Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Lineage and sublineage analysis of human papillomavirus type 58 in iranian women.","authors":"Mohammad Shabanpour, Parvin Jalali-Alhosseini, Zabihollah Shoja, Fatemeh Ghafoori-Ghahdarijani, Sima Taherkhani, Somayeh Jalilvand","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02521-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02521-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Variant analysis of distinct HPV types is important from different aspects including epidemiology, pathogenicity, and evolution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this reason, the full sequence of the E6 and E7 genes of HPV 58 was examined in 130 HPV 58-infected cervical samples using PCR and sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results revealed that three lineages A, B, and D were found in this study; among which the B lineage was more common (91.50%). About sublineages, all samples of the B lineage belonged to the B1 sublineage, and samples that were classified as the A and D lineages were found to belong to the A1 (0.77%), A2 (5.38%), A3 (1.50%), and D2 (0.77%) sublineages. No statistically significant differences were found between lineages and stages of disease or amino acid changes (P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results showed that lineage B, sublineage B1, was dominant in Iran. However, more studies with larger sample sizes from different parts of Iran are essential for assessing the pathogenicity risk of HPV 58 lineages in Iranian women with cervical cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11451209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of hepatitis B surface antigen seroconversion on the durability of functional cure induced by pegylated interferon alpha treatment.","authors":"Wencong Zhang, Jia Chen, Wenjin Sun, Nana Xie, Fangbing Tian, Qiurong Ruan, Jianxin Song","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02522-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02522-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss is regarded as a pivotal criterion for assessing functional cure in patients diagnosed chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We conducted the research to investigate the real-world performance of HBsAg seroconversion in sustaining HBsAg loss.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective analysis confirmed 295 patients who attained HBsAg loss through combination therapy involving nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) and pegylated interferon alpha (peg-IFNα). Employing Kaplan-Meier estimates method to conduct survival analysis. The forest plot was used to visualize the results of multivariate Cox regression, and selected variables were included in the nomogram.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HBsAg seroreversion was observed in 45 patients during follow-up periods, with a lower recurrence risk in patients with HBsAg seroconversion at the end of peg-IFNα therapy (EOT) (10.3% vs 37.3% at 96-week, P < 0.0001). Moreover, the sustainability of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) in participants continuing therapy after HBsAg seroconversion was superior to those discontinued prematurely (72.5% vs 54.5% at 96 weeks, P = 0.012). Additionally, the former group was also relatively less likely to experience HBsAg reversion during long-term observation (8.4% vs 14.3% at 96 weeks, P = 0.280). Hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) status, anti-HBs status and consolidation treatment screened by multivariable analysis were utilized to construct a predictive model for HBsAg reversion. The concordance index(C-index = 0.77) and calibration plots indicated satisfactory discrimination and consistency of nomogram.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HBsAg seroconversion was beneficial for sustaining functional cure in patients treated with peg-IFNα. Continuing consolidation therapy after HBsAg seroconversion also contributed to maintain HBsAg seroconversion and improve the durability of HBsAg loss. The nomogram illustrated its efficacy as a valuable instrument in showcasing survival probability of functional cure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"243"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11448035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic analysis of an acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by rotavirus C in Hebei, China.","authors":"Kaiying Wang, Yun Wang, Lang Yang, Jinhui Li, Peihan Li, Chaojie Yang, Leili Jia, Shaofu Qiu, Hongbin Song, Peng Li","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02486-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02486-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rotavirus group C is an important cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Whole-Genome sequences of human rotavirus C (RVC) in public databases are limited. We performed genome sequencing to analyze a RVC outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in China. Samples from 22 patients were screened for pathogens using RT-PCR, and six samples were positive for rotavirus. Whole-Genome sequencing analysis showed that the outbreak strain SJZ217 belongs to the G4-P[2]-I2-R2-C2-M3-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 genotype and shares almost identical genomic sequences with Chungnam isolated in Korea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strain SJZ217 also fell into a cluster with rotavirus C strains from Japan and Europe. Reassortment in the VP4 fragment was observed. These results helped to understand the genetic diversity and possible spread of RVC strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"242"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11448206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Replication kinetics of pathogenic Eurasian orthohantaviruses in human mesangial cells.","authors":"Lukas Boegelein, Pamela Schreiber, Alexandra Philipp, Christian Nusshag, Sandra Essbauer, Martin Zeier, Ellen Krautkrämer","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02517-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02517-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Eurasian pathogenic orthohantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) characterized by acute kidney injury (AKI). The virulence of orthohantaviruses varies enormously and direct infection of different renal cell types contribute to pathogenesis. Glomerular mesangial cells play an essential role in the interplay between kidney cells and proper kidney function. Therefore, we analyzed the replication competence of different orthohantavirus species in primary mesangial cells and a mesangial cell line.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested the suitability of the mesangial cell line CIHGM-1 (conditionally immortalized human glomerular mesangial cells) as cell culture model for orthohantavirus kidney infection by comparison with primary human renal mesangial cells (HRMCs). We analyzed infection with high pathogenic Hantaan virus (HTNV), moderate pathogenic Puumala virus (PUUV) and non-/low-pathogenic Tula virus (TULV).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Effective viral spread was observed for PUUV only, whereas infection with HTNV and TULV was abortive. However, in contrast to TULV, HTNV exhibits an initially high infection rate and declines afterwards. This replication pattern was observed in HRMCs and CIHGM-1 cells. Viability or adhesion was neither impaired for PUUV-infected CIHGM-1 nor HRMCs. A loss of migration capacity was observed in PUUV-infected CIHGM-1 cells, but not in HRMCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The identification of differences in the replication competence of pathogenic orthohantavirus strains in renal mesangial cells is of special interest and may provide useful insights in the virus-specific mechanisms of orthohantavirus induced AKI. The use of CIHGM-1 cells will facilitate the research in a relevant cell culture system.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"241"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11446005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative pathogenicity of influenza virus-induced pneumonia mouse model following intranasal and aerosolized intratracheal inoculation.","authors":"Xiu-Yu Jin, Hui-Ying Yang, Guang-Yu Zhao, Chen-Xi Dai, Zai-Qing Zhang, Dong-Sheng Zhou, Qi Yin, Er-Hei Dai","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02516-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02516-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infection of mice with mouse-adapted strains of influenza virus has been widely used to establish mouse pneumonia models. Intranasal inoculation is the traditional route for constructing an influenza virus-induced pneumonia mouse model, while intratracheal inoculation has been gradually applied in recent years. In this article, the pathogenicity of influenza virus-induced pneumonia mouse models following intranasal and aerosolized intratracheal inoculation were compared.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>By comparing the two ways of influenza inoculation, intranasal and intratracheal, a variety of indices such as survival rate, body weight change, viral titer and load, pathological change, lung wet/dry ratio, and inflammatory factors were investigated. Meanwhile, the transcriptome was applied for the initial exploration of the mechanism underlying the variations in the results between the two inoculation methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings suggest that aerosolized intratracheal infection leads to more severe lung injury and higher viral loads in the lungs compared to intranasal infection, which may be influenced by the initial site of infection, sialic acid receptor distribution, and host innate immunity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intratracheal inoculation is a better method for modelling severe pneumonia in mice than intranasal infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"240"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11446018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convalescent anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study RESCOVID-19.","authors":"Miloš Bohoněk, Jan Máca, Jiří Sagan, David Řezáč, Viktor Fridrich, Anna Burantová, Dominik Kutáč, Pavel Vabroušek, Jan Kubů, Aleš Chrdle, Kateřina Volfová, Šárka Blahutová, Ivan Rychlík, Kateřina Vonášková, Radek Majerčin, Radka Králová, Petr Štěpánek, Michal Holub","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02475-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02475-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Convalescent plasma (CP) collected from people who recovered from COVID-19 became a rapidly available treatment modality in numerous countries, including the Czech Republic. The aims of our study were to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of CP in the treatment of COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational study involved six Czech hospitals. This study enrolled patients with and without CP treatment who were hospitalized between April 2020 and April 2021. Propensity score matching and logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate the influence of CP administration and its timing on the in-hospital survival of COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,498 patients were enrolled in the study; 406 (27%) were administered CP, and 1,092 (73%) were not treated with CP. The propensity score-matched control group consisted of 1,218 subjects. The survival of patients treated with CP was 79%, while that of patients in the matched control group was 62% (P<0.001). Moreover, the chance of survival was significantly greater when CP was administered within three days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms than when CP was administered after four or more days (87% vs. 76%, P <0.001). In addition, adverse effects related to CP administration were recorded in only 2% of patients and were considered mild in all patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study demonstrated that the administration of CP was safe and possibly associated with positive effects that were more pronounced if CP was administered within the first three days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"239"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11443855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in nucleic acid aptamer-based detection of respiratory virus and bacteria: a mini review.","authors":"Rui-Min Feng, Ye Liu, Zhi-Qiang Liu, Li Wang, Nan Chen, Yu Zhao, Hua-Wei Yi","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02513-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02513-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory pathogens infecting the human respiratory system are characterized by their diversity, high infectivity, rapid transmission, and acute onset. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming, have low sensitivity, and lack specificity, failing to meet the needs of rapid clinical diagnosis. Nucleic acid aptamers, as an emerging and innovative detection technology, offer novel solutions with high specificity, affinity, and broad target applicability, making them particularly promising for respiratory pathogen detection. This review highlights the progress in the research and application of nucleic acid aptamers for detecting respiratory pathogens, discussing their selection, application, potential in clinical diagnosis, and future development. Notably, these aptamers can significantly enhance the sensitivity and specificity of detection when combined with detection techniques such as fluorescence, colorimetry and electrochemistry. This review offers new insights into how aptamers can address the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods and advance clinical diagnostics. It also highlights key challenges and future research directions for the clinical application of nucleic acid aptamers.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"237"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11443872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency and genotyping of group A rotavirus among Egyptian children with acute gastroenteritis: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.","authors":"Ensaf A Azzazy, Rania M Amer, Ghada Mohammed Abdellatif, Hala Adel Abd-Elmoneim, Doaa Alhussein Abo-Alella","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02495-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02495-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This hospital-based cross-sectional study aims to investigate the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of rotavirus group A (RVA) infection among children with acute gastroenteritis and to detect the most common G and P genotypes in Egypt.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 92 stool samples were collected from children under five who were diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis. RVA in stool samples was identified using ELISA and nested RT-PCR. Common G and P genotypes were identified utilizing multiplex nested RT-PCR assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RVA was detected at a rate of 24% (22 /92) using ELISA and 26.1% (24 /92) using VP6 nested RT-PCR. The ELISA test demonstrated diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 91.7%, 100%, and 97.8%, respectively. G3 was the most prevalent G type (37.5%), followed by G1 (12.5%), whereas the most commonly detected P type were P[8] (41.7%) and P[6] (8.2%). RVA-positive samples were significantly associated with younger aged children (p = 0.026), and bottle-fed (p = 0.033) children. In addition, RVA-positive samples were more common during cooler seasons (p = 0.0001). Children with rotaviral gastroenteritis had significantly more frequent episodes of diarrhea (10.87 ± 3.63 times/day) and vomiting (8.79 ± 3.57 times/day) per day (p = 0.013 and p = 0.011, respectively). Moreover, they had a more severe Vesikari clinical score (p = 0.049).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RVA is a prevalent cause of acute gastroenteritis among Egyptian children in our locality. The discovery of various RVA genotypes in the local population, as well as the identification of common G and P untypeable strains, highlights the significance of implementing the rotavirus vaccine in Egyptian national immunization programs accompanied by continuous monitoring of strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"238"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11443952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into cytomegalovirus-associated T cell receptors in recipients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.","authors":"Jintao Xia, Yingjun Xiao, Genyong Gui, Shengnan Gong, Huiqi Wang, Xuejie Li, Ren Yan, Jun Fan","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02511-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02511-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is a serious problem in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Long-term latency depends on specific T cell immune reconstitution, which identifies various pathogens by T cell receptors (TCRs). However, the mechanisms underlying the selection of CMV-specific TCRs in recipients after transplantation remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, the T cell immune repertoire of seven CMV reactivated recipients (CRRs) were analyzed and compared to those of seven CMV non-activated recipients (CNRs) at an early stage after transplant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The counts of unique complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) were significantly higher in CNRs than in CRRs. The CDR3 clones in the CNRs exhibit higher homogeneity compared to the CRRs. With regard to T cell receptor β-chain variable region (TRBV) and joint region (TRBJ) genotypes, significant differences were observed in the frequencies of TRBV6, BV23, and BV7-8 between the two groups. In addition to TRBV29-1/BJ1-2, TRBV2/BJ2-2, and TRBV12-4/BJ1-5, 11 V-J combinations had significantly different expression levels between CRRs and CNRs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The differences in TCR diversity, TRBV segments, and TRBV-BJ combinations observed between CNRs and CRRs might be associated with post-transplant CMV reactivation and could serve as a foundation for further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"236"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11443867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracellular delivery of antiviral shRNA using penetratin-based complexes effectively inhibits respiratory syncytial virus replication and host cell apoptosis.","authors":"Faezeh Faghirabadi, Haniyeh Abuei, Mohammad Hossein Malekzadeh, Anahita Mojiri, Ali Farhadi","doi":"10.1186/s12985-024-02519-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12985-024-02519-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are effective for delivering therapeutic molecules with minimal toxicity. This study focuses on the use of penetratin, a well-characterized CPP, to deliver a DNA vector encoding short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F gene into infected cells. RSV is known to cause severe lower respiratory infections in infants and poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. We evaluated the antiviral efficacy of the penetratin-shRNA complex by comparing its ability to inhibit RSV replication and induce apoptosis with ribavirin treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Penetratin-shRNA complexes were prepared at different ratios and analyzed using gel retardation assays, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. The complexes were tested in HEp-2 and A549 cells for transfection efficiency, cytotoxicity, viral load, and apoptosis using plaque assays, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), DNA fragmentation, propidium iodide staining, and caspase 3/7 activation assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The gel shift assay determined that a 20:1 CPP-to-shRNA ratio was optimal for effective complexation, resulting in particles with a size of 164 nm and a zeta potential of 8.7 mV. Transfection efficiency in HEp-2 cells was highest at this ratio, reaching up to 93%. The penetratin-shRNA complex effectively silenced the RSV F gene, reduced viral titers, and decreased DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in infected cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Penetratin effectively delivers shRNA targeting the RSV F gene, significantly reducing viral load and preventing apoptosis without toxicity. This approach surpasses Lipofectamine and shows potential for future therapeutic interventions, especially when combined with ribavirin, against RSV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23616,"journal":{"name":"Virology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"235"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11443668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}