Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy of phage vB_Ps_ZCPS13 in controlling Pan-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from urinary tract infections (UTIs) and eradicating biofilms from urinary catheters.","authors":"Amira A Mohamed, Emad M El-Zayat, Ayman El-Shibiny","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02848-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02848-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pan-drug resistance (PDR) is a ticking time bomb, as it causes high human hospitalizations and mortality rates. For instance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with significant rates of urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to several reasons including antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and the presence of various virulence factors. Consequently, there is an urgent need for safe and effective alternative antibacterials. Phage therapy is a promising alternative that uses naturally occurring bacteriophages (phages). Therefore, our present study investigated the isolation and characterization of a novel virulent phage (vB_Ps_ZCPS13) against the PDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain (Ps13).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phage vB_Ps_ZCPS13 was isolated from raw sewage water in Egypt during the springtime. The isolated phage was purified and amplified, followed by estimating its purity and genome size using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), antibacterial activity against other P. aeruginosa hosts, physiochemical stability studies, whole genome sequencing, antibiofilm activity on urinary catheters using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cytotoxicity assays against normal human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell lines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on vB_Ps_ZCPS13 morphology under TEM, the phage has been classified as a myovirus. In consistent with the PFGE results, DNA sequencing revealed a phage genome size of 92,443 bp, with lytic-associated genes and no antimicrobial resistance or virulence factors. Phage vB_Ps_ZCPS13 presented a wide host range of over 93% of tested clinical isolates having different multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices. Furthermore, phage vB_Ps_ZCPS13 exhibited high efficiency in plaque formation (EOP ≥ 1) against 13% of the strains and exhibited low frequencies of bacteriophage insensitive mutants (BIM). The physical stability test against harsh environmental conditions revealed phage stability within a pH range of 3.0-11.0 and stable at temperatures below 70 °C. Phage vB_Ps_ZCPS13 also exposed a significant antibacterial activity in vitro across different MOIs, with the highest reduction in bacterial growth observed at lower MOIs. Furthermore, vB_Ps_ZCPS13 demonstrated potent biofilm inhibition and clearance capabilities, effectively eradicating P. aeruginosa from the urinary catheter surface. Moreover, the phage presented no cytotoxicity against normal human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell lines at high titer.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study offers an effective phage as a therapeutic candidate against PDR Gram-negative P. aeruginosa infections, including catheter-associated urinary tract infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"236"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144620766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic variability in HPV 33 and 35 E6 and E7 genes from South African and Mozambican women with different cervical cytology status.","authors":"Cremildo Maueia, Alltalents T Murahwa, Olivia Carulei, Ongeziwe Taku, Zizipho Mbulawa, Alice Manjate, Ziyaad Omar Valey, Tufária Mussá, Anna-Lise Williamson","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02851-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02851-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Among the high-risk human Papillomavirus (hr-HPV) genotypes related to cervical cancer (CC) cases, HPV16 and 18 are the most studied worldwide. However, several studies have identified HPV 33 and HPV 35 as some of the most common genotypes in sub-Saharan African regions. This study aims to investigate the genetic variability and lineages of HPV 33 and 35 based on the HPV E6 and E7 genes in isolates from South African and Mozambican women with different cervical cytology statuses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study analysed 26 HPV 33 and 46 HPV 35 DNA samples collected previously from South African and Mozambican women. The E6 and E7 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genotype-specific primers. Sequences were mapped to the reference sequences using Qiagen CLC Genomics Workbench software and aligned with the HPV 33 and 35 lineages reference sequences. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the E6 and E7 genes were identified, and the phylogenetic trees were generated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 26 HPV 33-positive subjects, 62% (16/26) were from women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 38% (10/26) of the isolates clustered with European lineages. Specifically, 30% (8/26) of isolates clustered in the A1 sublineage, and 8% (2/26) in the A2 sublineage. The African 1 lineage (B1 sublineage) was identified in 19% (5/26) of the isolates. Notably, 42% (11/26) of the isolates did not cluster with any of the reference sequences under investigation, through E6 and E7 genes analysis. In the HPV 33 E6 gene, 80 SNPs were identified and 30 in the E7, frequently in the HSILs subjects. Of the 46 HPV35-positive subjects, 46% (21/46) were from women with HSILs, and 43% (20/46) of the isolates clustered with the European lineages. Specifically, 39% (18/46) clustered to the A1 sublineage, and 4% (2/46) clustered to the A2 sublineage. However, 4% (2/46) of the isolates did not cluster with any of the study sublineage. Seven SNPs were detected in the E6 region and two in the E7 region of the HPV 35 isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study's genetic analysis showed a higher prevalence of European HPV 33 and 35 variants. Fewer SNPs were found in the studied genes of HPV 35 isolates. The addition of HPV 35 to the HPV vaccines would result in improved cervical cancer prevention. The study findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity of the HPV circulating in Southern African women and may inform strategies for cervical cancer prevention, including the design of therapeutic vaccines for women in advanced cytological disease stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"234"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12243224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal mouse model reveals pathogenesis of Shanxi Tick Virus 2 isolated from Haemaphysalis longicornis.","authors":"Fan Li, Reichen Wang, Bangshuai Zhang, Guangjun Jin, Jingdong Song, Weimin Gou, Changyuan Sun, Qikai Yin, De Li, Kai Nie, Qianqian Cui, Shihong Fu, Songtao Xu, Qiang Wei, Huanyu Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02825-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02825-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shanxi Tick Virus 2(SXTV2), a Tamdy group member of Orthonairovirus genus, Nairoviridae family, was initially identified through Next Generation Sequencing, with its pathogenicity and risk profile remaining unclear. This study reports the first successful isolation of SXTV2 from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks collected from Hunchun City, China-a tri-border region between China, Russia, and North Korea. The isolated SXTV2 strain replicated and produced cytopathic effects in both Vero (primate) and SW-13 (human) cell lines. Electron microscopy revealed that SXTV2 particles are enveloped, surface-spiked, pleomorphic, and approximately 100 nm in diameter. Experimental inoculation in neonatal mice led to significant weight loss, liver injury and 100% mortality. In conclusion, this study marks the first successful isolation of the SXTV2 strain and exploring the animal model for member of Tamdy group orthonairovirus. These findings suggest the need for enhanced surveillance of SXTV2 zoonotic exposure and disease epidemic risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"233"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12243325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reevaluating antiviral thresholds in HBV DNA-negative inactive HBsAg carriers: a multicenter histopathological analysis.","authors":"Shan Ren, Sujun Zheng, Xinyang Zhang, Junliang Fu, Rongshan Fan, Qingfa Ruan, Wenqi Huang, Haibing Gao, Xiulan Xue, Fang Yang, Yao Xie, Minghui Li, Xinyue Chen","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02853-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02853-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The definition of inactive HBsAg carriers (IHC) varies globally, particularly regarding HBV DNA thresholds. Whether HBV DNA negativity reliably predicts histological quiescence remains uncertain.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study evaluated liver pathology in IHC patients to reassess antiviral therapy thresholds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This multi-center, retrospective study included 231IHCs(2018-2023) stratified by HBV DNA negativity (< 20IU/mL). Liver biopsies assessed inflammation (G ≥ 2) and fibrosis (F ≥ 2); evident hepatic injury (EHI) was defined as G ≥ 2 and/or F ≥ 2. Multivariable models evaluated predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 231 IHC patients(median age:43 years old; 95.2% ≥30 years old), 35.9%(83/231) were HBV DNA negative. The median HBsAg and HBV DNA level were 132 IU/ml and 94 IU/ml, respectively. Notably, EHI prevalence was significantly higher in HBV DNA negative patients than positive ones(44.9% vs. 31%, P = 0.04), driven by fibrosis (F ≥ 2: 42.2% vs. 21.6%, P < 0.001), challenging the assumption that HBV DNA negativity ensures low histological risk. Male sex, HBV DNA negativity, and elevated liver stiffness measurement(LSM) independently predicted EHI (OR = 3.37, AUC = 0.747).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HBV DNA negativity does not guarantee histological quiescence in inactive HBsAg carriers aged ≥ 30 years, with 44.9% exhibiting significant liver injury. In this population, LSM > 6.4 Kpa should prompt consideration of liver biopsy and/or initiation of antiviral therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"235"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12243403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic criteria for Epstein-barr virus-associated encephalitis: a comment on Liu et al.","authors":"Fereshte Sheybani, Mahboubeh Haddad","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02860-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02860-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We read with great interest the article by Liu et al., titled \"Clinical features and risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus-associated encephalitis: a retrospective cohort study.\" The study provides valuable insights into the clinical spectrum and risk factors associated with EBV-related encephalitis.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is frequently detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during CNS infections, its role as a primary pathogen remains uncertain, especially in immunocompromised patients. We commend the authors for their efforts but seek clarification on the diagnostic criteria used to attribute causality to EBV. Specifically, we question whether the diagnosis relied solely on the detection of EBV DNA in the CSF or whether supporting parameters, such as viral load, CSF/serum ratios, or intrathecal antibody synthesis, were considered. The distinction between causative and incidental EBV detection is clinically significant and remains a challenge in neuroinfectious disease practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further elaboration on how EBV-associated encephalitis was defined in the study would enhance its clinical relevance and aid practitioners encountering similar diagnostic complexities.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"232"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12243388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of a pseudovirus system for human Aichi virus: in vitro and in vivo analysis.","authors":"Ruojun Wu, Jingli Tian, Shunchang Fan, Minyi Liang, Yucheng Li, Ying Deng, Binbin Tang, Minyi Zhang, Qing Chen","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02839-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02839-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human Aichi virus (AiV) (genus Kobuvirus, family Picornaviridae) has been described as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis since 1989. However, research on AiV at cellular and animal levels is limited. Utilizing a double reporter gene system, we constructed an AiV capsid protein plasmid and genomic backbone Replicon. Subsequently, AiV pseudovirus (AiV PsV) particles were packaged using a three-plasmid co-transfection system. Eleven cell types were screened to identify those susceptible to AiV PsV. Mouse models were established with AiV PsV to determine the optimal mouse species, mode of infection, and detection time, and investigate distribution characteristics of AiVs in vivo. HeLa cells exhibited the highest sensitivity to AiV PsV. A BALB/c mouse model established with bioluminescence imaging performed 24 h after infection via intraperitoneal injection demonstrated that the bioluminescent signal was concentrated in the murine abdominal cavity. The AiV PsV system should advance understanding of the infectious features of AiVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"231"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism research of Punicalagin in treating representative strains of enterovirus A and B types based on systems pharmacology and experimental validation.","authors":"Yuwei Liu, Jing Chen, Nana Du, Min Zhao, Yi Zhao, Ping Wu, Likai Ji, Shixing Yang, Xiaochun Wang, Quan Shen, Xiaodan Zhang, Songyi Ning, Hongfeng Yang, Wen Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02845-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02845-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Enteroviruses (EVs), particularly types A (e.g., EV-A71) and B (e.g., CVB3), cause severe complications in vulnerable populations. Limited vaccines and no antivirals underscore the need for broad-spectrum therapies. Punicalagin, a natural anti-inflammatory compound, was investigated for its pan-enteroviral therapeutic potential.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate punicalagin's efficacy and mechanisms against multiple EV serotypes via integrated systems pharmacology and experimental validation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Network pharmacology identified punicalagin's targets and pathways. In vitro antiviral activity was assessed in Vero/A549 cells infected with EV-A71/CVB3. Neonatal mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with these viruses to test in vivo efficacy. Molecular docking, apoptosis assays, and inflammatory factor analyses elucidated mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Punicalagin inhibited EV-A71 and CVB3 replication in vitro and improved survival in infected mice. Systems pharmacology linked its effects to anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory pathways. Molecular docking confirmed interactions with apoptosis/inflammation regulators (e.g., CASP3, TNF-α). Experimental validation demonstrated reduced viral-induced apoptosis and suppressed IL-6/TNF-α levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Punicalagin exhibits broad-spectrum anti-enteroviral activity through dual inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation, validated across in vitro, in vivo, and computational models. This study provides a systems-level framework for repurposing natural compounds against phylogenetically diverse EVs, addressing critical therapeutic gaps for high-risk populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Immuno and bioinformatics assisted novel epitope vaccine against HIV infection: a study based on complete genome.","authors":"Saurav Kumar Mishra, Abdelkrim Guendouzi, Neeraj Kumar, Ganesh Sharma, Taha Alqahtani, Magdi E A Zaki, Md Abdullah Al Mashud, Yewulsew Kebede Tiruneh, John J Georrge","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02764-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02764-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"228"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring co-infection dynamics and immune response interactions between COVID-19 and Monkeypox: implications for disease severity, viral transmission, and vaccine efficacy.","authors":"Oluwatoyin Ayo-Farai, Nenrot Gopep, Aminat Alarape-Raji, Huda Adnan, Maryam Ahmed, Rida Arif, Eisha Kashif, Malik Olatunde Oduoye, Muhammad Usman Haider","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02857-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02857-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and Monkeypox (Mpox) are viral infections that have similar modes of presentation, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Understanding their co-infection dynamics and immune response is important for public health policies.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This article aims to determine the relationship between dynamicity and immune response interactions between Mpox and COVID-19, focusing more on the implications for disease severity, viral transmission, and vaccine efficacy.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>An extensive literature review was conducted through electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science from the last decade (2014-2024) using keywords: COVID-19, Co-infections, Immune response, Monkeypox, and Vaccination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Several co-infections between COVID-19 and Mpox have been reported, especially a case from Florida, in the United States of America (USA), in Barcelona, Spain (a 56-year-old man who suffered both Mpox and COVID-19 and syphilis simultaneously, and from Italy (a 36-year-old male). Both COVID-19 and Mpox have been shown to have some effects on the immunity of a person, especially the innate system, which can occasionally produce inadvertent effects. A common factor that links the two diseases is the endoglycosidase named Heparanase (HPSE). Both COVID-19 and Mpox clinical features have bizarre severity and complications. The rising co-infection of COVID-19 and increased Mpox infection rate has led to the development of only approved vaccines JYNNEOS and COH04S1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Global efforts such as adequate awareness campaigns through webinars, social media platforms, and research, including experimental studies, cohort studies, case series, etc., should be put in place to give more insights into both diseases. Such efforts should be backed up with good political will, adequate funding, the establishment of research facilities and interprofessional measures among the concerned countries and policymakers in the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"230"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epidemiology, coinfection, and diversity of enteroviruses detected in respiratory samples collected from patients with influenza-like illness in Hangzhou, China, in 2023.","authors":"Xiaofeng Qiu, Feifei Cao, Shi Cheng, Jun Li","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02862-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02862-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The coronavirus pandemic in China ended in 2022, and stringent control measures were lifted in 2023. This study investigated the pathogen and endemic characteristics of enteroviruses (EVs) in patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) in Hangzhou, China, in 2023, providing a foundation for the prevention and control of EV infections. Throughout 2023, 3,480 throat swab samples were collected from hospitals across Hangzhou. Among these, 130 were positive for EVs, with a positivity rate of 3.74%. Successful sequencing and typing were achieved for 91 cases (70.00%, 91/130), which included four enterovirus A (EV-A), three enterovirus B (EV-B), and one enterovirus D (EV-D) species. EV-A was predominant in 94.51% (86/91) of the samples, followed by EV-B (4.40%, 4/91) and EV-D (1.10%, 1/91). Notably, coxsackievirus A6 was the dominant genotype detected, accounting for 60.44% (55/91) of the samples. Coinfection with 12 distinct non-EV respiratory pathogens was also observed in a significant proportion (75.82%, 69/91) of the samples. Summer and autumn represented peak periods for EV circulation, and children < 8 years of age constituted the primary demographic group affected. There were no sex-based differences in the positivity rate of EV detection (χ²=0.258, P = 0.655). Phylogenetic analyses based on partial VP1 sequences revealed that each representative strain clustered with its corresponding reference strain. Isolated CV-A4 strains were classified within subgenotype C2, CV-A6 strains within subgenotype D3, and CV-A10 strains within subgenotype C1. In conclusion, EV infections among ILI cases in Hangzhou during 2023 peaked in summer and autumn (July and October), with CV-A6 emerging as the predominant type. Children aged 0-7 years constituted the primary risk group for EV infection, with no significant sex-based differences observed. Incorporating EV screening into influenza sentinel surveillance would enhance understanding of endemic trends and pathogen characteristics in ILI patients, thereby informing evidence-based prevention policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}