Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Serotypes distribution characteristic of enterovirus in sewage in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province from January 2023 to December 2024.","authors":"Lingxuan Su, Qiong Ge, Yi Sun, Jian Gao, Changping Xu, Zhen Li, Liming Gong","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03240-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03240-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Enteroviruses (EV) represent a significant public health concern due to their widespread prevalent and ability to cause disease in humans. Due to the limitations of routine surveillance, which primarily only detect clinically symptomatic cases, environment surveillance of urban sewage has emerged as a valuable and complementary strategy for EV surveillance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 48 sewage samples were collected monthly from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province from January 2023 to December 2024. Virus isolation and direct next-generation sequencing (NGS) were performed to characterize the EV serotypes profiles in sewage. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify VP1 gene sequences for molecular epidemiological analysis of EV serotypes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten distinct serotypes were isolated and identified from WWTP-QT and sixteen from WWTP-XS via virus isolation. EV-B was the dominant group in both treatment plants, with E3 and E11 representing the most frequently isolated serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the predominant genotypes in E3 was C6, whereas all E11 included phylogenetic analysis were classified into genotype D5. On the other hand, direct NGS uncovered as many as 108 distinct EV serotypes covering four human-infective species across both WWTPs. CVA4 and CVA6 were the dominant serotypes identified via NGS. Additionally, multiple uncommon serotypes as EV-A76, A89, A90, A92, A114, B74, B79, B98, B101, B106, B107, C96, C99, C113, C116, D70, D94, D111, D120 were detected in sewage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Environment surveillance is an important tool for monitoring EV circulation in the population. Furthermore, direct NGS can serve as a supplementary tool to the routine virus isolation method, particularly in detecting EV serotype diversity and evolution, and identifying uncommon serotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Nigeria.","authors":"Adebayo Emmanuel Sopeju, Adewale Temitope Adebare, Oluwaseun Akinmadewa Ala, Babatunde Olanrewaju Motayo, Andrew Raymond Peters, Anyebe Bernard Onoja, Adedayo Omotayo Faneye","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03226-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-026-03226-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a viral disease that affects various cloven-hoofed animals, causing huge economic losses in the livestock sector worldwide. Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus (FMDV), the causative agent of FMD, is recognized to have seven antigenically and immunogenically distinct serotypes, namely, A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3. There are considerable antigenic and genetic diversities within each serotype, resulting in numerous subtypes. This study was aimed at providing updated information on the circulating FMDV strains in Nigeria. We collected 298 epithelial tissue samples aseptically from the oral cavity of cattle suspected of having FMD based on clinical manifestations from December 2023 to November 2024 in representative states of four geopolitical zones in Nigeria. RNA extraction, molecular detection, molecular serotyping, nucleotide sequencing, phylogenetic, and other deep bioinformatic analyses were carried out. Out of the 298 epithelial tissue samples extracted and amplified, a total of 73 (24.5%) samples were positive for FMDV, and 44 (60.3%) were further analyzed. Serotypes A, C, and Asia 1 were detected in six samples that were sequenced, which, after BLAST analysis, all yielded serotype A, based on VP1 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis placed the study sequences in a distinct cluster separate from the previously reported Nigerian strains, but showed that they evolved from the A/Africa genotype IV topotype. Our analysis also identified a recombinant isolate (PX872163) that shared 97.3% and 93.1% nucleotide identity with PX872165, a major parent, and PX872166, a minor parent, respectively. Five putative B-cell epitopes were identified within the VP1 capsid protein, two of which were localized within the loop regions. In addition, a novel epitope, ₁₆₂(RAESIQE)₁₆₈, was identified adjacent to the G-H loop. This study provides the first evidence for the circulation of a recombinant FMDV serotype A in Nigeria and suggests that both genetic recombination events and antibody-mediated immune pressure may be important drivers shaping FMDV evolution in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral metagenomic analysis of the blood virome in patients with multiple autoimmune diseases.","authors":"Yutong Fu, Xiaofei Song, Haixuan Wang, Jian Sun, Jiaheng Chen, Tao Liu, Kang Qi, Yiwen Shi, Fangze Li, Xuan Huang, Hongfeng Yang, Wen Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03172-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03172-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autoimmune diseases are chronic and heterogeneous disorders resulting from the breakdown of immune tolerance and subsequent tissue damage. Beyond genetic predisposition, viral infections are increasingly recognized as pivotal environmental contributors to disease onset. In this study, we performed comprehensive viral metagenomic profiling of blood samples from 205 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). A total of approximately 103.98 million sequencing reads were analyzed, revealing 44 viral families, including 30 DNA and 14 RNA families. RNA viruses dominated the virome composition, accounting for 71% of total reads, with Picobirnaviridae being consistently prevalent and abundant across all disease groups. Alpha and beta diversity analyses revealed significant heterogeneity in viral community structures among different disease groups, with a marked diversity skew observed in the SS group. Disease-specific viral composition patterns were prominent, and the number of core viral species shared across the four groups was limited. Of particular note, Anelloviridae was significantly enriched in the AS and UCTD groups, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for immunosuppressive states. Furthermore, bacteriophages such as Microviridae exhibited differential abundance across groups, reflecting the potential role of virus-microbe-host immune interactions in disease pathogenesis. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive profile of the blood virome in four autoimmune diseases, highlighting the potential role of viral communities in immune regulation and offering new perspectives for the development of related biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13330251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A yellow fever 17D and Usutu virus chimera with rationally designed mutations in the envelope protein is lethal in an Ifnar^-/- mouse model.","authors":"Johanna M Duyvestyn, Peter J Bredenbeek, Melissa Thaler, Marjolein Kikkert, Martijn J van Hemert","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03145-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03145-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The expanding geographical spread of Usutu virus (USUV) poses an increasing threat to bird populations and to human health. Here we assessed a chimeric USUV vaccine candidate that was constructed using the live attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) YF-17D platform. In our chimeric virus, the pre-membrane (PrM) and envelope (E) proteins of YFV were replaced with those of USUV. Similar chimeras of YF-17D with otherflaviviruses have been reported to be attenuated in vivo, making them promising modified live virus vaccine candidates. We used either wild type USUV PrME or USUV PrME containing rationally designed mutations in the E protein that were expected to (further) attenuate the virus, based on their effect in the context of other orthoflaviviruses. In cell culture the YF-17D/USUV chimeric viruses displayed reduced fitness compared to both YF-17D and USUV, with the chimera containing the mutated USUV E exhibiting the slowest growth kinetics. However, in our interferon α/β receptor deficient (Ifnar^-/-) mouse model the chimeric YF-17D/USUV viruses caused rapid lethality in all animals, with survival times that were only marginally better compared to wild type USUV. It was surprising that introduction of the PrME region from the naturally low pathogenic USUV into the YF-17D platform yielded viruses that caused lethal infections in our model, while in contrast other neuroinvasive orthoflaviviruses are attenuated in this same chimeric platform. All control mice that were infected with a 1000-fold higher dose of YF-17D survived. We also discovered that the mutations in E that are attenuating in related viruses did not result in attenuation in the Ifnar^-/- mouse model, neither in the context of USUV itself or the YF-17D chimera. This may be due to the immunocompromised nature of the mice or because these mutations are not attenuating in the context of USUV. This work highlights some complications and unpredictability related to the use of the chimeric live attenuated YF-17D vaccine platform and introduction of rationally designed mutations with a predicted attenuating effect. Furthermore, our work illustrates that infection models that are able to better predict the phenotype and safety of (chimeric) USUV/orthoflavivirus vaccine candidates are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13330216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic insights into influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus evolution in Yunnan province, China, during 2018-2023.","authors":"Meiling Zhang, Xiuping Zhang, Ruize Ni, Yaoyao Chen, Xiaonan Zhao, Jienan Zhou, Yanhong Sun, Xiaoyu Han, Zhaosheng Liu, Chunrui Luo, Xiaoqing Fu, Yong Shao","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03238-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03238-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on regional circulation and evolution of influenza A viruses before and after the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial for informing vaccine updates and antiviral drug development. This study generated 260 new genomic sequences of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected in Yunnan province, China, between 2018 and 2023. Comparative genomics analyses elucidated their evolutionary characteristics and dynamics. Epidemiological analysis identified key risk factors (sex, age, occupation) for influenza infection. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the sequence divergences between the vaccine strains and Yunnan circulating strains, especially in the 2020-2024 influenza seasons. The subclade reassortment events were extremely limited among these sequenced Yunnan strains, suggesting the reassortment may be not a major contributor for the circulation and evolution of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Yunnan during these influenza seasons. We detected the elevated evolutionary pressures acting on the specific gene segments, reflected in increased d_N/d_S ratios, particularly for envelope proteins. Furthermore, numerous amino acid substitutions (e.g., S185I/T) within HA antigenic epitopes and receptor binding sites were identified in most Yunnan strains, indicating potential roles of antigenic drift in modulating viral antigenicity and host adaptation. Notably, 17 amino acid substitutions in HA and NA (including HA: N156K) accumulated to higher frequencies during the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 seasons. These changes likely represented the molecular signature of contemporary A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Yunnan. Collectively, this study explored the molecular evolutionary dynamics of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Yunnan province during diverse influenza seasons, providing new regional data for studying molecular characterization and evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 within the global surveillance framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of calpain-mediated BAX cleavage attenuates Japanese encephalitis virus-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.","authors":"Kuntida Kitidee, Arisara Samutpong, Nattaporn Pakpian, Montri Yasawong, Prapimpun Wongchitrat","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03242-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03242-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an arbovirus which is the most common virus in the genus Orthoflavivirus that causes significant viral encephalitis with a high fatality rate and is distributed throughout Asian countries. JEV infection induces brain tissue disease characterized by neuronal death. We previously demonstrated that JEV elevates the formation of an N-terminal truncated version of BAX (p18 BAX), triggering mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. However, the mechanisms by which virus-host interactions induce the generation of p18 BAX during JEV infection are unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism by which JEV-induced cell apoptosis is mediated by the activation of calpain-induced proteolytic cleavage of BAX. Calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor, was used to evaluate the effect on calpain activity, cell viability, and apoptotic molecules expression in JEV-infected neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our data showed that JEV infection resulted in the activation of the calpain-mediated apoptosis pathway, as evidenced by increased calpain activation and p18 BAX generation. The translocation of p18 BAX to the mitochondria results in cytochrome c release and increased of caspase-3 activity, resulting in an increase of cleaved PARP expression, which induced neuronal apoptosis. Inhibiting calpain activity by calpeptin attenuated all these effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results reveal that JEV induces neuronal cell apoptosis by activating calpain-mediated cleavage of BAX. These findings provide a novel insight into JEV-caused encephalitis and suggest that calpain inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13599172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid reveals pathogen spectrum and mortality predictors among patients with advanced HIV-1 disease at a tertiary hospital in China.","authors":"Lin-Yu Wan, Jun Zou, Xue-Meng Li, Rui Zhao, Guang Yang, Meng-Yuan Zhang, Qiu-Ye Xiao, Yin-Duo Wei, Jia-Min Gao, Bao-Peng Yang, Chao Zhang, Yan-Mei Jiao, Fu-Sheng Wang, Jin-Wen Song","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03234-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03234-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Central nervous system (CNS) infections remain the major causes of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), particularly in resource-limited settings. However, the clinical characteristics and prognostic indicators of PLWH with suspected CNS infections are not well defined. In this study, we aim to characterize the spectrum of CNS pathogens, clinical characteristics, in-hospital mortality, and factors associated with death among people with advanced HIV-1 disease (AHD) in Guangxi, China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was performed to analyze types of infection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 61 treatment-naive PLWH with suspected CNS infections. Clinical data, routine laboratory tests, and biochemical tests were collected and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 61 CSF samples, primarily with AHD, a total of 206 pathogens were identified. Viral pathogens predominated, with Epstein-Barr virus being the most frequently identified, followed by cytomegalovirus. Compared with patients with single-pathogen infection, those with multiple infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) exhibited significantly lower CD4 T cell counts, higher C-reactive protein levels, and markedly reduced lipid metabolism parameters. However, infection types were not significantly associated with in-hospital death. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) and CSF lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as independent predictors of in-hospital death.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In PLWH with AHD and suspected CNS infections, multiple pathogens frequently coexist in the CSF. Plasma LDL and CSF LDH levels were independent predictors of death, indicating their potential value as early risk stratification in AHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13551831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148353531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of common respiratory viruses detected by multiplex RT-PCR in patients at a national infectious disease reference center in Romania, 2022-2025.","authors":"Ovidiu Vlaicu, Dragoș Florea, Leontina Banică, Simona Paraschiv, Oana Săndulescu, Anca Cristina Drăgănescu, Anca Streinu-Cercel, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, Dan Oțelea, Victor Daniel Miron","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03217-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03217-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A broad range of common respiratory viruses contributes substantially to the burden of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) across all age groups. However, data on their epidemiology, seasonality, and clinical impact in Eastern Europe remain limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective laboratory-based surveillance study including patients evaluated for ARIs at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases \"Prof. Dr. Matei Balș\", Bucharest, Romania, between November 2022 and October 2025. Respiratory samples were tested using multiplex real-time RT-PCR panels detecting multiple respiratory viruses. The present analysis focused on adenovirus (AdV), enterovirus (HEV), rhinovirus (HRV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), human coronaviruses (CoV), human bocavirus (HBoV), and human metapneumovirus (MPV). Epidemiological characteristics, detection patterns, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 4930 patients tested, 1709 (34.7%) had at least one of the studied viruses detected, corresponding to 2144 viral detections (22.2% patients with viral codetections). HRV was the most frequently detected virus. Also, viral codetections most commonly involved HRV. Analysis of monthly detections across the three seasons studied demonstrated virus-specific temporal patterns. Specifically, MPV demonstrated a more consistent winter-spring detection pattern, whereas HRV was detected throughout the study period. Overall, 50.2% of patients required hospitalization, with the highest rates observed among patients with CoVs and MPV detection. Requirement of supplemental oxygen was more common in patients hospitalized with MPV (28.4%) and PIV (24.6%). Patients with viral codetections had higher hospitalization rates compared with those with monodetections (57.7% vs. 48.1%; OR = 1.47; p < 0.001), although no significant differences were observed in requirement of supplemental oxygen, ICU admission, or length of hospital stay.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AdV, HEV, MPV, PIV, HBoV, CoV and HRV accounted for a substantial proportion of viral detections among patients evaluated for ARIs in routine clinical practice. The predominance of HRV and the frequent occurrence of viral codetections highlight the complexity of respiratory viral epidemiology revealed by multiplex molecular diagnostics. Broader surveillance of respiratory viruses may improve understanding of respiratory infection dynamics in the post-pandemic period.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13587527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148353548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactate to albumin ratio and 30-day mortality in ICU patients with influenza: a single-center retrospective cohort.","authors":"Weichang Luan, Hongyi Chen, Chunhua Liu, Jingjing Liu, Yanan Qin","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03230-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03230-1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The influenza virus exerts a substantial impact on morbidity, mortality, and overall disease burden among the population, particularly among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Although multiple biomarkers have been studied for mortality risk stratification in this population, the prognostic relationship of the lactate-to-albumin ratio (LAR) remains incompletely defined in critically ill patients with influenza. This study aims to investigate whether baseline ICU admission LAR levels are independently associated with mortality in critically ill patients with influenza cases and assess its incremental predictive value beyond established scoring systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Utilizing data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database (MIMIC-IV, version 3.1), this retrospective cohort study enrolled adult patients diagnosed with influenza who required ICU admission. LAR was calculated based on lactate and albumin levels measured within 24 h of ICU admission. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality, with secondary outcomes including in-hospital, 60-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality. The association between LAR and mortality risk was assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models, with robustness evaluated through subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Survival differences across LAR levels were compared via Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. Discriminative performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the C-index.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 142 critically ill patients with influenza were included, with an overall 30-day mortality of 22.53%. Univariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that a higher LAR was associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality in ICU patients with influenza (HR 2.43, 95% CI 1.80-3.29; P &lt; 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis confirmed this association, showing a similarly elevated risk (HR 2.93, 95% CI 1.95-4.39; P &lt; 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a substantially lower 30-day survival for the high-LAR group (Log-rank P &lt; 0.0001). The AUC of LAR for predicting mortality was 0.783, comparable to APS III (AUC 0.785, 95% CI 0.696-0.874; P = 0.140), SAPS II (AUC 0.717, 95% CI 0.617-0.817; P = 0.157), OASIS (AUC 0.643, 95% CI 0.531-0.756; P = 0.168), and SOFA (AUC 0.687, 95% CI 0.580-0.794; P = 0.160). Notably, the AUC for albumin alone was 0.791, compared with 0.783 for LAR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;This study found that early LAR upon ICU admission is independently associated with the 30-day mortality rate in critically ill patients with influenza. Its predictive ability seems to be comparable to established clinical scoring systems. However, LAR did not outperform albumin alone, and its added prognostic value beyond albumin remains uncertain, and further validation in prospectiv","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13573348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148346388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF209_cpx) and its descendant unique recombinant form (URF) CRF209_cpx/B among MSM in Guangdong, southern China.","authors":"Yaqing Lin, Liting Zhang, Haohui Deng, Pinfu Lai, Linna Liu, Xuemei Ling, Peng Qian, Haisheng Yu, Linghua Li, Ruolei Xin, Yun Lan","doi":"10.1186/s12985-026-03237-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-026-03237-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) continues to pose a significant global health challenge, with increasing genetic diversity. The co-circulation of multiple subtypes among the local population facilitates the emergence of unique or circulating recombinant forms (URFs or CRFs). In China, the predominant strains include CRF07_BC, CRF01_AE, CRF55_01B, and subtype B. This study characterizes a novel CRF209_cpx and its descendant recombinant CRF209_cpx/B among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangdong, southern China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individuals infected with URFs with similar genetic characteristics were recruited during routine surveillance of pretreatment drug resistance. Near full-length genomes (NFLGs) were amplified with two overlapping fragments using a serial dilution nested PCR approach after reverse transcription. We used SimPlot and IQ-TREE softwares to conduct recombination analyses and phylogenetic inferences. Time-scaled maximum clade credibility (MCC) phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using BEAST software to estimate evolutionary origins. Genotypic drug resistance mutations were interpreted via the Stanford HIV Database, and coreceptor usage was predicted using geno2pheno coreceptor 2.5 and the HIVcoPRED tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four NFLG sequences were obtained and identified as a novel CRF209_cpx, generated by recombination among CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and subtype B. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all the parental segments clustered with lineages prevalent among MSM in China. Bayesian evolutionary analysis estimated that the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of CRF209_cpx to have evolved between 2011 and 2013. The fifth strain was identified as a URF recombined from nascent CRF209_cpx and B. No transmitted drug resistance mutation was detected in these five sequences. The four CRF209_cpx sequences primarily utilized the CXCR4 coreceptor, while the URF exhibited R5/X4 dual tropism.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The emergence of the complex CRF209_cpx and novel URF of CRF209_cpx/B highlights the active HIV-1 epidemic within the MSM population in Guangdong, underscoring the necessity for enhanced molecular surveillance and precise public health intervention in this key population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13576128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148346342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}