Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Two novel polyvalent phages: a promising approach for cross-order pathogen control in aquaculture.","authors":"Chengcheng Li, Yufei Yue, Rui Yin, Jiulong Zhao, Zengmeng Wang, Shailesh Nair, Yongyu Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02817-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02817-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteriophages represent a promising alternative to antibiotics for controlling bacterial pathogens. However, phage application is often hindered by its narrow host range in preventing diseases caused by multiple unknown pathogens. While broad-host-range phages capable of cross-genus or cross-order infections, offer significant advantages in addressing this challenge, they are rarely isolated. In this study, we isolated two polyvalent lytic phages, SA-P and SA-M, through a multi-host enrichment strategy. These phages exhibited remarkable cross-order infectivity against the co-occurring aquaculture pathogens Shewanella algae and multiple Vibrio species. We confirmed that SA-P executes a complete lytic cycle in these cross-order hosts, indicating exceptional compatibility of its lysis systems across taxonomic orders. Genomic analysis revealed that their broad host recognition ability may stem from their diverse tail fiber and tailspike proteins. Notably, SA-P and SA-M are the first phages reported to infect S. algae, and their combined application exhibited a sustained suppression of pathogen growth. Proteomic phylogenetic analysis suggests these phages represent a novel unclassified viral genus and family, respectively. This study provides two promising polyvalent phages and their cocktails as potential solution for cross-order pathogen control in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"187"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity analysis of a Chinese Genogroup II Akabane virus strain (TJ2016) in mouse models.","authors":"Jingjing Wang, Ruyang Yu, Fang Wei, Dongjie Chen, Shaoqiang Wu","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02819-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02819-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Akabane virus (AKAV) is divided into five genogroups (I to V), and strains of different genogroups exhibit marked differences in pathogenicity. We isolated a genogroup II AKAV strain, TJ2016, in China in 2016, but its virulence remains unknown. The pathogenic potential of other genogroup II strains isolated in China also remains uncharacterized. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathogenicity of TJ2016.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Kunming or Balb/c mice at 7 days or 8 weeks of age were inoculated with TJ2016 by intracerebral (IC), intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC), or intramuscular (IM) routes. Clinical signs, pathological alterations, and AKAV distributions in the inoculated mice were monitored and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Virus inoculations by the IC route resulted in 75% ~ 100% mortality of the inoculated mice regardless of the mouse strains or ages. Virus inoculations by the IP route killed 75% to 100% of the suckling mice but killed no adult mice. All the mice inoculated via SC and IM routes survived until the end of the trial. AKAV was detected only in the brains of the mice that died or were euthanized before the end of the experiment. The AKAV antigens were only identifiable within neuronal cells. Brain lesions such as proliferation and infiltration of microglial cells, perivascular cuffing (PVC) of lymphocytes and macrophages, neuronal degeneration/necrosis, vascular dilatation and congestion, etc., were observed only in the mice that died or were euthanized before the end of the experiment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We characterized the virulence of TJ2016 by inoculating suckling and adult mice via different routes and established experimental mouse models, which holds significant implications for vaccine/drug development and further research on viral pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zoonotic arbovirus infections in cattle in Mozambique with special reference to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and rift valley fever virus (RVFV).","authors":"José Fafetine, Teresa Cuinhane, Balal Sadeghi, Regina D Miambo, Lucinda de Araújo, Martin H Groschup, Ansgar Schulz","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02804-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02804-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arboviruses pose a great threat to public health in sub-Saharan African countries. Mozambique is located in a region that is prone to climate change-related devastation, including heavy rainfalls and severe droughts that favor the emergence of zoonotic viruses transmitted by arthropods such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae, CCHFV) and Rift Valley fever virus (Phlebovirus riftense, RVFV). Both viruses are closely associated with livestock farming, including cattle, and can cause symptoms of hemorrhagic fever in humans. Available previous data sets related to the presence of RVFV and especially CCHFV in Mozambique are rather scarce. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the recent seroprevalence of both viruses in cattle in four localities of Limpopo National Park. In addition, ticks were collected and tested for the presence of different arboviruses.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A total of 460 cattle blood samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of CCHFV and RVFV antibodies using ID Screen CCHF Double Antigen Multi-species (IgM/IgG) and ID Screen Rift Valley Fever Competition Multi-species commercial ELISA test kits (IDvet, Grabels, France), respectively. 1176 ticks were collected from the same animals and analyzed with different RT-qPCRs assays for CCHFV, Nairobi sheep disease virus (Orthonairovirus nairobiense, NSDV) virus and Dugbe virus (Orthonairovirus dugbeense, DUGV). Selected ticks were further screened by using a pan-Flavivirus melting curve PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall seroprevalence was higher for CCHFV (50%) compared to RVFV (28%). While a significant difference in seroprevalence between age groups was only found for CCHFV, there was a difference in RVFV seroprevalence between sampling sites that was not observed for CCHFV. None of the viruses tested were found inside the ticks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study revealed the presence of anti-CCHFV and anti-RVFV antibodies in cattle from all four sampled localities suggesting that both viruses are circulating in cattle and may be an important cause of unidentified febrile illness in humans in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"185"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12144736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immediate PB2-E627K amino acid substitution after single infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in mice.","authors":"Deok-Hwan Kim, Dong-Yeop Lee, Yeram Seo, Chang-Seon Song, Dong-Hun Lee","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02811-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02811-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has rapidly disseminated globally, with mammalian infections reported in multiple species. Recent evidence of mammal-to-mammal transmission has heightened concerns about the virus's potential adaptation to mammals. The polymerase basic 2 (PB2) protein E627K mutation appears to be of key importance for mammalian adaptation. We isolated an HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus from wild birds in Korea with 96% E and 4% K at amino acid position 627 of PB2. To investigate the genomic characteristics of this clade regarding mammalian adaptation, we studied the replication and transmission of the H5N1 virus in mice. Two experiments with different challenge-to-contact ratios were conducted to assess transmission dynamics and mutation development. In experiment 1, a 4:1 challenge-to-contact ratio resulted in 100% transmission among direct-contact mice, with all mice succumbing to the infection. In experiment 2, a 1:1 ratio yielded 50% transmission, with all challenged mice also succumbing. High viral loads were observed in the lungs and brains in both experiments, with viral titers increasing over time. Notably, the PB2-E627K variant, initially present at 4% in the virus stock, was selected and reached near-fixation (~ 100%) in the lungs and brains by 6 days post-challenge and was subsequently transmitted. No other mammalian-adaptive mutations were identified, emphasizing the pivotal role of PB2-E627K in early stages of mammalian adaptation. These findings highlight the need for continuous genomic monitoring to detect mammalian adaptation markers and assess interspecies transmission risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"183"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12139255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A phage-displayed nanobody-based competitive immunoassay for the detection of African swine fever virus antibodies.","authors":"Wenting Chen, Jifei Yang, Qingli Niu, Jinming Wang, Yanghe Liu, Xuesai Li, Yaru Zhao, Zhonghui Zhang, Zhijie Liu, Guiquan Guan, Hong Yin","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02781-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02781-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious and devastating disease that poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. The rapid spread of ASF and its ongoing pandemics continue to impact pig farming worldwide. The absence of an effective vaccine, coupled with the complexity of the African swine fever virus (ASFV), makes the control and eradication of ASF a formidable challenge. Nanobodies, derived from camelids, have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional monoclonal antibodies, offering distinct advantages in various biological applications. In this study, specific nanobodies targeting the ASFV K205R protein were selected from a phage-displayed immune library. Ten individual nanobodies were isolated based on their complementary determining regions (CDRs), and four were found to bind to the naive K205R protein of ASFV. After evaluation, nanobody VHH1 was selected for the development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ASFV antibody detection. The assay was optimized for various reaction conditions, and the cut-off value was determined to be 26.85%, with diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 97.52% and 97.48%, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with sera from pigs infected with other swine viruses, and the assay exhibited a detection sensitivity of 1:128. Comparative analysis of clinical samples showed a high concordance rate (98.98%) between the nanobody-based and monoclonal antibody-based ELISAs (Mab-cELISA). In conclusion, this study presents a phage-displayed nanobody-based competitive ELISA for the detection of ASFV antibodies, which could be valuable for ASF sero-surveillance. Additionally, the K205R-specific nanobodies identified here may be adapted for other biological or biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"182"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12139077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the clinical efficacy of CCBs in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome combined with hypertension.","authors":"Ziruo Ge, Chenxi Zhao, Yanli Xu, Xiaoyu Xue, Wei Pan, Wei Zhang, Zhihai Chen, Ling Lin, Di Tian","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02818-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02818-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Calcium channel blockers (CCBs), commonly used in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases, have shown promising potential in inhibiting the formation of viral inclusion bodies by lowering the level of intracellular Ca2+, thereby reducing viral replication. We conducted a retrospective single-center cohort study of SFTS patients with hypertension to assess the impact of CCB therapy on SFTS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SFTS patients with hypertension treated in Qishan Hospital of Yantai from May 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022, were included. According to the admission criteria, 94 patients with SFTS were divided into the CCBs group (N = 30) and the control group (patients who took other antihypertensive drugs) (N = 64). We observed the severity of the disease, fatality rate, nucleic acid conversion time, nucleic acid's positive rate, and the clinical improvement of the two groups. The effects of different CCBs on nucleic acid conversion were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant difference in the severity rate between the CCBs and control groups (63.3% vs. 82.8%, P = 0.038). The time of nucleic acid conversion in the CCBs group was significantly shorter than in the control group (P = 0.001). The nucleic acid negative conversion curve differed between the two groups (Log Rank P = 0.010), and the CCBs group was better. The frequency of vomiting and nervous system symptoms in the CCBs group was significantly lower than in the control group (P = 0.049,0.038), and the platelet level was significantly higher in the former than in the latter (P = 0.015). The conversion rate of nucleic acid in patients taking nifedipine was significantly higher than that in patients taking other CCBs (p = 0.036).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our research indicates that CCBs may aid in decreasing disease severity, easing clinical symptoms, and potentially slowing the advancement to severe illness in patients with SFTS.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"184"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12142868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids inhibit influenza virus replication by disrupting endosomal acidification.","authors":"Bo Li, Lijun Qiao, Xingqiong Li, Ge Yang, Kun Wang, Huiqiang Wang, Shuo Wu, Haiyan Yan, Jiandong Jiang, Yuhuan Li","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02775-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02775-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza virus, known for causing recurrent epidemics and pandemics, pose a significant public health challenge due to their rapid mutation rates and the emergence of drug resistance. This emphasizes the urgent need for the development of novel antiviral drugs. In this study, we identified five bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BBAs)-cepharanthine (CEP), tetrandrine (TET), fangchinoline (FCN), berbamine (BBM) and iso-tetrandrine (Iso-TET)-that exhibit antiviral activity against influenza virus, as determined through cytopathic effect inhibition screening. These compounds showed dose-dependent suppression of viral replication by targeting the early stages of the viral life cycle, specifically through disruption of endosomal acidification and inhibition of viral genome release into the cytoplasm. Notably, treatment with the representative compound CEP significantly reduced viral load in the lungs and improved lung pathology in infected models. These findings highlight the potential of BBAs, particularly CEP, as promising candidates for the development of therapeutics against influenza virus infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"181"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12135553/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Long-term persistence of serum IgM antibodies against chikungunya virus in patients with chronic arthralgia.","authors":"Leile Camila Jacob-Nascimento, Rosângela O Anjos, Moyra M Portilho, Viviane M Cavalcanti, Adriane S Paz, Lorena G Santos, Moisés S Sousa, Julia G Costa, Mariane R Silva, Patrícia S S Moreira, Uriel Kitron, Scott C Weaver, Mittermayer B Santiago, Mitermayer G Reis, Guilherme S Ribeiro","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02812-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02812-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"179"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abundance of single filamentous bacteria, and expression of differentiated Th17 cells, their signature cytokine IL-17 A, and retinoic acid receptor are predictive of poor rotavirus vaccine take.","authors":"Rotondwa Bubuluma, Mapaseka Seheri, Cliff A Magwira","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02816-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02816-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Single filamentous bacteria (SFB) have been shown to prevent murine rotavirus (RV) and other mammalian enteric infections, independent of type I and II interferons, by promoting adaptive and innate immunity through differentiation of intestinal Th17 cells, production of immunoglobulin A and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling. Here, we assessed whether the abundance of the bacterium at the time of oral RV vaccination would impede the vaccine performance. Stool samples were collected from infants a week after RV vaccination to determine vaccine shedders (n = 20) and non-shedders (n = 20). The abundance of SFB and expression of Cathepsin L (CTSL, a biomarker for differentiated Th17 cells), cytokines 17 A and IL-22, and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) were assayed using quantitative PCR. The abundance of SFB was significantly high in non-shedders compared to vaccine shedders, p = 0.042, and correlated negatively with vaccine virus shedding load (R = - 0.69). The expression of CTSL was increased 3.5-fold in non-shedders compared to vaccine shedders, p = 0.035. Similarly, the expression of IL-17 A and IL-22 was increased 8.5- and 12-fold, respectively, in non-shedders versus shedders. The expression of RAR was also consistent with the abundance of SFB, as it increased 5.9-fold in non-shedders compared to vaccine shedders, p = 0.034. Logistic regression analysis indicated that Infants possessing increased abundance of SFB were less likely to shed the vaccine in stool samples (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.102-0.962), p = 0.043. Taken together, our observations suggest that the abundance of SFB at the time of vaccination may impede the oral RV vaccine take in the study population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"180"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12135549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPV genotyping agreement between paired cervical cytological sample and biopsy across lesion severity and vaccination.","authors":"Shimin Chen, Qiaoyun Du, Jian Yin, Xiaoqian Xu, Wen Chen, Qinjing Pan, Xun Zhang, Ying Hong, Wenhua Zhang, Bin Liu, Jianfeng Cui, Shangying Hu, Fanghui Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02791-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02791-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cytological samples are genotyped to inform clinical management of HPV-infected women due to their accessibility. Conversely, HPV genotypes identified in biopsies are deemed directly associated with cervical lesions. Thus, investigating genotyping agreement between these two sample types and potential influence of lesion severity and vaccination status on their degree of concordance is essential for understanding their diagnostic reliability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Paired cervical cytological samples and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies from 392 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer (CIN+) cases (187 CIN1, 111 CIN2, 94 CIN3+; 262 unvaccinated, 130 vaccinated) were genotyped using SPF₁₀-DEIA-LiPA₂₅ detection system. Strength of agreement was measured by kappa, with thresholds indicating varying levels of agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, most HPV genotypes were more frequently detected in cytological samples, with seven genotypes showing statistical differences between sample types (HPV39, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 68/73). Multi-type infection was more prevalent in cytological samples (147 versus 76, P_{McNemar's test}<0.001), whereas single-type infection was more common in FFPE biopsies (233 versus 296, P_{McNemar's test}<0.001). Proportions of observed agreement for all genotypes detected exceeded 95% and Prevalence-And-Bias-Adjusted kappa values (range: 0.832 to 0.990) indicated \"Strong\" (threshold: 0.80 to 0.90) to \"Almost Perfect\" (threshold: above 0.90) agreement. Lesion severity and vaccination status had negligible impacts on genotyping agreement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, HPV genotyping by cytological samples and FFPE biopsies performed equally well regardless of lesion severity and vaccination status, directly supporting reliable utility of cytological HPV genotyping for clinical decisions. However, impact of sample type needs to be considered when interpretating and utilizing multi-type and/or single-type infection for scientific research.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00779766). Registered on the 23th of October 2008.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"176"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12128532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}