage time, lightness and yellowness in the drumstick area and lightness value in the breast area were found to be significant. Bacterial density and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of both breast and drumstick regions of spent hens were higher in HBs, while pH values were higher in ITs. The bacterial density in the meat was increased during the storage period. In conclusion, cage density, genotype and storage time affected the microbiological and chemical quality of spent chicken meat. With this result, it can be said that meat quality studies, which mostly focus on broilers, are also important in spent hens.</p>","PeriodicalId":23989,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Forum","volume":"16 2","pages":"71-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11910977/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}