Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Unique skin nodules following COVID-19 vaccination: a case report of cutaneous plasmacytosis and review of the literature.","authors":"Xiaoxi Xu, Wuwu Ding, Haizhen Song, Dong Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02653-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02653-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cutaneous plasmacytosis (CP) is a rare disorder that may affect two or more organ systems, such as skin, lymph nodes or lungs. The pathogenesis of CP remains unknown, and in most cases, the condition follows a chronic and benign clinical course without spontaneous remission.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 50-year-old male who developed necrotizing skin nodules without other systemic abnormalities four days after the first doses of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. Oral prednisone improved the lesions by approximately 70%. However, signs of CP recurrence manifested 15 days after the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Ultimately, the patient experienced spontaneous remission after contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case uniquely associates COVID-19 inactivated vaccine with CP, where the same lesions appeared after two vaccinations and subsequently resolved following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This provides valuable clinical data for future studies on viral infections and cutaneous B-cell immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of IgE antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein across different disease severity COVID19 groups.","authors":"Juan Francisco Delgado de la Poza, Albert Rodrigo Parés, Isabel Aparicio-Calvente, Indira Bhambi Blanco, Jordi Gratacòs Masmitjà, Antoni Berenguer-Llergo, Joan Calvet Fontova","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02677-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02677-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>COVID-19 appears to have a progression of three stages. The latter stage is characterized by a high level of cytokine release, which in turn triggers an uncontrolled reaction known as cytokine storm where mast cells are involved. The presence of anti-IgE antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in this phase has been previously reported, suggesting an association with the severity of the disease. Our study aims to assess the prognostic significance of IgE antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 across a spectrum of clinical presentations, including individual with mild symptoms, hospitalized patients, and those who presented a critical progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 64 patients distributed into the following groups: 22 critically ill hospitalized individuals (Critical); 21 non-critical hospitalized patients (Severe); 21 mild symptomatic non-hospitalized cases (Mild); and 22 healthy blood donors with samples collected in October 2019. Anti-IgE antibodies against Spike (S) protein were detected using a homemade ELISA, where the plate was sensitized with the RBD of recombinant S protein.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 64 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, 28.1% tested positive for IgE isotype antibodies against S protein RBD, whose prevalence was similar across severity groups: Mild 23.8%, Severe 28.6%, and Critical 31.8% (p = 0.842). Patients with IgE response exhibited higher levels of LDH compared to non-IgE responders, with a 40% increase (p = 0.037), and a non-significantly higher tendency in other inflammatory markers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In SARS-CoV-2 infection, roughly a fourth of patients presented an IgE isotype response, regardless of disease severity, which is associated with higher levels of LDH.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycophenolate mofetil exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Mengyuan Wu, Kun Wang, Huiqiang Wang, Haiyan Yan, Shuo Wu, Ge Yang, Yuhuan Li, Yongsheng Che, Jiandong Jiang","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02673-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02673-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>New anti-coronavirus drugs are continuously being developed to address the serious long-term challenge posed by numerous SARS-CoV-2 variants. The clinical immunosuppressants mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) have been reported to have anti-coronavirus activities. However, systematic studies have not been conducted to evaluate their activities and mechanisms against pan-coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The antiviral effect of MMF and MPA was determined by qRT-PCR assay, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence assay. The IMPDH inhibition effect of MMF was determined by cellular thermal shift assay and Western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We showed that MMF and MPA had broad-spectrum inhibitory effect against coronavirus, including HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain and its variants. In terms of characteristics, MMF acted in the early stages of viral infection and inhibited viral replication by blocking purine nucleotide synthesis through interaction with inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Therefore, the antiviral effect of MMF can be reversed by exogenous guanosine. Additionally, MMF in combination with molnupiravir, GC376 or E64d showed synergistic antiviral effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MMF and MPA exerted broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus effects by inhibiting IMPDH activity. MMF had a synergistic antiviral effect when combined with other drugs, showing its potential clinical antiviral applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of fMGyn-Pae01, a phiKZ-like jumbo phage infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","authors":"Kira Ranta, Mikael Skurnik, Saija Kiljunen","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02679-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02679-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide variety of infections, and belongs to the group of ESKAPE pathogens that are the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections and have high level of antibiotic resistance. The treatment of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa is challenging, which makes it a common target for phage therapy. The successful utilization of phage therapy requires a collection of well characterized phages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phage fMGyn-Pae01 was isolated from a commercial phage therapy cocktail. The phage morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy and the host range was analyzed with a liquid culture method. The phage genome was sequenced and characterized, and the genome was compared to closest phage genomes. Phage resistant bacterial mutants were isolated and whole genome sequencing and motility, phage adsorption and biofilm formation assays were performed to the mutants and host bacterium.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The genomic analysis revealed that fMGyn-Pae01 is a lytic, phiKZ-like jumbo phage with genome size of 277.8 kb. No genes associated with lysogeny, bacterial virulence, or antibiotic resistance were identified. Phage fMGyn-Pae01 did not reduce biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa, suggesting that it may not be an optimal phage to be used in monophage therapy in conditions where biofilm formation is expected. Host range screening revealed that fMGyn-Pae01 has a wide host range among P. aeruginosa strains and its infection was not dependent on O-serotype. Whole genome sequencing of the host bacterium and phage resistant mutants revealed that the mutations had inactivated either a flagellar or rpoN gene, thereby preventing the biosynthesis of a functional flagellum. The lack of functional flagella was confirmed in motility assays. Additionally, fMGyn-Pae01 failed to adsorb on non-motile mutants indicating that the bacterial flagellum is the phage-binding receptor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>fMGyn-Pae01 is a phiKZ-like jumbo phage infecting P. aeruginosa. fMGyn-Pae01 uses the flagellum as its phage-binding receptor, supporting earlier suggestions that flagellum might be utilized by phiKZ but differs from some other previous findings showing that phiKZ-like phages use the type-IV pili as the phage-binding receptor.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11877940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of herpes zoster vaccine on patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Xunyi Jiao, Jinli Zhu, Yangyang Ding, Meng Xiao, Zhimin Zhai","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02670-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02670-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Herpes zoster(HZ), a severe complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), is associated with significant morbidity. The effect of herpes zoster vaccine(HZV) for preventing HZ on patients after HSCT is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the efficacy and safety of HZV in HSCT recipients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The databases Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant studies. Random-effects models were used to calculate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for HZ infection and related events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 3048 individuals from five studies (four randomized controlled trials and one retrospective cohort study) were included. The overall incidence of HZ in the HZV group and control group was 6.4% and 18.3% respectively, resulting in a pooled RR of 0.36 (95%CI, 0.29-0.45; P < 0.001), indicating no heterogeneity (P = 0.88,I² = 0). HZV demonstrated a reduction in the risk of PHN (RR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.15-1.11), although statistical significance was not reached (P = 0.08). Furthermore, through two independent RCTs, HZV showed a decrease in the incidence of HZ-related complications compared to placebo administration. The overall incidence of adverse events in the HZV group and control group was found to be 63.6% and 60.2% respectively, with a pooled RR of 1.02 (95% CI, 0.97-1.06, P = 0.51), indicating no heterogeneity (P = 0.66, I² = 0).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The HZV group demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of HZ among HSCT recipients, without an increase in adverse events. This highlights the positive impact of HZV on decreasing the incidence of PHN and complications associated with HZ. Furthermore, our findings support the effectiveness and tolerability of HZV as a preventive measure against HZ for HSCT recipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11874116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the carcinogenic potential of human papillomavirus (HPV) in urological cancers.","authors":"Ehsan Zolfi, Farhood Khaleghi Mehr, Nikoo Emtiazi, Yasaman Moradi","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02682-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02682-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Direct skin-to-skin contact during intimate sexual contact with a human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive individual is often the cause of HPV infection. In addition, many studies have been written up to date that look at the role of HPV in the growth of other types of tumors. Not all urological cancers are associated with HPV. However, penile cancer (PC) is often caused by HPV, especially high-risk types. HPV-16 has been the most frequent (68.3%), followed by HPV-6 (8.1%) and HPV-18 (6.9%). An increased risk of getting certain types of urinary cancers like prostate, bladder, testicular, and kidney has also been linked to these infections. Additionally, HPV may play a part in continuous inflammation and cancer progression in different organs and tissues. So, making HPV vaccine programs available to more people of the male sex around the world could significantly lower the number of urinary cancers caused by HPV. The critical effects of HPV on different types of urologic cancers (UCs), such as testicular, prostate, penile, and kidney cancer, and the importance of HPV vaccination have been seen in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11871667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143531505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment and validation of a dynamic nomogram to predict short-term prognosis and benefit of human immunoglobulin therapy in patients with novel bunyavirus sepsis in a population analysis study: a multicenter retrospective study.","authors":"Kai Yang, Bin Quan, Lingyan Xiao, Jianghua Yang, Dongyang Shi, Yongfu Liu, Jun Chen, Daguang Cui, Ying Zhang, Jianshe Xu, Qi Yuan, Yishan Zheng","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02651-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02651-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to develop a dynamic nomogram model using machine learning to improve short-term prognosis prediction and identify patients who would benefit from intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multicenter retrospective study was conducted on 396 patients diagnosed with SFTS. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified significant predictors of mortality. Machine learning models, including Random Survival Forest, Stepwise Cox Modeling, and Lasso Cox Regression, were compared for their predictive performance. The optimal model, incorporating consciousness, LDH, AST, and age, was used to construct a dynamic nomogram. The nomogram's performance was validated in training, validation, and external test sets. Additionally, the impact of IVIG therapy on survival was assessed within high-risk groups identified by the nomogram.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The dynamic nomogram demonstrated excellent predictive performance with an AUC of 0.903 in the training set, 0.933 in the validation set, and 0.852 in the test set, outperforming SOFA and APACHE II scores. Calibration curves confirmed the model's accuracy. In the high-risk group, the hazard ratio (HR) for death for those who injected immunoglobulin versus those who did not was 0.569 (95% CI 0.330-0.982) in the nomogram model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The dynamic nomogram effectively predicts short-term prognosis and identifies the population that benefits from IVIG therapy in patients with novel bunyavirus sepsis. This tool can aid clinicians in risk stratification and personalized treatment decisions, potentially improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869727/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143531437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lassa virus protein-protein interactions as mediators of Lassa fever pathogenesis.","authors":"Sharon Jan, Kruttika S Phadke, Victor L Lam, Steven S Branda, Dylan M Johnson","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02669-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02669-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viral hemorrhagic Lassa fever (LF), caused by Lassa virus (LASV), is a significant public health concern endemic in West Africa with high morbidity and mortality rates, limited treatment options, and potential for international spread. Despite advances in interrogating its epidemiology and clinical manifestations, the molecular mechanisms driving pathogenesis of LASV and other arenaviruses remain incompletely understood. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the role of LASV host-virus interactions in mediating the pathogenesis of LF, with emphasis on interactions between viral and host proteins. Through investigation of these critical protein-protein interactions, we identify potential therapeutic targets and discuss their implications for development of medical countermeasures including antiviral drugs. This review provides an update in recent literature of significant LASV host-virus interactions important in informing the development of targeted therapies and improving clinical outcomes for LF patients. Knowledge gaps are highlighted as opportunities for future research efforts that would advance the field of LASV and arenavirus pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143531888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) viral load suppression status and associated factors among pregnant women receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Ethiopia.","authors":"Getnet Hailu, Abrham Keraleme, Kidist Zealiyas, Asdesach Tesema, Negash Nuramed, Feven Girmachew, Daniel Melese, Saro Abdella, Jalleta Bulti, Getachew Tollera, Mesay Hailu, Kalkidan Yibeltal","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02659-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02659-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mothers with an undetectable viral load pose no risk of transmitting the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to their fetuses. However, there is limited information on the HIV viral suppression status (≤ 1000 RNA copies/mL) among pregnant mothers at the national level. This study aimed to assess the HIV viral load suppression status among pregnant women and identify factors associated with unsuppressed maternal viral levels (> 1000 RNA copies/mL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the national HIV viral load data repository. The study included all pregnant women who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) and underwent routine HIV viral load testing. Data were collected from July 2022 to June 2023 (2015 Ethiopian Fiscal Year (EFY)). Analysis was performed using STATA v.17, with descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) calculated. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to quantify the strength of associations between variables and HIV viral load status (suppressed vs. unsuppressed), expressed through odds ratios.Variables showing a significant association with the outcome (p < 0.02) were selected for further analysis using multiple logistic regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included a total of 13,000 mothers with complete data from viral load tests conducted on pregnant women. The HIV viral suppression rate among these women before delivery was 96.8%. Among those with suppressed results, 96.5% had an undetectable HIV viral load. Multiple binary logistic regression analysis indicated that individuals aged 19-29 had 3.17 times higher odds (AOR 3.17, 95% CI 1.17-5.17, p = 0.002) of having an unsuppressed viral load compared to those under 19. Additionally, individuals with poor adherence to treatment had 12.6 times higher odds of experiencing unsuppressed viral loads (AOR 12.64, 95% CI 10.74-14.54, p = 0.001). However, no significant association was found between the timing of viral load testing and unsuppressed maternal HIV viral load.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicate that while the overall rates of HIV viral suppression among pregnant women are high, specific demographic factors such as age and treatment adherence play crucial roles in achieving undetectable viral loads. The data suggests a need for targeted interventions focusing on mothers age from 19 to 30 years and strategies to improve adherence to treatment regimens to enhance outcomes further.The results have significant implications for policy and clinical practices aimed at improving health outcomes for mothers and newborns affected by HIV/AIDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11853537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An outbreak of atypical hand, foot and mouth disease associated Coxsackievirus A6 in children from Cape Verde, 2023.","authors":"Ndack Ndiaye, Domingos Dias Teixeira, NDongo Dia, Carolina Cardoso Da Silva Leite, Gamou Fall, Ulardina Domingos Furtado, Yakhya Dieye, Mitsa Sanches, Ousmane Kébé, Fatou Diène Thiaw, Amadou Alpha Sall, Ousmane Faye, Boubacar Diallo, Abdourahmane Sow, Martin Faye","doi":"10.1186/s12985-025-02621-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-025-02621-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rash is a common childhood infection, mainly caused by viruses. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), a common viral rash infection, has become one of the most common infectious diseases in Asian countries and caused outbreaks in children and adults worldwide. Following the introduction of enterovirus A71 (EVA71) vaccines, Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has recently emerged. However, the disease is not commonly reported in Africa, where studies are scarce.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the current study, we focused on the HFMD outbreak that occurred in Cape Verde in July 2023 during field investigations around a cluster of patients with rash and fever. Samples collected from patients were tested using Measles and Rubella-specific immunoglobulin M and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) of a panel of viruses causing rashes and subjected to genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighteen out of the 22 samples were tested positive for CVA6 RNA by real-time RT-PCR, of which two tested also positive for EVA71 and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). Subsequent sequencing revealed that all CVA6 sequences belonged to the D genotype, particularly the D3 sub-genotype recently described in China.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study uncovers the first-ever reported outbreak of CVA6 associated with atypical HFMD in children from Cape Verde and highlights thus the need to implement an active hospital-based HFMD surveillance in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11853985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}