Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Variation in HIV-1 Tat and Vpr protein amino acid sequences and its association with vascular health measures in a South African cohort: an exploratory study.","authors":"Esmé Jansen van Vuren, Yolandi Breet, Adriaan Jacobs, Iolanthé M Kruger, Monray Edward Williams","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02891-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02891-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 is associated with adverse cardiovascular-related outcomes. Subtype-specific variations in the amino acid sequences of Tat and Vpr HIV-1 proteins are associated with differential clinical outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Given the diverse clinical outcomes related to different HIV subtypes, it is crucial to evaluate the variations in the sequence of Tat and Vpr amino acids in geographical regions where subtype C predominates, such as South Africa. This study aimed to determine whether specific Tat and Vpr protein amino acid variants (alone or in combination) are associated with vascular health measures and predict incident hypertension and all-cause mortality over a five-year period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort of n = 60 treatment-naïve PLHIV at baseline and n = 35 at a five-year follow-up was investigated. Standardized vascular health measures, including carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), cross-sectional wall area (CSWA) and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (crPWV), as well as Sanger sequencing for Tat/Vpr analysis, were performed. The associations of vascular health measures with Tat and Vpr amino acid variants were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the variation in amino acid sequence in Tat only (p = 0.039) and Tat/Vpr (p < 0.001) were associated with crPWV at baseline. Variation in the Tat and Vpr amino acid sequence did not predict incident hypertension in five years or all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The variants of the Tat and Vpr amino acid sequence were associated with arterial stiffness, which may be an underlying mechanism for cardiovascular disease development in PLHIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12323018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of HCV burden among women of reproductive age: a multinational age-period-cohort analysis.","authors":"Zhang Ying, Yan Jing, Weifang Tong, Yue Chaoyan","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02869-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02869-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the epidemiology and trends of HCV infection among women aged 15-49, this research aims to inform public health strategies and reduce its global impact by addressing maternal and child transmission risks.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This research analyzed GBD data (1990-2021) on HCV in women aged 15-49, examining ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and ASDR trends by region and age. APC and Bayesian models predicted future trajectories to guide public health policies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among women aged 15 - 49 witnessed a downward trend. The incidence rate (5.46 per 100,000) and mortality rate (0.068 per 100,000) of acute HCV were notably lower than those of chronic HCV, which stood at an incidence rate of 29.92 per 100,000 and a mortality rate of 1.42 per 100,000. In 2021, regions with a low Sociodemographic Index (SDI) endured the heaviest burden. Oceania, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and several other regions experienced an upward trend in acute HCV cases; meanwhile, the number of chronic HCV cases increased in most regions, with the exception of Australasia. Pakistan had the highest HCV burden globally. Projections indicate that over the next decade, both the incidence and mortality rates of HCV will continue to decline, yet the total number of cases is expected to rise.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals the complex epidemiological landscape of acute and chronic hepatitis C in women of reproductive age globally. Despite the anticipated decline in standardized incidence and mortality rates of acute and chronic hepatitis C among women of reproductive age worldwide in the coming decade, the actual number of cases continues to increase annually. This underscores the substantial challenges faced by the World Health Organization's goal of eliminating HCV infection by 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12317561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the link between HPV genotypes and cervical abnormality incidence in women with HPV infections: insights from a leading referral centre.","authors":"Zahra Sadeghi, Amir Aboofazeli, Sheida Sarrafzadeh, Naeimeh Tayebi, Roxana Tajdini, Fariba Yarandi, Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02858-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02858-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical cancer (CC) is a serious health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries, primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly genotypes 16 and 18. Other risk factors include smoking, early sexual activity, and long-term oral contraceptive use. Early detection through cervical cytology and HPV testing is vital for effective prevention.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in HPV-positive women at a Tehran teaching hospital, focusing on HPV genotypes and their association with CIN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study of HPV-positive women who underwent Pap smear testing, HPV genotyping via real-time PCR, and colposcopy with biopsies of suspected lesions. Risk factors like smoking and alcohol consumption were evaluated, and statistical analyses were performed, including ordinal logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among participants, 52.4% had abnormal CIN: CIN I (31.1%), CIN II (11.4%), and CIN III (10.0%). HPV-16 was the most prevalent genotype (43.7%), significantly associated with severe CIN outcomes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.88, 95% CI), followed by HPV-18 (OR = 1.87, 95% CI). Smoking increased the risk of severe CIN (OR = 1.53, 95% CI), while older age and later age at sexual debut correlated with better CIN outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HPV-16 and smoking are major predictors of severe CIN, highlighting the need for targeted interventions such as HPV vaccination and smoking cessation, along with regular screenings to lower cervical cancer risks. Additional research is required to evaluate the persistence of different HPV genotypes and their progression to CIN and cervical cancer.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"264"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12312495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144761517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional and genomic analysis of Enterococcus phage A155: a potential agent for reducing VRE gut colonization.","authors":"Huiran Zeng, Yuan Wang, Yachen Tian, Xiaoting Yao, Yixuan Li, Linan Xu, Xiangpeng Yang, Xinglin Zhang, Junfei Ma","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02849-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02849-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The high-level colonization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) in the gastrointestinal tract could lead to systemic infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, and urinary tract infections, particularly in hospitalized patients. Given the potent bactericidal activity and host specificity of bacteriophages, phage therapy represents a promising alternative strategy for controlling VRE infections. In this study, we isolated and characterized phage A155, which targets vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VR-Efs) V583. Genomic analyses revealed that it is a member of the Kochikohdavirus genus, while functional characterization defined its optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI), one-step growth kinetics, and stability under varying thermal (20-50 °C) and pH (3.0-11.0) conditions. The phage demonstrated a broad lytic spectrum and effective in vitro antibacterial activity. Furthermore, phage A155 could significantly reduce the VRE intestinal colonization loads by 1.13 orders of magnitude in a mouse model. These findings exhibit the characterization and genome analysis of a novel VR-Efs phage A155, highlighting its therapeutic potential against E. faecalis colonization.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"263"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12308933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of phages ΦZC2 and ΦZC3 against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, and efficacy of ΦZC3 on A549 cells.","authors":"Kareem Essam, Azza G Kamel, Bishoy Maher Zaki, Mohamed Elhadidy, Amal Ahmed Abdel Aziz, Aysam Fayed, Tamer Roshdy, Ayman El-Shibiny","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02885-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02885-6","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen and a major causative agent of hospital-acquired infections. This pathogen can acquire various antibiotic resistance genes, including those conferring resistance to last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems. MDR A. baumannii is known to cause several infections, including pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Consequently, there is an urgent need to explore alternative therapies, and bacteriophage (phage) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for combating multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This study investigates the therapeutic potential of specific bacteriophages against MDR, particularly carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, and evaluates lytic activity against 41 clinical isolates of MDR A. baumannii. The phages morphotypes were identified by transmission electron microscope. The stability of these phages was assessed under different conditions, including pH (2, 3, 4, 7, and 10-12), temperature (-80, -20, 4, 37, 50, 60, 70, and 80 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C), UV exposure (15, 30, 45, 60. 75, 90). Their antibacterial activity was also evaluated using a time-killing assay. Bacteriophage Insensitive Mutants (BIM) was assessed by MOI of 100. Genomic characterization was performed to predict protein-coding genes, life cycle, and suitability for therapeutic applications. Additionally, the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the phage were assessed using a cell viability MTT assay on adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells to evaluate the ability to rescue the lung cells from infection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Two phages, vB_AbaP_ZC2 (ΦZC2) and vB_AbaM_ZC3 (ΦZC3), were isolated from hospital wastewater in Egypt. The phages demonstrated lytic activity against 24.3% (n = 10) and 31.7% (n = 13) of the isolates, respectively. Phage ΦZC2 demonstrated high EOP values (0.75-1) against AB23 and AB26, moderate activity on AB34 and AB35 (EOP = 0.19), and low or no activity on AB10, AB24, and AB31. Similarly, phage ΦZC3 exhibited high EOP on AB24 (EOP = 1), moderate levels on AB12, AB29, and AB38, while showing low or no efficacy against the remaining tested isolates. The morphotypes of ΦZC2 and ΦZC3 are podovirus and myovirus, respectively. The two phages were amplified using a bioreactor and reached titers of approximately 10¹⁰ PFU/ml in 2 L.ΦZC2 was stable at a pH range from 3 to 12 approximately 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; PFU/ml, while ΦZC3 was stable at a pH range from 3 to 11 approximately 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; PFU/ml compared to pH 7. ΦZC2 was stable at -80, 37, and 50 °C approximately 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; PFU/ml, while ΦZC3 was stable at -80, 37,50, 60, and 70 °C with approximately 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; PFU/ml compared to 4 °C. Additionally, the ΦZC2 phage exhibited stability at 90 min, while ΦZC3 phage exhibited stability at 75 min of exposure to UV light. The optimum MOI at which the ΦZC2 and ΦZC3 significantly reduced bact","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12308983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First documented case of a fatal autochthonous Usutu virus infection in an immunocompromised patient in Hungary: a clinical-virological report and implications from the literature.","authors":"Bálint Gergely Szabó, Anna Nagy, Orsolya Nagy, Anita Koroknai, Nikolett Csonka, Dorina Korózs, Krisztina Jeszenszky, Apor Hardi, Nóra Deézsi-Magyar, János Sztikler, Zoltán Bódi, Dániel Cadar, Gábor Endre Tóth, Liliána Veres, Erzsébet Barcsay, Mária Takács, János Sinkó","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02890-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02890-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic orthoflavivirus, endemic to Europe. Although incidental human infections have been recognized, comprehensive descriptions remain scarce. Herein, we report the clinical-virological analysis of the first documented autochthonous case of fatal USUV infection in a severely immunocompromised adult from Hungary.</p><p><strong>Clinical presentation: </strong>A 61-year-old female with relapsed acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed progressive neurological symptoms, accompanied by high-grade fever, during post-chemotherapy aplasia. Initial cranial MRI revealed symmetric thalamic and brainstem abnormalities, while cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed mildly elevated protein levels. Despite empirical antimicrobial therapy, her status deteriorated with new-onset dysarthria and somnolence by day + 29 post-chemotherapy, requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Subsequent EEG demonstrated diffuse background slowing, and follow-up MRI confirmed further progression of the lesions. Despite supportive care and extensive microbiological testing, the patient died on day + 37 post-chemotherapy.</p><p><strong>Virological investigation: </strong>USUV RNA was detected in CSF, blood, urine, and post-mortem tissues by RT-qPCR, using validated in-house protocols. Virus isolation was successfully achieved via intracranial inoculation of newborn mice and subsequent culture in Vero E6 cell cultures. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed infection with the USUV Europe 2 lineage, closely related to other Hungarian and Italian strains. No other pathogens from the central nervous system were identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We highlight the challenges of USUV infection in immunocompromised patients. The phylogenetic link between European strains shows the regional emergence of high-risk viral lineages. Surveillance, donor screening, and research into antiviral therapies are needed to mitigate the impact of this emerging arbovirus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12309071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilaralisib inhibits the replication of enteroviruses by targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.","authors":"Jie Zhou, Yanping Wang, Guangyan Zhu, Mingzhe Yan, Zhengnan Li, Lin Li, Jingwen Kuang, Wenyuan Zhang, Chaolin Huang, Fuli Ren, Qingyu Yang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02881-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02881-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a significant pathogen responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which poses a substantial public health concern, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. The virus is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route and via respiratory droplets, entering the host via the gastrointestinal tract where it replicates before spreading to the central nervous system. The virus predominantly affects children under five years of age, often resulting in severe neurological complications, including aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and, in some cases, death. Despite the development of vaccines, global control of EV71 remains challenging due to its high genetic variability. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating various cellular processes, such as cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. This pathway is frequently exploited by viruses to facilitate infection and replication. Consequently, therapeutic interventions that target the PI3K/Akt pathway emerge as a promising strategy to combat viral infections, including EV71. Notably, the PI3K inhibitor Pilaralisib has demonstrated efficacy in reducing EV71-induced mortality by 50-80% in animal models. However, its low cellular safety profile poses limitations to its therapeutic potential. This study sought to investigate the role of the PI3K/Akt pathway in EV71 infection and the potential of its inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy. We examined the effects of PI3K inhibition on EV71 replication both in vitro and in vivo, exploring the underlying mechanisms. Our findings suggest that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in the replication of EV71 and that its inhibition could offer a promising approach to preventing or alleviating the severity of HFMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12302845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-specific expression of cytomegalovirus immediate early protein 1 disrupts neurodevelopment in mice by inducing neuroinflammation and altering astrocytic metabolism.","authors":"Meng Yu, Xianjuan Zhang, Zhifei Wang, Shan Wang, Jun Li, Huan Huang, Xu Li, Chen Wang, Wen Shen, Weiwei Sun, Jie Yu, Wanming Zhang, Yunyang Wang, Bin Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02874-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02874-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the leading cause of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, including nongenetic sensorineural hearing loss. Previous studies have shown that HCMV immediate early 1 (IE1) protein, also known as IE72, contributes to brain maldevelopment. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear due to the strict species specificity of cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), limiting animal model study. In the current study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to construct a transgenic mouse model (Rosa26-LSL-IE1^+/-, Camk2ɑ-Cre) specifically and stably expressing IE1 protein in brain. These transgenic mice exhibited impaired spatial working memory, hippocampal neurodegeneration, and proinflammatory activation of brain microglia and astrocytes. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that IE1 protein upregulated genes linked to metabolism and downregulated genes implicated in nervous system development. Furthermore, IE1 alters the lactate production pathway in astrocytes, thereby reducing the energy supply available to neurons. These findings suggest that long-term IE1 protein expression disrupts neurodevelopment by inducing neuroinflammation and uncoupling neurons from metabolic support by astrocytes. These results provide a clear molecular mechanism for neurodevelopmental disorders in infants with congenital HCMV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12302570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiling HIV1-host protein-protein interaction networks in patient-derived exosome proteins: impact on pathophysiology and innate immune pathways.","authors":"Noor Fatima, Mirza Sarwar Baig, Aman Haider Rizvi, Alisha Arzoo, Manu Sharma, Md Shahadab, Aditya Arya, Ayan K Das, Vineeta Vijay Batra, Keshar Kunja Mohanty, Md Anzar Alam, Ejaj Ahmad, Shakir Ali, Angamuthu Selvapandiyan, Mairaj Ahmed Ansari","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02717-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02717-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of this research is to investigate the pathophysiological progression of HIV from acute infection to chronic immunodeficiency (AIDS) and to understand the host's immunological responses, which are pivotal for elucidating disease aetiology and optimizing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Additionally, the study aims to explore the role of exosomes (40-130 nm bilipid-layered vesicles released by nearly all cell types) as key mediators of intercellular communication in the context of HIV infection.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Recent research has uncovered that cells infected with HIV-1 release exosomes carrying a mix of viral and host components such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other metabolites. To decipher the plausible role of exosome-derived proteins in HIV disease progression, the exosomes isolated from HIV patient's serum were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis to identify exosome-derived human and viral protein sequences. The identified proteins were then investigated, annotated, and explored for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between HIV and the human host's proteins. Earlier experimental efforts focused on identifying PPI networks in host cells or only within the virus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis showed that out of twelve exosome-derived host proteins identified from HIV-1 patient's samples, only five of the proteins were associated with Toll-like receptors (TLR), inflammasome-activation, inhibition of apoptosis, innate immune response modulation, and autophagy pathways. In the TLR pathway, CDH5, ENO1, OGT, TJP1, and TRAF6 exosome-derived host proteins participated in regulation. Notably, CDH5, ENO1, OGT, and TRAF6 were shared among these pathways, BioGRID version 4.4 showed that HIV-1 Gag, Gag-pol, Env, and Nef proteins interact with 196, 162, 158, and 80 human proteins, respectively, associated with different innate immune response pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings are a step ahead in comprehending the pathophysiology of HIV1 and the innate immune response pathways, providing excellent opportunities to explore further exosome-based biomarkers for theranostic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"259"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12302467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on immunogenicity of recombinant ferritin hemagglutinin of canine distemper virus.","authors":"Dongyu Liu, Bing Liu, Jinling Guo, Yanan Zhao, Dandan Yang, Yudie Zhang, Congmei Wu, Yuhe Yin","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02802-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02802-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Canine distemper virus (CDV) hemagglutinin protein (H), as one of the surface glycoproteins of the virus, helps attach the virus to the host cell through its interaction with cell receptors, makes hemagglutinin protein a key target for the development of neutralizing antibodies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, H protein sequences were analyzed by conservation analysis and prediction of multiple immune cell epitopes, three possible epitope sequences were identified. The epitopes were ligated to Ferritin vector with linkers to construct pET30a-Ferritin-Hemagglutinin-Canine distemper virus (FHCDV). pET30a-FHCDV was transfected into E.coli BL21, the expressed protein was extracted by nickel column affinity chromatography and dialysis concentration. Evaluate vaccine efficacy through nasal mucosal and muscular administration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The best expression conditions of FHCDV in E. coli transfected with pET30a-FHCDV were 25 °C and 1 mM Isopropyl β-D-1-Thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The results of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) and Non-denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Native-PAGE)showed that the purity of purified FHCDV was about 95% and had capable of self-assembly. The results of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) characterization showed the recombinant protein FHCDV self-assembly into tetrameric caged nanoparticles with a diameter of 16.56 nm. Significant secreted IgA (sIgA) was generated in BALB/C female mice with nasal mucosal immunization. The titers of sIgA antibodies against FHCDV in nasal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were about 1865 ng/ml and 3943 ng/ml. FHCDV was used as an intramuscular vaccination to inject BALB/C female mice with aluminium adjuvant (Al), Oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), and polyethyleneimine (PEI) respectively. All immunization groups produced distinct antibodies against the antigenic epitopes of FHCDV. The antibody titer of FHCDV group was 1.28 × 10⁴, that of Ferritin-Hemagglutinin- Canine distemper virus + aluminium adjuvant (FHCDV + Al) group was 5.12 × 10⁴, Ferritin-Hemagglutinin- Canine distemper virus + Oligodeoxynucleotide (FHCDV + CpG) group was 1.28 × 10⁴, and Ferritin-Hemagglutinin- Canine distemper virus + polyethyleneimine (FHCDV + PEI) group was 2.56 × 10⁴. The results of cytokine assays showed that FHCDV generated a Th1 immune response. Immunoaffinity protein serum exhibited varying degrees of neutralizing activity against Canine distemper virus-11(CDV-11); ID₅₀ of FHCDV groups was 39.8, that of FHCDV + Al groups was 106.7, FHCDV + CpG groups was 58.7, and FHCDV + PEI groups was 55.4. FHCDV did not cause damage to mouse organs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results indicate that self-assembled multi-epitope FHCDV nano vaccines elicit effective immune responses with a favorable safety pr","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12302749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}