Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating the utility of a nanoscale flow cytometer for detection of surface proteins on HIV and extracellular vesicles.","authors":"Jonathan Burnie, Caroline Ouano, Vanessa Costa, Irene Castrosin, Catherine Hammond, Hannah Matthews, John Tigges, Kizzmekia S Corbett-Helaire","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03169-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03169-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Flow virometry (FV) - the application of flow cytometry to viruses - has historically been hindered by the inability of cytometers to detect particles below ~ 300 nm in size. However, advances in optics and fluidics have enabled cytometers primarily designed for cells to detect viruses and extracellular vesicles (EVs) through light scatter alone. In 2024, the CytoFLEX nano was released, marketed for the detection of particles as small as 40 nm; however, its performance has yet to be compared to a conventional instrument for FV.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>FV was utilized to evaluate performance of the CytoFLEX nano and a conventional flow cytometer (CytoFLEX S). Instrument scatter sensitivity was assessed using NIST beads (40-400 nm), and virus stocks [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human coronaviruses (HCoV)-229E and HCoV-OC43]. For fluorescence analysis, HIV virions were stained with PE- and BV421-conjugated antibodies targeting virion incorporated proteins (CD38, CD44), individually and in combination. Finally, HIV stocks were labeled with antibodies against the envelope (Env) glycoprotein and tetraspanins (CD9, CD81) to assess EVs within virus preparations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the CytoFLEX S, the CytoFLEX nano exhibited substantially greater scatter sensitivity, reflected by up to 50-fold higher signal-to-noise ratio across NIST-traceable beads and virus samples. This enabled clearer resolution of smaller populations, including bead populations < 70 nm that were undetectable on the CytoFLEX S, as well as improved resolution across all viruses. While both instruments reliably detected stained proteins on HIV virions, the CytoFLEX nano revealed a distinct population of tetraspanin-positive EVs within HIV stocks that was undetected on the CytoFLEX S. Using GFP-tagged HIV, we identified Env⁺ particles lacking GFP, indicating the presence of Env on EVs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The CytoFLEX nano exhibited markedly improved scatter sensitivity compared to the CytoFLEX S, improving detection of viruses and enabling detection of EV populations that were undetectable on the conventional instrument. While both platforms performed similarly for surface protein labeling, additional consideration of spectral overlap was needed with the CytoFLEX nano in multicolor experiments. These findings highlight that the complementary strengths of each platform can be utilized to more comprehensively characterize virus and EV populations, providing new opportunities to investigate nanoparticle heterogeneity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of human monkeypox virus Clade Ib in Madagascar: first genomic evidence of introduction and local transmission.","authors":"Vololoniaina Raharinosy, Mirana Baliaka Ramiarimanana, Soa Fy Andriamandimby, Ianja Iorenantsoa Razanadrakoto, Iony Razanajatovo, Norosoa Razanajatovo, Richter Razafindratsimandresy, Ndongo Dia, Martin Faye, Francesco Zapelloni, Andrianarivelo Andry Maharo, Jean-Michel Heraud","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03165-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03165-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In December 2025, Madagascar reported its first confirmed cases of mpox, coinciding with the regional expansion of human monkeypox virus (MPV) Clade Ib across Central and East Africa. To characterize this outbreak, we generated the first near-complete MPV genome sequences from Madagascar using an amplicon-based nanopore sequencing approach applied directly to clinical samples. Eleven high-quality genomes were analyzed using maximum likelihood phylogenetics and Nextclade lineage assignment. All Malagasy sequences clustered within MPV Clade Ib and were closely related to strains circulating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda during 2024-2025. Phylogenetic reconstruction supports a recent introduction from mainland Africa, followed by local transmission. The genetic homogeneity observed among Malagasy sequences supports a limited number of introduction events during the early phase of the outbreak. These findings provide the first genomic evidence of Clade Ib circulation in Madagascar. Our study underscores the value of rapid genomic surveillance in island settings to detect viral introductions, inform public health responses, and anticipate further dissemination across islands of the south-west Indian Ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MG132-mediated inhibition of rabies virus replication via the Nrf2/SQSTM1/PINK1/Parkin autophagy pathway.","authors":"Ying Lin Chi, Nuo Yang, Yuan Xie, Xiaoyan Tao, Pengcheng Yu, Qian Liu, Minghui Zhang, Shu Qing Liu, Wu Yang Zhu","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03164-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03164-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rabies virus (RABV), a fatal neurotropic virus, still lacks effective antiviral drugs for treatment once symptoms appear. MG132 acts as a novel therapeutic agent against viral infection, inhibits the degradation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nfe2l2; Nrf2), and enhances SQSTM1 expression in mouse hypothalamic organotypic cultures. Rapamycin-induced autophagy and Parkin-mediated mitophagy could also be inhibited by MG132. Autophagy signaling was triggered by RABV replication, but the antiviral effects of MG132 against RABV remained unclear. Here, we showed that MG132 exerted potent inhibitory activity against different viral strains (CVS-11 and CTN strains), with an efficacy comparable to that of ribavirin and higher than that of T705 in vitro. We further demonstrated that MG132 inhibited RABV replication by disrupting the Nrf2/SQSTM1/PINK1/Parkin pathway, with SQSTM1 acting as a key mediator. MG132 also prevented SQSTM1 degradation and enhanced colocalization between SQSTM1 and PINK1/Parkin. In vivo, MG132 (10 mg/kg) attenuated body weight loss and prolonged survival of RABV-infected mice by 40%. Overall, our findings indicated that MG132 inhibits RABV replication via the Nrf2/SQSTM1/PINK1/Parkin-related autophagy pathway and merits further investigation as an potential anti-RABV drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic modulation of HIV-1 using miRNAs and lncRNAs: from bench to bedside.","authors":"Akmal Zubair, Nguyen Manh Hung, Yasir Waheed, Naila Afghan","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03175-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03175-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long non-coding RNAs, often referred to as lncRNAs, consist of RNA molecules that contain more than 200 nt and can be translated into small proteins under various circumstances. Extensive research has consistently demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and miRNAs play a crucial role in various biological processes and disease mechanisms, including those associated with viral infections. Although numerous mechanisms are involved in miRNA and lncRNA-mediated gene regulation, such as transcriptional and translational regulation, protein modification, and the formation of RNA-protein complexes. This manuscript demonstrates the new therapeutic roles of long ncRNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It shows that these non-coding RNAs have decisive roles in controlling the viral replication, latency, and host-virus interactions in the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Select lncRNAs like MALAT1, NEAT1, NRON, and GAS5 are demonstrated to increase or block HIV transcription and persistence, whereas miRNAs like miRNA-155, miRNA-146a and miRNA-191- 5p regulate immune reactions and viral replication by acting on both viral RNA and host dynamics. The article also highlights that certain disadvantage of lncRNA such as delivery efficiency, stability of RNA therapeutics, potential off-target effects, and the difficulty of targeting HIV reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Bacteriophages in gut metagenomes: from analysis to application.","authors":"Natalia Zakharevich, Aleksandra Strokach, Egor Shitikov, Ksenia Klimina","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03170-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03170-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for intensive care unit coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia-associated invasive fungal infections: a Bayesian evidence synthesis integrating external and real-world data.","authors":"Chengyu Wang, Huangxin Gong, Jiatian Wang, Ting Yang, Yuan Wu, Yan Wang, Yan Cai","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03183-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03183-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia-associated Invasive Fungal Infections (IFI) has risen markedly. However, current evidence regarding associated risk factors remains inconsistent across studies and limited by small sample sizes, underscoring the need for systematically integrated evidence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study integrated published external evidence with Real-World Data (RWD) within a Bayesian framework to derive more accurate and robust estimates of potential risk factors for IFI associated with COVID-19 pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the study-derived prior distributions for 25 potential risk factors, the Bayesian integrated analysis further suggested that male sex, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, chronic pulmonary disease, hepatic or renal dysfunction, malignancy, increased disease severity (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)), and prolonged mechanical ventilation were possible associated with IFI in ICU patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. In addition, prior glucocorticoid exposure, high-dose and prolonged glucocorticoid therapy, vasopressor use, renal replacement therapy, and mechanical ventilation were also potentially linked to higher IFI incidence. Subgroup analyses revealed that factors associated with Aspergillus infection in COVID-19 patients were largely consistent with the overall cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This observational study systematically explored potential factors associated with IFI in ICU patients with COVID-19 pneumonia by integrating published external evidence with RWD within a Bayesian framework, thereby providing more reliable evidence to support early identification and prevention in high-risk individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical features and whole-genome snp association study of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection in adults.","authors":"Xuan Mei, Jie Yao, Zhen Guan, Xiu-Lan Ao, Li Chen, Ying Liang, Zhi-Yu Zeng, Xiao-Ling Zhou, Li-Li Zhou, Xia Wu, Dongliang Li","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03176-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03176-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adult chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV) is rare, often atypical, lacks effective therapy, and has poor prognosis. Its geographic and ethnic clustering in East Asians suggests host genetic susceptibility. We aimed to define adult CAEBV clinical features and identify susceptibility SNPs and implicated genes and pathways.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-six chronic EBV-infected adults and 74 healthy controls were genotyped using Illumina SNP arrays. After PLINK quality control, genome-wide association analysis was performed. Functional annotation was explored by GO/KEGG enrichment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GWAS identified 14,185 SNPs with nominal significance (P < 0.05). Seven risk-associated SNPs (OR > 1) were highlighted, including rs1172402, rs5942250, rs7009326, JHU_X.91,664,955, rs12202343, rs516251, and rs10148866. Ten SNPs showed potential protective effects (OR < 1), including rs10142901, rs80019788, rs77220782, rs58233940, rs7297554, rs3116565, rs208510, rs62411077, rs12564297, and rs2192444. Enrichment analyses indicated that differential loci were mainly related to cell junction/membrane components and to processes such as cell adhesion and calcium ion transport, involving calcium signaling, TRP channel-mediated inflammatory regulation, and PI3K-Akt/MAPK pathways. Core genes included PTEN, EGFR, PTK2, ITGB1, and DVL1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adult CAEBV shows distinct SNP patterns versus healthy controls. Candidate susceptibility loci converge on calcium/TRP, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK signaling, with PTEN, EGFR, PTK2, ITGB1, and DVL1 as key genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress and challenge of hepatitis B virus mucosal vaccines.","authors":"Ji Renxuan, Lin Hongxiang, Lu Daru","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03084-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03084-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly contagious, primarily infected through mucous membranes or broken skin exposed to infected body fluids. Conventional injectable vaccines, which require cold chain storage and trained personnel, elicit systemic immunity but fail to establish effective immune protection at mucosal sites where HBV enters. Mucosal vaccines administered orally or intranasally can induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses, offering enhanced protection along with advantages such as ease of administration, no need for cold chain, and reduced reliance on healthcare workers. Given the critical potential of mucosal vaccines in addressing HBV transmission, this review systematically summarizes recent progress in mucosal HBV vaccine development. It covers the evolution of vaccine platforms, from early nasal sprays to advanced oral delivery systems utilizing plant-based antigens, synthetic nanomaterials, and exosomes derived from sources like milk. The advantages and challenges of these platforms are systematically analyzed, with particular attention given to exosome-based systems, which demonstrate excellent biocompatibility and strong potential for effective mucosal delivery. Furthermore, this review discusses future trends in the field, including engineering strategies for targeted delivery and scalable production. Ultimately, this review aims to bridge research and application by offering clear insights and directions to advance the development of practical mucosal HBV vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Augmented immunogenicity of the HPV16 DNA vaccine via dual adjuvant approach: integration of CpG ODN into plasmid backbone and co-administration with IL-28B gene adjuvant.","authors":"Yan Zhou, Ting Zhang, Zhirong Wang, Xuemei Xu","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03173-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03173-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling VP2 mutations in Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) associated with potential vaccine escape in poultry flocks in Shandong, China.","authors":"Bo Liu, Yanli Bi, Jinwen Xie, Haige Su, Lisanework E Ayalew, Qihui Luo, Lizhong Miao, Na Tang, Wubshet Ashenafi Kiros, Abdelrahman Said, Wenxiu Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03144-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03144-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}